The role of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy

Metabolic Brain Disease

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 65-72

  McPhail, Mark J W ^a   Taylor Robinson, Simon D ^a  

^a ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cirrhosis; Hepatic encephalopathy; Liver failure; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

CHOLINE; CREATININE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID;

BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN SIZE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; METABOLIC DISORDER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PSYCHOMETRY; VOLUMETRY;

BODY WATER; BRAIN; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MAGNETICS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 77954141938     PISSN: 08857490     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-010-9171-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (68)

1. Babington JR, Stahl JH, Coy DL (2009) Reversible cytotoxic edema in a cirrhotic patient following TIPS. J Neuroimaging
2. I Barba N Chatauret D Garcia-Dorado J Cordoba 2008 A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic approach for grading hepatic encephalopathy and monitoring the effects of therapeutic hypothermia in rats Liver Int 28 1141 1148 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFWmsLzL 18637065
3. PB Barker X Golay D Artemov R Ouwerkerk MA Smith AJ Shaka 2001 Broadband proton decoupling for in vivo brain spectroscopy in humans Magn Reson Med 45 226 232 10.1002/1522-2594(200102)45:2<226::AID-MRM1031>3.0.CO;2-Z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXht1Sqt70%3D 11180430 (Pubitemid 32119006)
4. G Berding RB Banati R Buchert F Chierichetti VP Grover A Kato S Keiding SD Taylor-Robinson 2009 Radiotracer imaging studies in hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines Liver Int 29 621 628 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02008.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlvFSjtb8%3D 19413665
5. N Binesh A Huda MA Thomas N Wyckoff M Bugbee S Han N Rasgon P Davanzo J Sayre B Guze P Martin F Fawzy 2006 Hepatic encephalopathy: a neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study J Appl Clin Med Phys 7 86 96 10.1120/jacmp.2027.25374 16518320
6. S Bluml E Zuckerman J Tan BD Ross 1998 Proton-decoupled 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals osmotic and metabolic disturbances in human hepatic encephalopathy J Neurochem 71 1564 1576 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmt1KitrY%3D 9751190
7. DK Bosman NE Deutz MA Maas HM van Eijk JJ Smit JG de Haan RA Chamuleau 1992 Amino acid release from cerebral cortex in experimental acute liver failure, studied by in vivo cerebral cortex microdialysis J Neurochem 59 591 599 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09410.x 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xlt12itbg%3D 1629730
8. RF Butterworth 1997 Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute hepatic failure: does glutamate play a role? Hepatology 25 1032 1034 10.1002/hep.510250440 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ltV2gsQ%3D%3D 9096616 (Pubitemid 27157153)
9. RF Butterworth JF Giguere J Michaud J Lavoie GP Layrargues 1987 Ammonia: key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy Neurochem Pathol 6 1 12 10.1007/BF02833598 1:STN:280:DyaL2szhs1SrsA%3D%3D 3306479
10. RF Butterworth L Spahr S Fontaine GP Layrargues 1995 Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy Metab Brain Dis 10 259 267 10.1007/BF02109357 1:STN:280:DyaK28vgt1aktA%3D%3D 8847990 (Pubitemid 26042535)
11. TL Chenevert JA Brunberg JG Pipe 1990 Anisotropic diffusion in human white matter: demonstration with MR techniques in vivo Radiology 177 401 405 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FhvVejtg%3D%3D 2217776
12. J Cordoba AT Blei 1996 Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy Semin Liver Dis 16 271 280 10.1055/s-2007-1007240 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7ktlyjsA%3D%3D 8989813
13. J Cordoba J Alonso A Rovira C Jacas F Sanpedro L Castells V Vargas C Margarit J Kulisewsky R Esteban J Guardia 2001 The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H- magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation J Hepatol 35 598 604 10.1016/S0168-8278(01)00181-7 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnktVyhug%3D%3D 11690705 (Pubitemid 33078269)
14. J Cordoba G Olive J Alonso A Rovira A Segarra M Perez C Jacas V Vargas 2001 Improvement of magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities but not pallidal hyperintensity followed amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy after occlusion of a large spleno-renal shunt J Hepatol 34 176 178 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ptlCgtQ%3D%3D 11211900
15. IJ Cox 1996 Development and applications of in vivo clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy Prog Biophys Mol Biol 65 45 81 10.1016/S0079-6107(96) 00006-5 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhtVCitbc%3D 9029941
16. K Das P Singh Y Chawla A Duseja RK Dhiman S Suri 2008 Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension Dig Dis Sci 53 2793 2798 10.1007/s10620-008-0383-y 18688722
17. RK Dhiman YK Chawla 2009 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy Indian J Gastroenterol 28 5 16 10.1007/s12664-009-0003-6 19529896
18. M Doran JV Hajnal N Van Bruggen MD King IR Young GM Bydder 1990 Normal and abnormal white matter tracts shown by MR imaging using directional diffusion weighted sequences J Comput Assist Tomogr 14 865 873 10.1097/00004728- 199011000-00001 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2Fjs1alsw%3D%3D 2229559
19. P Ferenci A Lockwood K Mullen R Tarter K Weissenborn AT Blei 2002 Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998 Hepatology 35 716 721 10.1053/jhep.2002.31250 11870389 (Pubitemid 34183979)
20. DM Forton HC Thomas CA Murphy JM Allsop GR Foster J Main KA Wesnes SD Taylor-Robinson 2002 Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease Hepatology 35 433 439 10.1053/jhep.2002.30688 11826420 (Pubitemid 34106386)
21. T Fukuzawa S Matsutani H Maruyama T Akiike H Saisho T Hattori 2006 Magnetic resonance images of the globus pallidus in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension: a quantitative analysis of the relationship between signal intensity and the grade of portosystemic shunt J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 902 907 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04226.x 16704543 (Pubitemid 43793291)
22. VP Grover MA Dresner DM Forton S Counsell DJ Larkman N Patel HC Thomas SD Taylor-Robinson 2006 Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy World J Gastroenterol 12 2969 2978 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtVOntbY%3D 16718775
23. HG Hass T Nagele U Seeger F Hosl M Gregor S Kaiser 2005 Detection of subclinical and overt hepatic encephalopathy and treatment control after L- ornithine-L-aspartate medication by magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H- MRS) Z Gastroenterol 43 373 378 10.1055/s-2004-813917 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2M3lslaktQ%3D%3D 15830303 (Pubitemid 40593382)
24. D Haussinger 2006 Low grade cerebral edema and the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis Hepatology 43 1187 1190 10.1002/hep.21235 16729329 (Pubitemid 43980095)
25. D Haussinger F Schliess 2005 Astrocyte swelling and protein tyrosine nitration in hepatic encephalopathy Neurochem Int 47 64 70 10.1016/j.neuint. 2005.04.008 15908046 (Pubitemid 40848694)
26. D Haussinger J Laubenberger S vom Dahl T Ernst S Bayer M Langer W Gerok J Hennig 1994 Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy Gastroenterology 107 1475 1480 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FhtFejsQ%3D%3D 7926510
27. D Haussinger G Kircheis R Fischer F Schliess S vom Dahl 2000 Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema? J Hepatol 32 1035 1038 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80110-5 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FitlOksQ%3D%3D 10898326 (Pubitemid 30368099)
28. D Haussinger F Schliess G Kircheis 2002 Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 Suppl 3 S256 259 10.1046/j.1440-1746. 17.s3.10.x 12472946 (Pubitemid 35454294)
29. M Jenkinson S Smith 2001 A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images Med Image Anal 5 143 156 10.1016/S1361-8415(01) 00036-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvntVWrtw%3D%3D 11516708 (Pubitemid 35282800)
30. EA Jones C Lavini 2002 Is cerebral edema a component of the syndrome of hepatic encephalopathy? Hepatology 35 1270 1273 10.1053/jhep.2002.0351270 11981778 (Pubitemid 34454025)
31. N Kang J Zhang ES Carlson D Gembris 2005 White matter fiber tractography via anisotropic diffusion simulation in the human brain IEEE Trans Med Imaging 24 1127 1137 10.1109/TMI.2005.852049 16156351 (Pubitemid 41337153)
32. R Kreis BD Ross NA Farrow Z Ackerman 1992 Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy Radiology 182 19 27 1:STN:280:DyaK38%2FotVOjsg%3D%3D 1345760
33. FS Larsen 2000 Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema Ugeskr Laeger 162 2727 2730 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3os1ymtg%3D%3D 10827538
34. GP Layrargues D Shapcott L Spahr RF Butterworth 1995 Accumulation of manganese and copper in pallidum of cirrhotic patients: role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy? Metab Brain Dis 10 353 356 10.1007/BF02109365 1:STN:280:DyaK28vgt1artg%3D%3D 8847998 (Pubitemid 26042543)
35. A Lemberg MA Fernandez 2009 Hepatic encephalopathy, ammonia, glutamate, glutamine and oxidative stress Ann Hepatol 8 95 102 19502650
36. R Lodi C Tonon A Stracciari M Weiger V Camaggi S Iotti G Donati M Guarino L Bolondi B Barbiroli 2004 Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics Neurology 62 762 766 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7hslyltg%3D%3D 15007127
37. PR Luyten G Bruntink FM Sloff JW Vermeulen JI van der Heijden JA den Hollander A Heerschap 1989 Broadband proton decoupling in human 31P NMR spectroscopy NMR Biomed 1 177 183 10.1002/nbm.1940010405 1:STN:280: DyaK3czltF2isg%3D%3D 2641284
38. B Minguez JC Garcia-Pagan J Bosch J Turnes J Alonso A Rovira J Cordoba 2006 Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy Hepatology 43 707 714 10.1002/hep.21126 16557541
39. Y Mizuta H Ijyuin N Ono Y Miyamoto K Oho R Kumashiro A Toyonaga M Sata O Nakashima E Nagata 2002 Disappearance of basal ganglia hyperintensity on T1-weighted MR images after obliterating portal systemic shunt in a patient with hepatic encephalopathy Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 99 1487 1492 12518400
40. KD Mullen 2007 Review of the final report of the 1998 Working Party on definition, nomenclature and diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25 Suppl 1 11 16 17295847
41. T Naegele W Grodd R Viebahn U Seeger U Klose D Seitz S Kaiser I Mader J Mayer W Lauchart M Gregor K Voigt 2000 MR imaging and (1)H spectroscopy of brain metabolites in hepatic encephalopathy: time-course of renormalization after liver transplantation Radiology 216 683 691 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVenur8%3D 10966695
42. W Nolte J Wiltfang CG Schindler K Unterberg M Finkenstaedt PD Niedmann H Hartmann G Ramadori 1998 Bright basal ganglia in T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis without liver cirrhosis and not suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy J Hepatol 29 443 449 10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80063-9 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvjs1Shsw%3D%3D 9764992 (Pubitemid 28396662)
43. N Patel DM Forton GA Coutts HC Thomas SD Taylor-Robinson 2000 Intracellular pH measurements of the whole head and the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: a phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy study Metab Brain Dis 15 223 240 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ptlSjuw%3D%3D 11206591
44. N Patel S White NS Dhanjal A Oatridge SD Taylor-Robinson 2004 Changes in brain size in hepatic encephalopathy: a coregistered MRI study Metab Brain Dis 19 431 445 10.1023/B:MEBR.0000043987.09022.e3 15554433 (Pubitemid 39361199)
45. A Pujol F Graus J Peri JM Mercader A Rimola 1991 Hyperintensity in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted and inversion-recovery MRI: a possible marker of advanced liver disease Neurology 41 1526 1527 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzmslenuw%3D%3D 1891111
46. V Rai K Nath VA Saraswat A Purwar RK Rathore RK Gupta 2008 Measurement of cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema in acute hepatic failure by diffusion tensor imaging J Magn Reson Imaging 28 334 341 10.1002/jmri.21438 18626948
47. BD Ross ER Danielsen S Bluml 1996 Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: The new gold standard for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy? Dig Dis 14 Suppl 1 30 39 10.1159/000171581 8872450
48. A Rovira E Grive S Pedraza J Alonso 2001 Magnetization transfer ratio values and proton MR spectroscopy of normal-appearing cerebral white matter in patients with liver cirrhosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 1137 1142 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzltFKmuw%3D%3D 11415910
49. VA Saraswat S Saksena K Nath P Mandal J Singh MA Thomas RS Rathore RK Gupta 2008 Evaluation of mannitol effect in patients with acute hepatic failure and acute-on-chronic liver failure using conventional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and in-vivo proton MR spectroscopy World J Gastroenterol 14 4168 4178 10.3748/wjg.14.4168 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1OntbzN 18636662
50. V Saxena A Gupta GA Nagana Gowda R Saxena SK Yachha CL Khetrapal 2006 1H NMR spectroscopy for the prediction of therapeutic outcome in patients with fulminant hepatic failure NMR Biomed 19 521 526 10.1002/nbm.1034 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsFejtbg%3D 16598697
51. GJ Schulz JC Coelho JE Matias AC Campos DD Schulz GA Bertoldi 2009 Cerebral magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with hepatic encephalopathy: analysis before and after liver transplantation. Rev Assoc Med Bras 55 35 39 10.1590/S0104-42302009000100012 19360275
52. NJ Shah H Neeb G Kircheis P Engels D Haussinger K Zilles 2008 Quantitative cerebral water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy Neuroimage 41 706 717 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.057 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1czkvFGjsw%3D%3D 18456518
53. SM Smith N De Stefano M Jenkinson PM Matthews 2001 Normalized accurate measurement of longitudinal brain change J Comput Assist Tomogr 25 466 475 10.1097/00004728-200105000-00022 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ls1Sntw%3D%3D 11351200 (Pubitemid 32440803)
54. R Sugimoto M Iwasa M Maeda N Urawa H Tanaka N Fujita Y Kobayashi K Takeda M Kaito Y Takei 2008 Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy Am J Gastroenterol 103 1413 1420 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01788.x 18510613 (Pubitemid 351813907)
55. SD Taylor-Robinson J Sargentoni RJ Mallalieu JD Bell DJ Bryant GA Coutts MY Morgan 1994 Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy Hepatology 20 1173 1178 10.1002/hep.1840200511 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fht1Wgsg%3D%3D 7927249
56. SD Taylor-Robinson J Sargentoni CD Marcus MY Morgan DJ Bryant 1994 Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy Metab Brain Dis 9 347 359 10.1007/BF02098881 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3gs1ajtA%3D%3D 7898401
57. SD Taylor-Robinson A Oatridge JV Hajnal AK Burroughs N McIntyre NM deSouza 1995 MR imaging of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: correlation of T1-weighted and magnetisation transfer contrast measurements with liver dysfunction and neuropsychiatric status Metab Brain Dis 10 175 188 10.1007/BF01991864 1:STN:280:DyaK2MvgsFemuw%3D%3D 7675015
58. SD Taylor-Robinson J Sargentoni A Oatridge DJ Bryant JV Hajnal CD Marcus JP Seery HJ Hodgson NM deSouza 1996 MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: correlation of T1- weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra Metab Brain Dis 11 249 268 10.1007/BF02237962 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FitlGrtA%3D%3D 8869945
59. SD Taylor-Robinson C Buckley KK Changani HJ Hodgson JD Bell 1999 Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy Liver 19 389 398 10.1111/j.1478-3231.1999. tb00067.x 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FgtFelsQ%3D%3D 10533796 (Pubitemid 29457216)
60. A Torre Delgadillo I Guerrero-Hernandez M Uribe 2006 Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: characteristics, diagnosis and clinical implications Rev Gastroenterol Mex 71 63 70 17061481
61. A Uchino K Hasuo S Matsumoto K Masuda 1994 Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging of liver cirrhosis patients Clin Imaging 18 123 130 10.1016/0899- 7071(94)90049-3 1:STN:280:DyaK2czgs1arsA%3D%3D 8033005 (Pubitemid 24168265)
62. J Vaquero C Chung AT Blei 2003 Brain edema in acute liver failure. A window to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy Ann Hepatol 2 12 22 15094701
63. YM Wang 2004 The definition, nomenclature and diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 12 305 306 15161513
64. K Weissenborn C Ehrenheim A Hori S Kubicka MP Manns 1995 Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical and MRI evaluation Metab Brain Dis 10 219 231 10.1007/BF02081027 1:STN:280:DyaK287gvFOqsA%3D%3D 8830282
65. HR Williams IJ Cox SD Taylor-Robinson 2008 Metabonomics in hepatic encephalopathy: lucidity emerging from confusion Liver Int 28 1050 1051 18783547
66. O Zafiris G Kircheis HA Rood F Boers D Haussinger K Zilles 2004 Neural mechanism underlying impaired visual judgement in the dysmetabolic brain: an fMRI study Neuroimage 22 541 552 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.038 15193582 (Pubitemid 38759416)
67. ML Zeneroli G Cioni G Crisi C Vezzelli E Ventura 1991 Globus pallidus alterations and brain atrophy in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy: an MR imaging study Magn Reson Imaging 9 295 302 10.1016/0730-725X(91)90414-H 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzltFSjsg%3D%3D 1881246
68. LJ Zhang G Yang J Yin Y Liu J Qi 2007 Neural mechanism of cognitive control impairment in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study Acta Radiol 48 577 587 10.1080/02841850701308378 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlsV2jt7Y%3D 17520437 (Pubitemid 46801831)