The external dimension of EU counter-terrorism relations: Competences, interests, and institutions

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 41-61

  Kaunert, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

EU area of freedom; EU counter terrorism; External dimension of EU counter terrorism; Judicial cooperation; Police cooperation; Security and justice; Transatlantic relations

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951651022     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550903409551     Document Type: Article

References (111)

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20. After the yes vote in the second Irish referendum in 2009, the Lisbon entered into force on December 1, 2009.
21. With the exception of trade agreements.
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38. For the concept of spill-overs, please see: E. Haas, The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950-57 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1958).
39. P. Eeckhout (see note 12 above), 132.
40. Ibid., 134.
41. Which had previously been termed Justice and Home Affairs (JHA).
42. Ibid., 466-467.
43. G. Simpson, "Asylum and Immigration in the European Union after the Treaty of Amsterdam," European Public Law 5, no. 1 (1999), 102-103.
44. For a more detailed analysis, please consult: Kaunert, "The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice" (see note 29 above), 466-467.
45. S. Peers, "Proposed Framework decision on European Arrest Warrants," Statewatch post-11.09.01 analyses, no. 3 (2001). Available at: (www.statewatch.org), retrieved August 8, 2002
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47. P. Eeckhout (see note 12 above), 161.
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50. For more information on the academic debate on EU counter-terrorism, please read: O. Bures, "EU Counterterrorism: A Paper Tiger?," Terrorism and Political Violence 18, no. 1 (2006),57-78
51. D. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9=11 Counterterrorism: A Reappraisal," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, no. 1 (2006), 123-145
52. F. Gregory, "The EU's Response to 9=11: A Case Study of Institutional Poles and Policy Processes with Special References to Issues of Accountability and Human Rights," Terrorism and Political Violence 17, no. 1 (2005), 105-123
53. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission," Journal of European Integration 29, no. 4 (2007),387-404.
54. O. Bures (see note 40 above), 57.
55. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission" (see note 40 above)
56. D. Zimmermann, "The European Union and Post-9=11 Counterterrorism: A Reappraisal" (see note 40 above).
57. D. Zimmermann, (see note 40 above), 123.
58. Ibid., 126.
59. For more information on the academic debate on EU counter-terrorism, please read: D. Spence, ed., The European Union and Terrorism (London: John Harper Publishing, 2007)
60. and all authors cited in note 40.
61. Guest editors G. Edwards and C. Meyer, "Introduction: Charting a Contested Transformation," Journal of Common Market Studies 46, no. 1 (2008), 1-25.
62. Ibid., 11.
63. Ibid.
64. This excludes agreements with individual member states or agreements on behalf of the member states instead of the European Union as a whole.
65. D. Keohane, "The Absent Friend: EU Foreign Policy and Counter-Terrorism," Journal of Common Market Studies 46, no. 1 (2008), 125-146.
66. For more information, please see: C. Kaunert, European Internal Security (Manchester: Manchester University Press, forthcoming)
67. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission" (see note 40 above).
68. Ibid.
69. M. Deflem, "Europol and the Policing of International Terrorism: Counter-Terrorism in a Global Perspective," Justice Quarterly 23, no. 3 (2006), 336-359.
70. P. Eeckhout (see note 12 above), 59.
71. Regarding EU police cooperation.
72. J. Occhipinti, The Politics of EU Police Cooperation: Towards a European FBI (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003).
73. S. Peers, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law, 2nd ed. (Clarendon: Oxford University Press, 2006).
74. B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
75. J. M. Lutz and B. J. Lutz, Global Terrorism (Routledge: London, 2004).
76. M. Deflem (see note 53 above).
77. Available at: (http://www.ft.com), retrieved June 30, 2001.
78. B. Hayes, "EU anti-terrorism action plan: legislative measures in justice and home affairs policies," Statewatch Observatory on post 11 September 2001 and 11 March 2004 effects on civil liberties and democratic standards, no. 6, (2001). Available at: (http://www.statewatch.org/observatory2ab.htm), retrieved August 10, 2002.
79. D. Dubois, "The Attacks of 11 September: EU-US Cooperation Against Terrorism in the Field of Justice and Home Affairs," European Foreign Affairs Review 7, no. 3 (2002), 324.
80. S. Douglas-Scott, "The rule of law in the European Union - putting the security into the area of freedom, security and justice," European Law Review 29, no. 2 (2004), 214-219.
81. O. Bures (see note 40 above), 68.
82. D. Dubois (see note 63 above), 326.
83. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission" (see note 40 above).
84. Interviews by author with officials in the European Commission (in total 25 interviews from 01.04.04 until 01.08.04; coded COM1 to COM25), in the European Council Secretariat (9 interviews from 01.04.04 until 01.08.04; coded CON1 to CON9), and in the Permanent Representations of the Member States and the Missions to the EU of Candidate Countries (26 interviews from 01.04.04 until 01.08.04; coded PR1 to PR26); interviews relevant here are COM 10, 15, 20, 25.
85. Interviews COM10, 25, CON7.
86. For more information: S. Peers, "Proposed Framework Decision on European Arrest Warrants" (see note 35 above)
87. W. Wagner, "Building an Internal Security Community: The Democratic Peace and the Politics of Extradition in Western Europe," Journal of Peace Research 40, no. 6 (2003), 695-712
88. W. Wagner, "Analysing the European Politics of Internal Security," Journal of European Public Policy 10, no. 6 (2003), 1033-1039.
89. S. Douglas-Scott (see note 64 above).
90. Ibid.
91. G. Martin, Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006)
92. B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (see note 58 above).
93. Martin (see note 73 above), 22.
94. BBC News, "Text of Bush's act of war statement," September 12, 2001. Available at: (http:// www.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1540599.stm), retrieved December 20, 2001.
95. Ibid.
96. BBC News, "Schroeder issues EU rallying cry," October 18, 2001. Available at: (http://www.bbc.co.uk/1/h1/world/europe/1606438.stm), retrieved November 20, 2001.
97. European Voice, "Justice Chief warns against rushing EU arrest warrant," 1-3, September 27, 2001.
98. BBC News, "Washington Presses EU in terror war," October 22, 2001. Available at: (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1614139.stm), retrieved October 22, 2001.
99. Ibid.
100. Wyn Rees, Transatlantic Counter-Terrorism Cooperation (London: Routledge, 2006), 80.
101. Wyn Rees points out that the EU Troika Louis Michel, Javier Solana, and Chris Patten met with U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell. However, as indicated in this article, very senior Commission officials from the DG Justice and Home Affairs were also in attendance, which was very significant for counter-terrorism cooperation.
102. Nonetheless, all other areas are very significant and would merit an article by themselves. However, this venture shall be left for future articles.
103. Ibid.
104. Quoted in D. Zimmermann (see note 40 above), 38.
105. Wyn Rees (see note 81 above), 84.
106. F. Gregory (see note 40 above), 115.
107. Wyn Rees (see note 81 above), 86.
108. F. Gregory (see note 40 above), 116.
109. Wyn Rees (see note 81 above), 89.
110. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission" (see note 40 above).
111. C. Kaunert, "'Without the Power of Purse or Sword': The European Arrest Warrant and the Role of the Commission" (see note 40 above).