WISC-III index score profiles of 520 swedish children with pervasive developmental disorders

Psychological Assessment

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 213-222

  Zander, Eric ^a,b   Dahlgren, Sven Olof ^b,c  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM COUNTY COUNCIL   (Sweden)

^c Autismforum   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Asperger's disorder; Autistic disorder; PDD NOS; Profile analysis; Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Third Edition

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISM; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; SCHOOL CHILD; SCORING SYSTEM; STANDARDIZATION; SWEDEN; WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE;

ADOLESCENT; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SWEDEN; WECHSLER SCALES;

EID: 77953899504     PISSN: 10403590     EISSN: 1939134X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018335     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
2. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Author, Washington, DC. 4th ed., text rev.
3. Barnhill G., Hagiwara T., Myles B.S., Simpson R.L. Asperger syndrome: A study of the cognitive profiles of 37 children and adolescents. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 2000, 15:146-153.
4. Baron-Cohen S. Theories of the autistic mind. Psychologist 2008, 21:112-116.
5. Boelte S., Poustka F. Comparing the intelligence profiles of savant and nonsavant individuals with autistic disorder. Intelligence 2004, 32:121-131.
6. Boelte S., Rudolf L., Poustka F. The cognitive structure of higher functioning autism and schizophrenia: A comparative study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2002, 43:325-330.
7. Borsuk E.R., Watkins M.W., Canivez G.L. Long-term stability of membership in a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition (WISC-III) subtest core profile taxonomy. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2006, 24:52-68.
8. Bowler D.M. "Theory of mind"in Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1992, 33:877-893.
9. Bray M.A., Kehle T.J., Hintze J.M. Profile analysis with the Wechsler scales: Why does it persist?. School Psychology International 1998, 19:209-220.
10. Calhoun S.L., Mayes S.D. Processing speed in children with clinical disorders. Psychology in the Schools 2005, 42:333-343.
11. Canivez G.L., Watkins M.W. Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:285-291.
12. Canivez G.L., Watkins M.W. Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition among demographic subgroups: Gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 1999, 17:300-313.
13. Canivez G.L., Watkins M.W. Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition among students with disabilities. School Psychology Review 2001, 30:438-453.
14. Cederlund M., Gillberg C. One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: A clinical study of background and associated factors. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2004, 46:652-660.
15. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
16. Dahlgren, S., & Zander, E. (2009). WISC-III profiles in 594 Swedish children with a clinical DSM-IV-defined pervasive developmental disorder. Manuscript submitted for publication.
17. de Bruin E.I., Verheij F., Ferdinand R.F. WISC-R subtest but no overall VIQ-PIQ difference in Dutch children with PDD-NOS. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2006, 34:263-271.
18. Donders J. Cluster subtypes in the WISC-III standardization sample: Analysis of factor index scores. Psychological Assessment 1996, 8:312-318.
19. Ehlers S., Nydén A., Gillberg C., Sandberg A.D., Dahlgren S.O., Hjelmquist E., Oden A. Asperger syndrome, autism and attention disorders: A comparative study of the cognitive profiles of 120 children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1997, 38:207-217.
20. Fombonne E. Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: An update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2003, 33:365-382.
21. Ghaziuddin M., Mountain-Kimchi K. Defining the intellectual profile of Asperger syndrome: Comparison with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2004, 34:279-284.
22. Gilchrist A., Green J., Cox A., Burton D., Rutter M., Le Couteur A. Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001, 42:227-240.
23. Glutting J.J., McDermott P.A., Konold T.R. Ontology, structure, and diagnostic benefits of a normative subtest taxonomy from the WISC-III standardization sample. Contemporary intellectual assessment 1997, 349-372. Guilford Press, New York, NY. D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genschaft, P.L. Harrison (Eds.).
24. Glutting J.J., Youngstrom E.A., Ward T., Ward S., Hale R.L. Incremental efficacy of WISC-III factor scores in predicting achievement: What do they tell us?. Psychological Assessment 1997, 9:295-301.
25. Hale R.L., Saxe J.E. Profile analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 1983, 1:155-162.
26. Happe F. Autism: An introduction to psychological theory 1994, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
27. Happe F. Wechsler IQ profile and theory of mind in autism: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1994, 35:1461-1471.
28. Nihonban WISC-III chinou kensahou [Japanese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition] 1998, Japanese WISC-III Publication Committee, Nihon Bunka Kagakusha, Tokyo, Japan.
29. Kamphaus R.W., Benson J., Hutchinson S., Platt L.O. Identification of factor models for the WISC-III. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1994, 54:174-186.
30. Kamphaus R.W., Winsor A.P., Rowe E.W., Kim S. A history of intelligence test interpretation. Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues 2005, 23-38. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed. D.P. Flanagan, P.L. Harrison (Eds.).
31. Kaufman A.S. Intelligent testing with the WISC-III 1994, Wiley, Oxford, England.
32. Keith T.Z. What does the WISC-III measure? A reply to Carroll and Kranzler. School Psychology Quarterly 1997, 12:117-118.
33. Keith T.Z., Witta E.L. Hierarchical and cross-age confirmatory factor analysis of the WISC-III: What does it measure?. School Psychology Quarterly 1997, 12:89-107.
34. Klin A., Pauls D., Schultz R., Volkmar F. Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: Implications for research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2005, 35:221-234.
35. Konold T.R. Evaluating discrepancy analyses with the WISC-III and WIAT. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 1999, 17:24-35.
36. Koyama T., Tachimori H., Osada H., Kurita H. Cognitive and symptom profiles in high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2006, 36:373-380.
37. Koyama T., Tachimori H., Osada H., Takeda T., Kurita H. Cognitive and symptom profiles in Asperger's syndrome and high-functioning autism. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2007, 61:99-104.
38. Kramer J.H. Interpretation of individual subtest scores on the WISC-III. Psychological Assessment 1993, 5:193-196.
39. Lezak M.D., Howieson D.B., Loring D.W., Hannay H.J., Fischer J.S. Neuropsychological assessment 2004, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. 4th ed.
40. Livingston R.B., Jennings E., Reynolds C.R., Gray R.M. Multivariate analyses of the profile stability of intelligence tests: High for IQs, low to very low for subtest analyses. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2003, 18:487-507.
41. Macintosh K.E., Dissanayake C. Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: A review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004, 45:421-434.
42. Macmann G.M., Barnett D.W. Myth of the master detective: Reliability of interpretations for Kaufman's "intelligent testing"approach to the WISC-III. School Psychology Quarterly 1997, 12:197-234.
43. Mahoney W.J., Szatmari P., MacLean J.E., Bryson S.E., Bartolucci G., Walter S.D., Zwaigenbaum L. Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37:278-285.
44. Mattila M.L., Kielinen M., Jussila K., Linna S.L., Bloigu R., Ebeling H., Moilanen I. An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007, 46:636-646.
45. Mayes S.D., Calhoun S.L. Analysis of WISC-III, Stanford-Binet: IV, and academic achievement test scores in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2003, 33:329-341.
46. Mayes S.D., Calhoun S.L. Similarities and differences in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition (WISC-III) profiles: Support for subtest analysis in clinical referrals. Clinical Neuropsychologist 2004, 18:559-572.
47. McDermott P.A., Fantuzzo J.W., Glutting J.J. Just say no to subtest analysis: A critique on Wechsler theory and practice. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 1990, 8:290-302.
48. McDermott P.A., Fantuzzo J.W., Glutting J.J., Watkins M.M., Baggaley A.R. Illusions of meaning in the ipsative assessment of children's ability. Journal of Special Education 1992, 25:504-526.
49. McDermott P.A., Glutting J.J., Jones J.N., Watkins M.W., Kush J. Core profile types in the WISC-R national sample: Structure, membership, and applications. Psychological Assessment 1989, 1:222-229.
50. Minshew N.J., Goldstein G., Muenz L.R., Payton J.B. Neuropsychological functioning in nonmentally retarded autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1992, 14:749-761.
51. Minshew N.J., Turner C.A., Goldstein G. The application of short forms of the Wechsler intelligence scales in adults and children with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2005, 35:45-52.
52. Naglieri J.A. Pairwise and ipsative comparisons of WISC-III IQ and index scores. Psychological Assessment 1993, 5:113-116.
53. Neisser U., Boodoo G., Bouchard T.J., Boykin A., Brody N., Ceci S.J., Urbina S. Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist 1996, 51:77-101.
54. Nydén A., Billstedt E., Hjelmquist E., Gillberg C. Neurocognitive stability in Asperger syndrome, ADHD, and reading and writing disorder: A pilot study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2001, 43:165-171.
55. Ozonoff S., Jensen J. Brief report: Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1999, 29:171-177.
56. Pritchard D.A., Livingston R.B., Reynolds C.R., Moses J.A. Modal profiles for the WISC-III. School Psychology Quarterly 2000, 15:400-418.
57. Reinecke M.A., Beebe D.W., Stein M.A. The third factor of the WISC-III: It's (probably) not freedom from distractibility. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999, 38:322-328.
58. Riccio C.A., Cohen M.J., Hall J., Ross C.M. The third and fourth factors of the WISC-III: What they don't measure. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 1997, 15:27-39.
59. Rutter M. Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1983, 24:513-531.
60. Sattler J.M. Assessment of children 1992, Author, San Diego, CA. 3rd ed.
61. Slate J.R. Discrepancies between IQ and index scores for a clinical sample of students: Useful diagnostic indicators?. Psychology in the Schools 1995, 32:103-108.
62. Sonnander K., Ramund B. Sweden. Culture and children's intelligence: Cross-cultural analysis of the WISC-III 2003, 149-163. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. J. Georgas, L.G. Weiss, F.J.R. van de Vijver, D.H. Saklofske (Eds.).
63. Education and research: Population 16-74 years of age by county, level of education, age and sex: Year 1985-2008 [Table] 2009, Statistics Sweden, Retrieved from http://www.ssd.scb.se/Databaser/makro/Visavar.asp?yp=bergman&xu=scb&huvudtabell=Utbildning&deltabell=L&deltabellnamn=Population+16%2D74+years+of+age+by+county%2C++level+of+education%2C+age+and+sex%2E+%0D%0A%28NOTE%3A+For+the+version+2000%2C+quality+improvements+were+made+which+led+to+a+break+in+the+timeseries%2E+Comparisons+with+previous+versions+must+be+done+with+care%2E%29++Year&omradekod=UF&omradetext=Education+and+research&preskat=O&innehall=Utbildning&starttid=1985&stopptid=2008&Prodid=UF0506&fromSok=&Fromwhere=S&lang=2&langdb=2.
64. Szatmari P., Tuff L., Finlayson A.J., Bartolucci G. Asperger's syndrome and autism: Neurocognitive aspects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990, 29:130-136.
65. Thede L.L., Coolidge F.L. Psychological and neurobehavioral comparisons of children with Asperger's disorder versus high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2007, 37:847-854.
66. Volkmar F.R., Klin A., Siegel B., Szatmari P., Lord C., Campbell M., Kline W. Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:1361-1367.
67. Walker D.R., Thompson A., Zwaigenbaum L., Goldberg J., Bryson S.E., Mahoney W.J., Szatmari P. Specifying PDD-NOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004, 43:172-180.
68. Watkins M.W., Canivez G.L. Temporal stability of WISC-III subtest composite: Strengths and weaknesses. Psychological Assessment 2004, 16:133-138.
69. Watkins M.W., Glutting J.J. Incremental validity of WISC-III profile elevation, scatter, and shape information for predicting reading and math achievement. Psychological Assessment 2000, 12:402-408.
70. Watkins M.W., Kush J.C., Glutting J.J. Prevalence and diagnostic utility of the WISC-III SCAD profile among children with disabilities. School Psychology Quarterly 1997, 12:235-248.
71. Wechsler D. The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence 1958, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 4th ed.
72. Wechsler D. Manual: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised 1974, Psychological Corporation, New York.
73. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition 1991, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
74. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test 1992, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
75. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third U.K. edition 1992, Psychological Corporation, Kent, England.
76. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third edition (Swedish version) 1999, Psykologiförlaget, Stockholm, Sweden.
77. Witwer A.N., Lecavalier L. Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2008, 38:1611-1624.
78. Woodbury-Smith M., Klin A., Volkmar F. Asperger's syndrome: A comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2005, 35:235-240.