Europol and EU counterterrorism: International security actorness in the external dimension

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 652-671

  Kaunert, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954039817     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1057610X.2010.484041     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. S. K. Pederson, Fictional Appearances of Europol, Europol Corporate Communications. Available at http://www.europol.europa.eu/ataglance/Fictional_apperances/Fictionalapperances_of_Europol.pdf (accessed August 27, 2009).
2. For more information on the academic debate on EU counterterrorism, please read: R. Bossong, "The Action Plan on Combating Terrorism: A Flawed Instrument of EU Security Governance," Journal of Common Market Studies 46(1) (2008), pp. 27-48.
3. F. Cameron, "Transatlantic Relations and Terrorism," in D. Spence, ed., The European Union and Terrorism (London: John Harper Publishing, 2007).
4. O. Bures, "EU Counterterrorism: A Paper Tiger?" Terrorism and Political Violence 18(1) (2006), pp. 57-78.
5. M. den Boer, "Fusing the Fragments. Challenges for EU Internal Security Governance on Terrorism," in D. Mahncke and J. Monar, eds., International Terrorism. A European Response to a Global Threat? (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2006), pp. 83-111.
6. O. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role," Terrorism and Political Violence 20(4) (2008), pp. 498-517.
7. D. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism: A Reappraisal," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29(1) (2006), pp. 123-145.
8. F. Gregory, "The EU's Response to 9/11: A Case Study of Institutional Poles and Policy Processes with Special References to Issues of Accountability and Human Rights," Terrorism and Political Violence 17(1) (2005), pp. 105-123.
9. C. Kaunert, "The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: The Construction of a 'European Public Order,'" European Security 14(4) (2005), pp. 459-483.
10. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission," Journal of European Integration 29(4) (2007), pp. 387-404.
11. F. Reinares, ed., European Democracies against Terrorism-Government Policies and Intergovernmental Cooperation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
12. D. Dubois, "The Attacks of 11 September: EU-US Cooperation Against Terrorism in the Field of Justice and Home Affairs," European Foreign Affairs Review 7(3) (2002).
13. J. Friedrichs, Fighting Terrorism and Drugs (London: Routledge, 2005).
14. J. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation-Towards a European FBI? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003).
15. M. den Boer and J. Monar, "Keynote Article: 11 September and the Challenge of Global Terrorism to the EU as a Security Actor," Journal of Common Market Studies 40(4) (2002), Annual Review, pp. 11-28.
16. V. Mitsilegas, EU Criminal Law (Oxford: Hart Publishing Ltd., 2009).
17. M. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism: Counter- Terrorism in a Global Perspective," Justice Quarterly 23(3) (2006).
18. K. Eling, "The EU, Terrorism and Effective Multilateralism," in D. Spence, ed., The European Union and Terrorism (London: John Harper Publishing, 2007), pp. 105-123.
19. D. Spence, ed., The European Union and Terrorism (London: John Harper Publishing, 2007).
20. S. Stetter, EU Foreign & Interior Policies: Cross-Pillar Politics & the Social Construction of Sovereignty (London and New York: Routledge, 2007).
21. Bures, "EU Counterterrorism," p. 57.
22. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism".
23. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword.'"
24. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism," p. 123.
25. G. Edwards and C. O. Meyer, "Introduction: Charting a Contested Transformation," Journal of Common Market Studies 46(1) (2008), p. 1.
26. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism," p. 126.
27. D. Bigo et al., "Mapping the Field of the EU Internal Security Agencies," in D. Bigo, ed., The Field of the EU Internal Security Agencies (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2007).
28. M. Den Boer, C. Hillebrand, and A. Nölke, "Legitimacy Under Pressure: The European Web of Counter-Terrorism Networks," Journal of Common Market Studies 46(1) (January 2008).
29. B. Müller-Wille, "For Our Eyes Only? Shaping an Intelligence Community Within the EU," Occasional Papers, No. 50 (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, January 2004).
30. B. Müller-Wille, "The Effect of International Terrorism on EU Intelligence Co-Operation," Journal of Common Market Studies 46(1) (January 2008).
31. O. R. Villadsen, "Prospects for a European Common Intelligence Policy," Studies in Intelligence 44(9) (Summer 2000).
32. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism".
33. Reinares, European Democracies against Terrorism.
34. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation.
35. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism,".
36. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role."
37. D. Heimans, "The External Relations of Europol-Political, Legal and Operational Considerations," in B. Martenczuck and S. van Thiel, eds., Justice, Liberty and Security-New Challenges for EU External Relations (Brussels: VUB Press, Brussels University Press, 2008).
38. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation.
39. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism."
40. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation, p. 53.
41. Irish official term for prime minister.
42. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation, p. 59.
43. Bures, "EU Counterterrorism," p. 68.
44. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation.
45. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism".
46. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role."
47. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation, p. 61.
48. Mitsilegas, EU Criminal Law, p. 168.
49. Ibid., p. 172.
50. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism."
51. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role."
52. Den Boer, Hillebrand, Nölke, "Legitimacy Under Pressure".
53. Müller-Wille, "For Our Eyes Only?".
54. Müller-Wille, "The Effect of International Terrorismon EU Intelligence Co-Operation".
55. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism.".
56. Reinares, European Democracies against Terrorism.
57. Dubois, "The Attacks of 11 September".
58. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation.
59. Zimmerman, "The European Union and Post-9/11 Counterterrorism."
60. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role," p. 498.
61. Ibid., p. 504.
62. The trust is lacking between each other, as well as toward Europol.
63. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role," pp. 504-509.
64. L. Dryburgh, "The EU as a Global Actor? EU Policy Towards Iran," European Security 17(2) (2008), pp. 253-271.
65. W. Carlsnaes, "Where is the Analysis of European Foreign Policy Going?" European Union Politics 5(4) (2004), pp. 503-504.
66. Please also see C. Kaunert, "The External Dimension of EU Counter-Terrorism Relations: Competences, Interests & Institutions," Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1) (2010), pp. 41-61.
67. C. Hill, The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
68. For more detailed analyses by these scholars, read: C. Bretherton and J. Vogler, The European Union as a Global Actor, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2006).
69. H. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy: What it is and what it does (London: Pluto Press, 2002).
70. K. E. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003).
71. F. Duchêne, "The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence," in M. Kohnstamm and W. Hager, eds., A Nations Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community (London: MacMillan, 1973).
72. R. Rosecrance, "The European Union: A New Type of International Actor," in J. Zielonka, ed., Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998), pp. 15-23.
73. Please see: I. Manners, "Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies 40(2) (2002), pp. 235-258.
74. C. Nicolaïdis and R. Howse, "This is My EUtopia...: Narrative as Power," in J. H. H. Weiler, I. Begg, and J. Peterson, eds., Integration in an Expanding European Union (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), pp. 341-366.
75. For a more detailed analysis by these scholars, please read: R. H. Ginsberg, The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001).
76. M. E. Smith, "Towards a Theory of EU Foreign Policy-Making: Multi-Level Governance, Domestic Politics, and National Adaptations to Europe's Common Foreign and Security Policy," Journal of European Public Policy 11(4) (2004), pp. 740-758.
77. B. White, "Foreign Policy Analysis and European Foreign Policy," in B. Tonra and T. Christiansen, eds., Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004).
78. M. Bruter, "Diplomacy without a State: The External Delegations of the European Commission," Journal of European Public Policy 6(2) (1999), pp. 183-205.
79. Kaunert, "The External Dimension of EU Counter-Terrorism Relations."
80. K. Zwolski, "The European Union as a Security Actor: Moving Beyond the Second Pillar," Journal of Contemporary European Research 5(1) (2009), pp. 82-96.
81. For a more detailed analysis by these scholars, please read: A. W. Cafruny and P. Peters, The Union and the World: The Political Economy of a Common European Foreign Policy (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998).
82. C. Hill and M. Smith, eds., International Relations and the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
83. K. E. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003).
84. B. White, Understanding European Foreign Policy (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
85. Zwolski, "The European Union as a Security Actor."
86. Bretherton and Vogler, "The European Union as a Global Actor."
87. Ibid., p. 212
88. Dryburgh, "The EU as a Global Actor?"
89. Bretherton and Vogler, "The European Union as a Global Actor".
90. Zwolski, "The European Union as a Security Actor".
91. Dryburgh, "The EU as a Global Actor?"
92. Heimans, "The External Relations of Europol."
93. Ibid. p. 374.
94. P. de Hert and B. de Schutter, "International Transfer of Data in the Field of JHA: The Lessons of Europol, PNR and Swift," in B. Martenczuck and S. van Thiel, eds., Justice, Liberty and Security-New Challenges for EU External Relations (Brussels: VUB Press, Brussels University Press, 2008), p. 323.
95. F. Bicchi, "The European Origins of Euro-Mediterranean Practices," Paper 040612 (Berkeley: Institute of European Studies, University of California, 2004).
96. R. Youngs, Europe and the Middle East-In the Shadow of September 11 (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006).
97. V. Scalambrieri, "Democratic Conditionality within the Framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership." Jean Monet Working Papers in Comparative and International Politics, 55/2004, p. 11.
98. G. Nonneman, Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies and the Relationship with Europe (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 75.
99. Heimans, "The External Relations of Europol," p. 374.
100. de Hert and B. de Schutter, "International Transfer of Data in the Field of JHA," p. 305.
101. For more information, please see C. Kaunert and S. Leonard, "EU Counter-Terrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy: An Appraisal of the Southern Dimension," unpublished manuscript.
102. S. Senyücel, S. Güner, S. Faath, and H. Mattes, "Factors and Perceptions Influencing the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Selected Southern Mediterranean Partner Countries," EuroMesco Paper, 49/2006 (October 2006), p. 25.
103. E. Baracani, "From the EMP to the ENP: A New Pressure for Democratization?" Journal of Contemporary European Research 1(2) (2005), pp. 54-67.
104. Council of the European Union, Council decision of 27 March 2000 authorizing the Director of Europol to enter into negotiations on agreements with third states and non-EU related bodies, OJ C106, 13.04.2000, P. 001-0002.
105. Kaunert and Leonard, "EU Counter-Terrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy."
106. L. Nobel, "Israel-EU Cooperation on Counter Terrorism," draft paper toward IsraeliEuropean Policy Network, Circle meeting on 23 September 2008. Available at http://www.macro.org.il/policty-network-project.html (accessed August 31, 2009).
107. Europol, "External Strategy of Europol 2006-2008: Explanatory Note," File 3710-242r4, 25 October 2006, p. 3.
108. Ibid., p. 1.
109. Council of the European Union, Note from the EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator to COREPER:"Working Structures of the Councilin Terrorism Matters-Options Paper."Doc.9791/04, 25 May 2004, p. 23.
110. see also Council of the European Union, "Fight against Terrorism: Six-Monthly Report." Doc, 16370/06, 6 December 2006.
111. Cameron, "Transatlantic Relations and Terrorism."
112. Interviews by author with officials in the European Commission (in total 25 interviews from 4 January 2004 until 8 January 2004; coded COM1 to COM25), in the European Council Secretariat (9 interviews from 4 January 2004 until 8 January 2004; coded CON1 to CON9), and; in the Permanent Representations of the Member States and the Missions to the EU of Candidate Countries (26 interviews from 4 January 2004 until 8 January 2004; coded PR1 to PR26).
113. Council of the European Union (2001), Conclusions adopted by the Council (Justice and Home Affairs), Doc. SN 3926/6/01, 20 September 2001.
114. Kaunert and Leonard, "EU Counter-Terrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy."
115. W. Rees, Transatlantic Counter-Terrorism Cooperation (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 92.
116. Europol, Annual Report 2003 (The Hague: European Police Office, 2003).
117. Europol, Annual Report 2007 (The Hague: European Police Office, 2007).
118. Europol, Annual Report 2004 (The Hague: European Police Office, 2004).
119. Europol, Annual Report 2007.
120. Europol, Annual Report 2008 (The Hague: European Police Office, 2008).
121. Bures, "Europol's Fledgling Counterterrorism Role."
122. Heimans, "The External Relations of Europol."
123. Council of the European Union, Council Decision of 6 April 2009 Establishing the European Police Office (Europol), 2009/371/JHA. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:121:0037:0066:EN:PDF
124. Mitsilegas, EU Criminal Law, p. 183.
125. Kaunert and Leonard, "EU Counter-Terrorism and the European Neighbourhood Policy."
126. Council of the European Union, "Fight against Terrorism."
127. Council of the European Union Note from the EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator to COREPER.
128. Ibid., p. 11.
129. Ibid., p. 23.
130. Future Group, "Freedom, Security, Privacy-European Home Affairs in an Open World," Report of the Informal High Level Advisory Group on the Future of European Home Affairs Policy (The Future Group). Available at http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/jul/eu-futures-jha-report.pdf