메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1909-1922

Exotic deer in southern Latin America: What do we know about impacts on native deer and on ecosystems?

Author keywords

Alien; Argentina; Cervus elaphus; Dietary overlap; Exotic; Habitat impacts; Hippocamelus bisulcus; Interspecific competition; Introduction; Invasion; Invasive species

Indexed keywords

DEER; DEMOGRAPHIC TREND; DIETARY OVERLAP; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOSYSTEM RESPONSE; HABITAT QUALITY; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; INVASIVE SPECIES; NATIVE SPECIES; PREDATION; TROPHIC STRUCTURE;

EID: 77953958524     PISSN: 13873547     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9618-x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (26)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 0035850895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species
    • Agrawal AA (2001) Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species. Science 294: 321-326.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 321-326
    • Agrawal, A.A.1
  • 2
    • 77953960915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldridge D, Lopez R, Saucedo C, Vila AR (2007) Los ultimos senderos del huemul, Fundación Hiunay, Chile.
  • 3
  • 4
    • 77953962197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APN (Adminstración de Parques Nacionales Argentina) (2006) 5ta Reunión binacional Argentino-Chilena sobre estrategías de conservación del huemul, Bariloche, Argentina.
  • 5
    • 0035654156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guanacos and sheep: Evidence for continuing competition in arid Patagonia
    • Baldi R, Albon SD, Elston DA (2001) Guanacos and sheep: evidence for continuing competition in arid Patagonia. Oecol 129: 561-570.
    • (2001) Oecol , vol.129 , pp. 561-570
    • Baldi, R.1    Albon, S.D.2    Elston, D.A.3
  • 6
    • 0025205939 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of different-sized populations: An empirical assessment of rapid extinctions in bighorn sheep
    • Berger J (1990) Persistence of different-sized populations: an empirical assessment of rapid extinctions in bighorn sheep. Cons Biol 4: 91-98.
    • (1990) Cons Biol , vol.4 , pp. 91-98
    • Berger, J.1
  • 7
    • 0034903637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: Grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants
    • Berger J, Stacey PD, Bellis L, Johnson MP (2001) A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecol Appl 11: 947-960.
    • (2001) Ecol Appl , vol.11 , pp. 947-960
    • Berger, J.1    Stacey, P.D.2    Bellis, L.3    Johnson, M.P.4
  • 8
    • 69249210877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States
    • Beschta RL, Ripple WJ (2009) Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biol Conserv 142: 2401-2414.
    • (2009) Biol Conserv , vol.142 , pp. 2401-2414
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 9
    • 0027426602 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of predation by reintroduced European lynx in the Swiss Alps
    • Breitenmoser U, Haller H (1993) Patterns of predation by reintroduced European lynx in the Swiss Alps. J Wildl Manage 57: 135-144.
    • (1993) J Wildl Manage , vol.57 , pp. 135-144
    • Breitenmoser, U.1    Haller, H.2
  • 10
    • 0001346990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions
    • Brown JS, Gurung M, Laundre JW (1999) The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. J Mammal 80: 385-399.
    • (1999) J Mammal , vol.80 , pp. 385-399
    • Brown, J.S.1    Gurung, M.2    Laundre, J.W.3
  • 11
    • 0001879292 scopus 로고
    • Red deer
    • C. M. King (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Challies CN (1990) Red deer. In: King CM (ed) The handbook of New Zealand mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 436-458.
    • (1990) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals , pp. 436-458
    • Challies, C.N.1
  • 12
  • 14
    • 40849137417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between direct predation and risk effects
    • Creel S, Christianson D (2008) Relationships between direct predation and risk effects. TREE 23: 194-201.
    • (2008) Tree , vol.23 , pp. 194-201
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2
  • 15
    • 0027139965 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the range distribution of Hippocamelus bisulcus in Patagonia
    • Díaz NI (1993) Changes in the range distribution of Hippocamelus bisulcus in Patagonia. Zeits Säugetierkunde 58: 344-351.
    • (1993) Zeits Säugetierkunde , vol.58 , pp. 344-351
    • Díaz, N.I.1
  • 17
    • 33747326883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural selection and animal personality
    • Dingemanse NJ, Réale D (2005) Natural selection and animal personality. Behav 142: 1165-1190.
    • (2005) Behav , vol.142 , pp. 1165-1190
    • Dingemanse, N.J.1    Réale, D.2
  • 18
    • 43949128128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem and competition impacts of introduced deer
    • Dolman PM, Wäber K (2008) Ecosystem and competition impacts of introduced deer. Wildl Res 35: 202-214.
    • (2008) Wildl Res , vol.35 , pp. 202-214
    • Dolman, P.M.1    Wäber, K.2
  • 19
    • 40549120428 scopus 로고
    • Preferencias de habitat y patrones de actividad del ciervo exotico en el sur de Chile
    • Eldridge WD, Pacheco NV, Courtin SL (1980) Preferencias de habitat y patrones de actividad del ciervo exotico en el sur de Chile. Medio Ambiente (Chile) 4: 56-74.
    • (1980) Medio Ambiente (Chile) , vol.4 , pp. 56-74
    • Eldridge, W.D.1    Pacheco, N.V.2    Courtin, S.L.3
  • 21
    • 0033736499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population regulation in large northern herbivores: Evolution, thermodynamics, and large predators
    • Flueck WT (2000) Population regulation in large northern herbivores: evolution, thermodynamics, and large predators. E J Wildl Res 46: 139-166.
    • (2000) E J Wildl Res , vol.46 , pp. 139-166
    • Flueck, W.T.1
  • 22
    • 12244299442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of Interactions between puma, Puma concolor, and introduced European red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Patagonia
    • Flueck WT (2004) Observations of Interactions between puma, Puma concolor, and introduced European red deer, Cervus elaphus, in Patagonia. Can Field-Nat 118: 132-134.
    • (2004) Can Field-Nat , vol.118 , pp. 132-134
    • Flueck, W.T.1
  • 23
    • 0007387492 scopus 로고
    • Über das in Argentinien angesiedelte Rotwild (Cervus elaphus, L., 1758): Verbreitung und Tendenzen
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM (1993) Über das in Argentinien angesiedelte Rotwild (Cervus elaphus, L., 1758): Verbreitung und Tendenzen. Zeits Jagdwissenschaft 39: 153-160.
    • (1993) Zeits Jagdwissenschaft , vol.39 , pp. 153-160
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2
  • 24
    • 0002749482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can energy deficiency cause deer die-offs on northern mountain ranges? an exploratory analysis of Odocoileus hemionus
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM (1996) Can energy deficiency cause deer die-offs on northern mountain ranges? an exploratory analysis of Odocoileus hemionus. Zeits Jagdwissenschaft 42: 85-96.
    • (1996) Zeits Jagdwissenschaft , vol.42 , pp. 85-96
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2
  • 25
    • 33645323484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicaments of endangered huemul deer, Hippocamelus bisulcus, in Argentina: A review
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM (2006a) Predicaments of endangered huemul deer, Hippocamelus bisulcus, in Argentina: a review. E J Wildl Res 52: 69-80.
    • (2006) E J Wildl Res , vol.52 , pp. 69-80
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2
  • 26
    • 52949111439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the Patagonian huemul deer in Argentina fails to recover: An ecological hypothesis
    • L. Bartos, A. Dusek, R. Kotrba, and J. Bartosova (Eds.), Praha, Czech Republic: Research Institute of Animal Production
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM (2006b) Why the Patagonian huemul deer in Argentina fails to recover: An ecological hypothesis. In: Bartos L, Dusek A, Kotrba R, Bartosova J (eds) Advances in deer biology: deer in a changing world. Research Institute of Animal Production, Praha, Czech Republic, pp 181-185.
    • (2006) Advances in Deer Biology: Deer in a Changing World , pp. 181-185
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2
  • 27
    • 52949115325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-independent osteopathology in skeletons of a south American cervid, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus)
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM (2008) Age-independent osteopathology in skeletons of a south American cervid, the Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus). J Wildl Dis 44: 636-648.
    • (2008) J Wildl Dis , vol.44 , pp. 636-648
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2
  • 28
    • 0038082448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The current distribution of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Latin America
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM, Naumann CM (2003a) The current distribution of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Latin America. E J Wildl Res 49: 112-119.
    • (2003) E J Wildl Res , vol.49 , pp. 112-119
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2    Naumann, C.M.3
  • 29
    • 77953963414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The current and future extent of the red deer invasion in Patagonia
    • O. Sutherland (Ed.), Christchurch: Landcare Research
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM, Naumann CM (2003b) The current and future extent of the red deer invasion in Patagonia. In: Sutherland O (ed) 3rd international wildlife management conference. Landcare Research, Christchurch, p 407.
    • (2003) 3rd International Wildlife Management Conference , pp. 407
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2    Naumann, C.M.3
  • 30
    • 23744435795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary analysis of cause-specific and capture-related mortality, and survival of adult red deer in northwestern Patagonia
    • Flueck WT, Smith-Flueck JM, Bonino NA (2005) A preliminary analysis of cause-specific and capture-related mortality, and survival of adult red deer in northwestern Patagonia. Ecol Austral 15: 23-30.
    • (2005) Ecol Austral , vol.15 , pp. 23-30
    • Flueck, W.T.1    Smith-Flueck, J.M.2    Bonino, N.A.3
  • 31
    • 0032944386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of the Patagonia puma Felis concolor patagonica in southern Chile
    • Franklin WL, Johnson WE, Sarno RJ, Iriarte JA (1999) Ecology of the Patagonia puma Felis concolor patagonica in southern Chile. Biol Conserv 90: 33-40.
    • (1999) Biol Conserv , vol.90 , pp. 33-40
    • Franklin, W.L.1    Johnson, W.E.2    Sarno, R.J.3    Iriarte, J.A.4
  • 32
    • 0028181414 scopus 로고
    • Observations on habitat use and social organisation of a huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) coastal population in Chile
    • Frid A (1994) Observations on habitat use and social organisation of a huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) coastal population in Chile. Biol Conserv 67: 13-19.
    • (1994) Biol Conserv , vol.67 , pp. 13-19
    • Frid, A.1
  • 33
    • 0034975240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat use by the endangered huemul (Hippocamelus bisculcus): Cattle, snow, and the problem of multiple causes
    • Frid A (2001) Habitat use by the endangered huemul (Hippocamelus bisculcus): cattle, snow, and the problem of multiple causes. Biol Conserv 100: 261-267.
    • (2001) Biol Conserv , vol.100 , pp. 261-267
    • Frid, A.1
  • 34
    • 23944521378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet of huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina
    • Galende G, Ramilo E, Beati A (2005) Diet of huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Studies Neotrop Fauna Environ 40: 1-5.
    • (2005) Studies Neotrop Fauna Environ , vol.40 , pp. 1-5
    • Galende, G.1    Ramilo, E.2    Beati, A.3
  • 35
    • 77953963252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guineo P, Guineo Garay R, Garay G (2008) Conociendo al huemul de Torres del Paine. La Prensa Austral, Punta Arenas, Chile.
  • 36
    • 77953958994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hacker WD, Rominger EM, Dunn WC, Velasquez TG (2000) Management options for rocky mountain bighorn sheep populations at carrying capacity. In: Transactions of the 2nd North American wild sheep conference, Reno, Nevada, p 133.
  • 37
    • 33645200949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Der Rothirsch im Schweizerischen Nationalpark und dessen Umgebung. Eine alpine Population von Cervus elaphus zeitlich und räumlich dokumentiert
    • Haller H (2002) Der Rothirsch im Schweizerischen Nationalpark und dessen Umgebung. Eine alpine Population von Cervus elaphus zeitlich und räumlich dokumentiert. Nationalpark-Forschung Schweiz 91: 1-144.
    • (2002) Nationalpark-Forschung Schweiz , vol.91 , pp. 1-144
    • Haller, H.1
  • 38
    • 0032732654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas
    • Henke SE, Bryant FC (1999) Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas. J Wildl Manage 63: 1066-1081.
    • (1999) J Wildl Manage , vol.63 , pp. 1066-1081
    • Henke, S.E.1    Bryant, F.C.2
  • 39
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities
    • Holt RD (1977) Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities. Theor Pop Biol 12: 197-229.
    • (1977) Theor Pop Biol , vol.12 , pp. 197-229
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 40
    • 0001951305 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho primitive area
    • Hornocker MG (1970) An analysis of mountain lion predation upon mule deer and elk in the Idaho primitive area. Wildl Monogr 21: 1-39.
    • (1970) Wildl Monogr , vol.21 , pp. 1-39
    • Hornocker, M.G.1
  • 42
    • 0025635354 scopus 로고
    • Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the American puma
    • Iriarte JA, Franklin WL, Johnson WE, Redford KH (1990) Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the American puma. Oecol 85: 185-190.
    • (1990) Oecol , vol.85 , pp. 185-190
    • Iriarte, J.A.1    Franklin, W.L.2    Johnson, W.E.3    Redford, K.H.4
  • 43
    • 0031284446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors shaping population densities and increase rates of ungulates in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus) in the 19th and 20th centuries
    • Jedrzejewski B, Jedrzejewski W, Bunevich AN, Milkowski L, Krasinski ZA (1997) Factors shaping population densities and increase rates of ungulates in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus) in the 19th and 20th centuries. Acta Theriol 42: 399-451.
    • (1997) Acta Theriol , vol.42 , pp. 399-451
    • Jedrzejewski, B.1    Jedrzejewski, W.2    Bunevich, A.N.3    Milkowski, L.4    Krasinski, Z.A.5
  • 44
    • 77953963316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jiménez J, Guineo G, Corti P, Smith JA, Flueck W, Vila A, Gizejewski Z, Gill R, McShea B, Geist V (2008) Hippocamelus bisulcus. In: 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  • 47
    • 23744432763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Puma energetics: A recalculation
    • Laundre JW (2005) Puma energetics: a recalculation. J Wildl Manage 69: 723-732.
    • (2005) J Wildl Manage , vol.69 , pp. 723-732
    • Laundre, J.W.1
  • 48
    • 48249146635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer predation rates on ungulate prey by a large keystone predator: How many ungulates does a large predator kill?
    • Laundre JW (2008) Summer predation rates on ungulate prey by a large keystone predator: how many ungulates does a large predator kill? J Zool 275: 341-348.
    • (2008) J Zool , vol.275 , pp. 341-348
    • Laundre, J.W.1
  • 49
    • 33947201576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of puma predation on the decline and recovery of a mule deer population in southeastern Idaho
    • Laundre JW, Hernandez L, Clark SG (2006) Impact of puma predation on the decline and recovery of a mule deer population in southeastern Idaho. Can J Zool 84: 1555-1565.
    • (2006) Can J Zool , vol.84 , pp. 1555-1565
    • Laundre, J.W.1    Hernandez, L.2    Clark, S.G.3
  • 50
    • 33947227660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical and demographic responses of pumas to changes in prey abundance: Testing current predictions
    • Laundre JW, Hernandez L, Clark SG (2007) Numerical and demographic responses of pumas to changes in prey abundance: testing current predictions. J Wildl Manage 71: 345-355.
    • (2007) J Wildl Manage , vol.71 , pp. 345-355
    • Laundre, J.W.1    Hernandez, L.2    Clark, S.G.3
  • 53
    • 33947590268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cougar predation on black-and-gold howlers on Mutum Island, southern Brazil
    • Ludwig G, Aguiar L, Miranda J, Teixeira G, Svoboda W et al (2007) Cougar predation on black-and-gold howlers on Mutum Island, southern Brazil. Intern J Primatol 28: 39-46.
    • (2007) Intern J Primatol , vol.28 , pp. 39-46
    • Ludwig, G.1    Aguiar, L.2    Miranda, J.3    Teixeira, G.4    Svoboda, W.5
  • 54
    • 79951945551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluación del espacio para la ganadería extensiva sustentable y la conservación del Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), en el Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina
    • Martínez LV (2008) Evaluación del espacio para la ganadería extensiva sustentable y la conservación del Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), en el Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina. APRONA Bol Cient (Argentina) 41: 45-67.
    • (2008) APRONA Bol Cient (Argentina) , vol.41 , pp. 45-67
    • Martínez, L.V.1
  • 55
    • 77953958224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Masseti M, Mertzanidou D (2008) Dama dama. In: 2008 IUCN red list of threatened species, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
  • 57
    • 0013653339 scopus 로고
    • Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations
    • Messier F, Crete M (1985) Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecol 65: 503-512.
    • (1985) Oecol , vol.65 , pp. 503-512
    • Messier, F.1    Crete, M.2
  • 58
    • 0001544867 scopus 로고
    • The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation
    • Mills LS, Soule ME, Doak DF (1993) The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation. Bioscience 43: 219-224.
    • (1993) Bioscience , vol.43 , pp. 219-224
    • Mills, L.S.1    Soule, M.E.2    Doak, D.F.3
  • 59
    • 0000194698 scopus 로고
    • A single deer stands-off three wolves
    • Nelson ME, Mech LD (1993) A single deer stands-off three wolves. Am MidI Nat 131: 207-208.
    • (1993) Am MidI Nat , vol.131 , pp. 207-208
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 60
    • 0033990975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological extinction of native prey of a carnivore assemblage in Argentine Patagonia
    • Novaro AJ, Funes MC, Walker RS (2000) Ecological extinction of native prey of a carnivore assemblage in Argentine Patagonia. Biol Cons 92: 25-33.
    • (2000) Biol Cons , vol.92 , pp. 25-33
    • Novaro, A.J.1    Funes, M.C.2    Walker, R.S.3
  • 61
    • 0001140808 scopus 로고
    • Forage preference: Theoretical considerations of diet selection by deer
    • Nudds TD (1980) Forage preference: theoretical considerations of diet selection by deer. J Wildl Manage 44: 735-740.
    • (1980) J Wildl Manage , vol.44 , pp. 735-740
    • Nudds, T.D.1
  • 63
    • 0002596015 scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and species diversity
    • Paine RT (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. Am Naturalist 100: 65-75.
    • (1966) Am Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 65-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 64
    • 77953959021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pastore H, Vila A (2003) Situación de la población de huemules en la jurisdicción de la Seccional Nirihuau, Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi. Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina and Wildlife Conservation Society, Final Report 2000-2002, pp 1-27.
  • 65
    • 0005530026 scopus 로고
    • Feral pigs-ungulate predators
    • Pavlov PM (1981) Feral pigs-ungulate predators. NZ J Ecol 4: 132-133.
    • (1981) NZ J Ecol , vol.4 , pp. 132-133
    • Pavlov, P.M.1
  • 66
    • 0036047819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keystone species: The concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand
    • Payton IJ, Fenner M, Lee WG (2002) Keystone species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand. Sci Conserv 203: 1-29.
    • (2002) Sci Conserv , vol.203 , pp. 1-29
    • Payton, I.J.1    Fenner, M.2    Lee, W.G.3
  • 67
    • 0002691573 scopus 로고
    • Predation models for primary and secondary prey species
    • Pech RP, Sinclair ARE, Newsome AE (1995) Predation models for primary and secondary prey species. Wildl Res 22: 55-64.
    • (1995) Wildl Res , vol.22 , pp. 55-64
    • Pech, R.P.1    Sinclair, A.R.E.2    Newsome, A.E.3
  • 68
    • 34247513821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioural reactions of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to cougar (Puma concolor) attacks
    • Pelletier F, Gendreau T, Feder C (2006) Behavioural reactions of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) to cougar (Puma concolor) attacks. Mammalia 70: 160-162.
    • (2006) Mammalia , vol.70 , pp. 160-162
    • Pelletier, F.1    Gendreau, T.2    Feder, C.3
  • 69
    • 0002014297 scopus 로고
    • The importance of wild ungulates into Latin America, with remarks on their environmental effects
    • Petrides GA (1975) The importance of wild ungulates into Latin America, with remarks on their environmental effects. Environ Conserv 2: 47-51.
    • (1975) Environ Conserv , vol.2 , pp. 47-51
    • Petrides, G.A.1
  • 70
    • 0033949167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social organization of mountain lions: Does a land-tenure system regulate population size?
    • Pierce BM, Bleich VC, Bowyer RT (2000) Social organization of mountain lions: does a land-tenure system regulate population size? Ecol 81: 1533-1543.
    • (2000) Ecol , vol.81 , pp. 1533-1543
    • Pierce, B.M.1    Bleich, V.C.2    Bowyer, R.T.3
  • 71
    • 3843081950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection by mule deer: Forage benefits or risk of predation?
    • Pierce BM, Bowyer RT, Bleich VC (2004) Habitat selection by mule deer: forage benefits or risk of predation? J Wildl Manage 68: 533-541.
    • (2004) J Wildl Manage , vol.68 , pp. 533-541
    • Pierce, B.M.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Bleich, V.C.3
  • 72
    • 0037672617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond demography and delisting: Ecological recovery for Yellowstone's grizzly bears and wolves
    • Pyare S, Berger J (2003) Beyond demography and delisting: ecological recovery for Yellowstone's grizzly bears and wolves. Biol Conserv 113: 63-73.
    • (2003) Biol Conserv , vol.113 , pp. 63-73
    • Pyare, S.1    Berger, J.2
  • 73
    • 77953962618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ramilo E, Martin C, Chehébar C (1986) Taller sobre manejo del ciervo colorado y jabalí Europeo en jurisdiccion de la Administración de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Economía, Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Administración de Parques Nacionales de Argentina.
  • 74
    • 0001433492 scopus 로고
    • Dieta de Felis concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) en áreas silvestres protegidas del sur de Chile
    • Rau JR, Tillería MS, Martínez DR, Muñoz AH (1991) Dieta de Felis concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) en áreas silvestres protegidas del sur de Chile. Rev Chilena Hist Nat 64: 139-144.
    • (1991) Rev Chilena Hist Nat , vol.64 , pp. 139-144
    • Rau, J.R.1    Tillería, M.S.2    Martínez, D.R.3    Muñoz, A.H.4
  • 75
    • 77953962944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redford KH, Eisenberg JF (1992) Mammals of the Neotropics: The Southern Cone. Volume 2. Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
  • 76
    • 0003067230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal diet composition of exotic deer in Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina
    • Relva MA, Caldiz M (1998) Seasonal diet composition of exotic deer in Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Gayana Zool 62: 101-108.
    • (1998) Gayana Zool , vol.62 , pp. 101-108
    • Relva, M.A.1    Caldiz, M.2
  • 77
    • 44149124847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park
    • Ripple WJ, Beschta RL (2008) Trophic cascades involving cougar, mule deer, and black oaks in Yosemite National Park. Biol Conserv 141: 1249-1256.
    • (2008) Biol Conserv , vol.141 , pp. 1249-1256
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 78
    • 0030616705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter
    • Ross PI, Jalkotzy MG, Festa-Bianchet M (1997) Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter. Can J Zool 75: 771-775.
    • (1997) Can J Zool , vol.75 , pp. 771-775
    • Ross, P.I.1    Jalkotzy, M.G.2    Festa-Bianchet, M.3
  • 79
    • 0001084004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population density and annual variation in birth mass of guanacos in southern Chile
    • Sarno RJ, Franklin WL (1999) Population density and annual variation in birth mass of guanacos in southern Chile. J Mammal 80: 1158-1162.
    • (1999) J Mammal , vol.80 , pp. 1158-1162
    • Sarno, R.J.1    Franklin, W.L.2
  • 82
    • 0038814121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduced species and management of a Nothofagus/Austrocedrus forest
    • Simberloff D, Relva MA, Nuñez M (2003) Introduced species and management of a Nothofagus/Austrocedrus forest. Environ Manage 31: 263-275.
    • (2003) Environ Manage , vol.31 , pp. 263-275
    • Simberloff, D.1    Relva, M.A.2    Nuñez, M.3
  • 83
    • 0021565277 scopus 로고
    • Wild reindeer foraging-niche organization
    • Skogland T (1984) Wild reindeer foraging-niche organization. Holarctic Ecol 7: 345-379.
    • (1984) Holarctic Ecol , vol.7 , pp. 345-379
    • Skogland, T.1
  • 84
    • 77953958663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith-Flueck JM (2003) The ecology of huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Andean Patagonia of Argentina and considerations about its conservation. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina.
  • 85
    • 53949087385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural mortality patterns in a population of southern Argentina huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), an endangered Andean cervid
    • Smith-Flueck JM, Flueck WT (2001) Natural mortality patterns in a population of southern Argentina huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus), an endangered Andean cervid. E J Wildl Res 47: 178-188.
    • (2001) E J Wildl Res , vol.47 , pp. 178-188
    • Smith-Flueck, J.M.1    Flueck, W.T.2
  • 86
    • 22144459790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests
    • Stockton SA, Allombert S, Gaston AJ, Martin JL (2005) A natural experiment on the effects of high deer densities on the native flora of coastal temperate rain forests. Biol Conserv 126: 118-128.
    • (2005) Biol Conserv , vol.126 , pp. 118-128
    • Stockton, S.A.1    Allombert, S.2    Gaston, A.J.3    Martin, J.L.4
  • 87
    • 0002760547 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of old growth in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland
    • Tomialojc L (1991) Characteristics of old growth in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland. Nat Areas J 11: 7-18.
    • (1991) Nat Areas J , vol.11 , pp. 7-18
    • Tomialojc, L.1
  • 88
    • 0036033855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple effect of introduced mammalian herbivores in a temperate forest
    • Vazquez DP (2002) Multiple effect of introduced mammalian herbivores in a temperate forest. Biol Invasions 4: 175-191.
    • (2002) Biol Invasions , vol.4 , pp. 175-191
    • Vazquez, D.P.1
  • 89
    • 0024881160 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exotic deer on forest regeneration and composition in northern Patagonia
    • Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Martin C, Ramilo E (1989) Effects of exotic deer on forest regeneration and composition in northern Patagonia. J Appl Ecol 26: 711-724.
    • (1989) J Appl Ecol , vol.26 , pp. 711-724
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Mermoz, M.2    Martin, C.3    Ramilo, E.4
  • 90
    • 0027100899 scopus 로고
    • Ecological impact of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina
    • Veblen TT, Mermoz M, Martin C, Kitzberger T (1992) Ecological impact of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conserv Biol 6: 71-83.
    • (1992) Conserv Biol , vol.6 , pp. 71-83
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Mermoz, M.2    Martin, C.3    Kitzberger, T.4
  • 91
    • 77749297427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current distribution and conservation of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Argentina and Chile
    • Vila AR, López R, Pastore H, Faúndez R, Serret A (2006) Current distribution and conservation of the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Argentina and Chile. Mastozool Neotrop 13: 263-269.
    • (2006) Mastozool Neotrop , vol.13 , pp. 263-269
    • Vila, A.R.1    López, R.2    Pastore, H.3    Faúndez, R.4    Serret, A.5
  • 92
    • 77749327465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary overlap between huemul and livestock in Los Alerces National Park, Argentina
    • Vila AR, Borrelli L, Martinez L (2009) Dietary overlap between huemul and livestock in Los Alerces National Park, Argentina. J Wildl Manage 73: 368-373.
    • (2009) J Wildl Manage , vol.73 , pp. 368-373
    • Vila, A.R.1    Borrelli, L.2    Martinez, L.3
  • 93
    • 0026288170 scopus 로고
    • A cranium of Navahoceros and its phylogenetic place among New World Cervidae
    • Webb SD (1992) A cranium of Navahoceros and its phylogenetic place among New World Cervidae. Ann Zool Fenn 28: 401-410.
    • (1992) Ann Zool Fenn , vol.28 , pp. 401-410
    • Webb, S.D.1
  • 94
    • 0029660527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite Mountains of California
    • Wehausen JD (1996) Effects of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite Mountains of California. Wildl Soc Bull 24: 471-479.
    • (1996) Wildl Soc Bull , vol.24 , pp. 471-479
    • Wehausen, J.D.1
  • 96
    • 0024871673 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity
    • West-Eberhard MJ (1989) Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Systematics 20: 249-278.
    • (1989) Ann Rev Ecol Evol Systematics , vol.20 , pp. 249-278
    • West-Eberhard, M.J.1
  • 97
    • 33745754640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biotic indirect effects: A neglected concept in invasion biology
    • White EM, Wilson JC, Clarke AR (2006) Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology. Diversity Distributions 12: 443-455.
    • (2006) Diversity Distributions , vol.12 , pp. 443-455
    • White, E.M.1    Wilson, J.C.2    Clarke, A.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.