Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences

Journal of Accounting and Economics

Volumn 50, Issue 2-3, 2010, Pages 344-401

  Dechow, Patricia ^a   Ge, Weili ^b   Schrand, Catherine ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Earnings management; Earnings quality; Review; Survey

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953887285     PISSN: 01654101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (517)

1. Abarbanell J., Bushee B. Fundamental analysis, future earnings, and stock prices. Journal of Accounting Research 1997, 35:1-24.
2. Abarbanell J., Lehavy R. Can stock recommendations predict earnings management and analysts' earnings forecast errors?. Journal of Accounting Research 2003, 41:1-31.
3. Abbott L., Parker S., Peters G. Audit committee characteristics and restatements. Auditing 2004, 23:69-87.
4. Aboody D., Barth M., Kasznik R. Revaluations of fixed assets and future firm performance: evidence from the UK. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 26:149-178.
5. Aboody D., Hughes J., Liu J. Earnings quality, insider trading, and cost of capital. Journal of Accounting Research 2005, 43:651-673.
6. Aboody, D., Kasznik, R., 2000. CEO stock option awards and corporate voluntary disclosures. Working Paper, UCLA and Stanford University.
7. Abreu D., Brunnermeier M. Synchronization risk and delayed arbitrage. Journal of Financial Economics 2002, 66:341-360.
8. Adams, R., Hermalin, B., Weisbach, M., 2008. The role of boards of directors in corporate governance: a conceptual framework and survey. Working Paper, University of Queensland, Ohio State University, and University of California, Berkeley.
9. Affleck-Graves J., Callahan C., Chipalkatti N. Earnings predictability, information asymmetry, and market liquidity. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:561-583.
10. Agrawal A., Chadha S. Corporate governance and accounting scandals. Journal of Law and Economics 2005, 48:371-406.
11. Aharoni A., Ronen J. The choice among accounting alternatives and management compensation: effects of corporate tax. The Accounting Review 1989, 64:69-86.
12. Aharony J., Lin C., Loeb M. Initial public offerings, accounting choices, and earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research 1993, 10:61-81.
13. Ahmed A. Accounting earnings and future economic rents: an empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 17:377-400.
14. Ahmed A., Takeda C., Thomas S. Bank loan loss provisions: a reexamination of capital management, earnings management and signaling effects. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 28:1-25.
15. Albrecht W., Lookabill L., McKeown J. The time-series properties of annual earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1977, 15:226-244.
16. Alford A., Jones J., Leftwich R., Zmijewski M. The relative informativeness of accounting disclosures in different countries. Journal of Accounting Research 1993, 31:183-223.
17. Ali A., Hwang L. Country-specific factors related to financial reporting and the value relevance of accounting data. Journal of Accounting Research 2000, 38:1-21.
18. Allen, E., Larson, C., Sloan, R., 2009. Accrual reversals, earnings and stock returns. Working Paper, University of California, Berkeley, Washington University in St. Louis.
19. Altamuro, J., Beatty, A., 2010. How does internal control regulation affect financial reporting? Journal of Accounting and Economics 49, 58-74.
20. Altamuro J., Beatty A., Weber J. The effects of accelerated revenue recognition on earnings management and earnings informativeness: evidence from SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 101. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:373-401.
21. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Statement on Auditing Standards No. 58. Reports on Audited Financial Statements 1988, AICPA, New York.
22. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Statement on Auditing Standards No. 59. The Auditor's Consideration of an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern 1988, AICPA, New York.
23. Amir E., Harris T., Venuti E. A comparison of the value-relevance of U.S. versus non-U.S. GAAP accounting measures using Form 20-F reconciliations. Journal of Accounting Research 1993, 31:230-264.
24. Anderson R., Mansi S., Reeb D. Board characteristics, accounting report integrity, and the cost of debt. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2004, 37:315-342.
25. Armstrong, C., Guay, W., Weber, J., 2010a. The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting. Working Paper, University of Pennsylvania and MIT.
26. Armstrong C., Jagolinzer A., Larcker D. Chief executive officer equity incentives and accounting irregularities. Journal of Accounting Research 2010, 48:225-271.
27. Armstrong, C., Foster, G., Taylor, D., 2010c. Earnings management around initial public offerings: a re-examination. Working Paper, University of Pennsylvania and Stanford University.
28. Ashbaugh H., LaFond R., Mayhew B. Do nonaudit services compromise auditor independence? Further evidence. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:611-639.
29. Ashbaugh H., Pincus M. Domestic accounting standards, international accounting standards, and the predictability of earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 2001, 39:417-434.
30. Ashbaugh-Skaife H., Collins D., Kinney W. The discovery and reporting of internal control deficiencies prior to SOX-mandated audits. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2007, 44:166-192.
31. Ashbaugh-Skaife H., Collins D., Kinney W., LaFond R. The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies and their remediation on accrual quality. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:217-250.
32. Ashbaugh-Skaife H., Collins D., Kinney W., LaFond R. The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies on firm risk and cost of equity. Journal of Accounting Research 2009, 47:1-43.
33. Ayers B., Jiang J., Yeung P. Discretionary accruals and earnings management: an analysis of pseudo earnings targets. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:617-652.
34. Baber W., Chen S., Kang S. Stock price reaction to evidence of earnings management: implications for supplementary financial disclosure. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:5-19.
35. Baber W., Kang S., Kumar K. Accounting earnings and executive compensation: the role of earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1998, 25:169-193.
36. Baginski S., Branson B., Lorek K., Willinger G. The relationship between economic characteristics and alternative annual earnings persistence measures. The Accounting Review 1999, 74:105-120.
37. Baker T., Collins D., Reitenga A. Stock option compensation and earnings management incentives. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance 2003, 18:557-582.
38. Ball R. Changes in accounting techniques and stock prices. Journal of Accounting Research 1972, 10:1-38.
39. Ball R., Brown P. Some preliminary findings on the association between the earnings of a firm, its industry, and the economy. Journal of Accounting Research 1967, 5:55-80.
40. Ball R., Brown P. An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research 1968, 6:159-178.
41. Ball R., Foster G. Corporate financial reporting: a methodological review of empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research 1982, 20:161-234.
42. Ball R., Kothari S., Robin A. The effect of international institutional factors on properties of accounting earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 29:1-51.
43. Ball R., Robin A., Sadka G. Is financial reporting shaped by equity markets or by debt markets? An international study of timeliness and conservatism. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:168-205.
44. Ball R., Robin A., Wu J. Incentives versus standards: properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 36:235-270.
45. Ball R., Shivakumar L. Earnings quality in UK private firms: comparative loss recognition timeliness. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:83-128.
46. Balsam S. Discretionary accounting choices and CEO compensation. Contemporary Accounting Research 1998, 15:229-252.
47. Balsam, S., Chen, H., Sankaraguruswamy, S., 2003. Earnings management prior to stock option grants. Working Paper, Temple University, Arizona State University, and National University of Singapore.
48. Balsam S., Haw I., Lilien S. Mandated accounting changes and managerial discretion. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 20:3-29.
49. Barefield R., Comiskey E. Depreciation policy and the behavior of corporate profits. Journal of Accounting Research 1971, 9:351-358.
50. Barnea A., Ronen J., Sadan S. Classificatory smoothing of income with extraordinary items. The Accounting Review 1976, 51:110-122.
51. Barron O., Pratt J., Stice J. Misstatement direction, litigation risk, and planned audit investment. Journal of Accounting Research 2001, 39:449-462.
52. Barth M., Cram D., Nelson K. Accruals and the prediction of future cash flow. The Accounting Review 2001, 76:27-58.
53. Barth M., Elliott J., Finn M. Market rewards associated with patterns of increasing earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:387-413.
54. Barth M., Landsman W., Lang M. International accounting standards and accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:467-498.
55. Barton J., Simko P. The balance sheet as an earnings management constraint. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:1-27.
56. Bartov E. The timing of asset sales and earnings manipulation. The Accounting Review 1993, 68:840-855.
57. Bartov E., Givoly D., Hayn C. The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:173-204.
58. Bartov E., Lindahl F., Ricks W. Stock price behavior around announcements of write-offs. Review of Accounting Studies 1998, 3:327-346.
59. Basu S. The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 24:3-37.
60. Bayley, L., Taylor S., 2007. Identifying earnings overstatements: a practical test. Working Paper, ABN Amro Sydney and University of New South Wales.
61. Beasley M. An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review 1996, 71:443-465.
62. Beatty A., Chamberlain S., Magliolo J. Managing financial reports of commercial banks: the influence of taxes, regulatory capital, and earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1995, 33:231-261.
63. Beatty A., Harris D. The effects of taxes, agency costs and information asymmetry on earnings management: a comparison of public and private firms. Review of Accounting Studies 1999, 4:299-326.
64. Beatty A., Ke B., Petroni K. Earnings management to avoid earnings declines across publicly and privately held banks. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:547-570.
65. Beaver W. The information content of annual earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting Research 1968, 6:67-92.
66. Beaver W. The time series behavior of earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1970, 8:62-99.
67. Beaver W., Engel E. Discretionary behavior with respect to allowances for loan losses and the behavior of security prices. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1996, 22:177-206.
68. Beaver, W., Landsman, W., Owens, E., 2008. Asymmetry in earnings timeliness and persistence: a simultaneous equations approach. Working Paper, Stanford University.
69. Beaver W., McNichols M. The characteristics and valuation of loss reserves of property casualty insurers. Review of Accounting Studies 1998, 3:73-95.
70. Beaver W., McNichols M. Do stock prices of property casualty insurers fully reflect information about earnings, accruals, cash flows, and development?. Review of Accounting Studies 2001, 6:197-220.
71. Beaver W., McNichols M., Nelson K. Management of the loss reserve accrual and the distribution of earnings in the property-casualty insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 35:347-376.
72. Beaver W., McNichols M., Nelson K. An alternative interpretation of the discontinuity in earnings distributions. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 12:525-556.
73. Beaver W., McNichols M., Rhie J. Have financial statements become less informative? Evidence from the ability of financial ratios to predict bankruptcy. Review of Accounting Studies 2005, 10:93-122.
74. Becker C., DeFond M., Jiambalvo J., Subramanyam K. The effect of audit quality on earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research 1998, 15:1-24.
75. Beidleman C. Income smoothing: the role of management. The Accounting Review 1973, 48:653-667.
76. Beneish M. Detecting GAAP violations: implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 1997, 16:271-309.
77. Beneish M. Incentives and penalties related to earnings overstatements that violate GAAP. The Accounting Review 1999, 74:425-457.
78. Beneish M., Billings M., Hodder L. Internal control weaknesses and information uncertainty. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:665-703.
79. Bens D., Nagar V., Skinner D., Wong M. Employee stock options, EPS dilution, and stock repurchases. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 36:51-90.
80. Bergstresser D., Philippon T. CEO incentives and earnings management. Journal of Financial Economics 2006, 80:511-529.
81. Bernard V., Stober T. The nature and amount of information in cash flows and accruals. The Accounting Review 1989, 64:624-652.
82. Bhattacharya N., Black E., Christensen T., Larson C. Assessing the relative informativeness and permanence of pro forma earnings and GAAP operating earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 36:285-319.
83. Bhattacharya U., Daouk H., Welker M. The world price of earnings opacity. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:641-678.
84. Bhojraj S., Swaminathan B. How does the corporate bond market value capital investments and accruals?. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 14:31-62.
85. Bhojraj S., Hribar P., Picconi M., McInnis J. Making sense of cents: an examination of firms that marginally miss or beat analyst forecasts. Journal of Finance 2009, 64:2361-2388.
86. Biddle G., Hilary G. Accounting quality and firm-level capital investment. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:963-982.
87. Biddle G., Hilary G., Verdi R. How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2009, 48:112-131.
88. Biddle G., Seow G. The estimation and determinants of associations between returns and earnings: evidence from cross-industry comparisons. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 1991, 183-232.
89. Bonner S., Palmrose Z., Young S. Fraud type and auditor litigation: an analysis of SEC accounting and auditing enforcement releases. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:503-532.
90. Botosan C., Plumlee M. Assessing alternative proxies for the expected risk premium. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:21-53.
91. Botosan C., Plumlee M. A re-examination of disclosure level and the expected cost of equity capital. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:21-40.
92. Bowen R., Burgstahler D., Daley L. Evidence on the relationships between earnings and various measures of cash flow. The Accounting Review 1986, 61:713-725.
93. Bowen R., DuCharme L., Shores D. Stakeholders' implicit claims and accounting method choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 20:255-295.
94. Bowen R., Lacey J., Noreen E. Determinants of the corporate decision to capitalize interest. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1981, 3:151-179.
95. Bowen R., Rajgopal S., Venkatachalam M. Accounting discretion, corporate governance, and firm performance. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:310-405.
96. Boynton C., Dobbins P., Plesko G. Earnings management and the corporate alternative minimum tax. Journal of Accounting Research 1992, 30:131-153.
97. Bradshaw M., Richardson S., Sloan R. Do analysts and auditors use information in accruals?. Journal of Accounting Research 2001, 39:45-74.
98. Brav A., Lehavy R., Michaely R. Using expectations to test asset pricing models. Financial Management 2005, 34:31-64.
99. Brown L. Accounting changes and the accuracy of analysts' earnings forecasts. Journal of Accounting Research 1983, 21:432-443.
100. Brown L., Pinello A. To what extent does the financial reporting process curb earnings surprise games?. Journal of Accounting Research 2007, 45:947-981.
101. 2 in accounting research: measuring changes in value relevance over the last four decades. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 28:83-115.
102. Burgstahler D., Dichev I. Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 24:99-126.
103. Burgstahler D., Eames M. Earnings management to avoid losses and earnings decrease: are analysts fooled?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:253-294.
104. Burgstahler D., Hail L., Leuz C. The importance of reporting incentives: earnings management in European private and public firms. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:983-1016.
105. Burgstahler D., Kinney W., Martin R. Earnings surprise materiality as measured by stock returns. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:1297-1329.
106. Burns N., Kedia S. The impact of performance-based compensation on misreporting. Journal of Financial Economics 2006, 79:35-67.
107. Bushee B. The influence of institutional investors in myopic R&D investment behavior. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:305-333.
108. Bushman R., Chen Q., Engel E., Smith A. Financial accounting information, organizational complexity and corporate governance systems. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2004, 37:167-201.
109. Butler M., Leone A., Willenborg M. An empirical analysis of auditor reporting and its association with abnormal accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2004, 37:139-165.
110. Cahan S. The effect of antitrust investigations on discretionary accruals: a refined test of the political-cost hypothesis. The Accounting Review 1992, 67:77-95.
111. Calegari M. The effect of tax accounting rules on capital structure and discretionary accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 30:1-31.
112. Callahan C., Lee C., Yohn T. Accounting information and bid-ask spreads. Accounting Horizons 1997, 11:50-60.
113. Caramanis C., Lennox C. Audit effort and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 45:116-138.
114. Cassidy D. Investor evaluation of accounting information: some additional empirical evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 1976, 14:212-229.
115. Chambers R. Some observations on "Structure of accounting theory". The Accounting Review 1956, 31:584-592.
116. Chambers R. Edwards and Bell on business income. The Accounting Review 1965, 40:731-741.
117. Chambers, D., 1999. Earnings management and capital market misallocation. Working Paper, Kennesaw State University.
118. Chaney P., Jeter D., Lewis C. The use of accruals in income smoothing: a permanent earnings hypothesis. Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance & Accounting 1998, 6:103-135.
119. Chang H., Chen J., Liao W., Mishra B. CEOs'/CFOs' swearing by the numbers: does it impact share price of the firm?. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:1-27.
120. Chauvin K., Shenoy C. Stock price decreases prior to executive stock option grants. Journal of Corporate Finance 2001, 7:53-76.
121. Chen C., Lin C., Lin Y. Audit partner tenure, audit firm tenure, and discretionary accruals: does long auditor tenure impair earnings quality?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:447-471.
122. Chen P., Daley L. Regulatory capital, tax, and earnings management effects on loan loss accruals in the Canadian banking industry. Contemporary Accounting Research 1996, 13:91-128.
123. Chen Q., Hemmer T., Zhang Y. On the relation between conservatism in accounting standards and incentives for earnings management. Journal of Accounting Research 2007, 45:541-565.
124. Chen S., DeFond M., Park C. Voluntary disclosure of balance sheet information in quarterly earnings announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:229-251.
125. Cheng Q., Farber D. Earnings restatements, changes in CEO compensation, and firm performance. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:1217-1250.
126. Cheng Q., Warfield T. Equity incentives and earnings management. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:441-476.
127. Choi W., Gramlich J., Thomas J. Potential errors in detecting earnings management: reexamining studies investigating the AMT of 1986. Contemporary Accounting Research 2001, 18:571-613.
128. Christensen P., Feltham G., Şabac F. A contracting perspective on earnings quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:265-294.
129. Christie A. Aggregation of test statistics: an evaluation of the evidence on contracting and size hypotheses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 12:15-36.
130. Christie A., Zimmerman J. Efficient and opportunistic choices of accounting procedures: corporate control. The Accounting Review 1994, 69:539-566.
131. Cronbach L., Meehl P. Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 1955, 52:281-302.
132. Chung H., Kallapur S. Client importance, nonaudit services, and abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:931-955.
133. Chung H., Wynn J. Managerial legal liability coverage and earnings conservatism. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 46:135-153.
134. Cohen D., Dey A., Lys T. Real and accrual-based earnings management in the pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley periods. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:757-787.
135. Coles J., Hertzel M., Kalpathy S. Earnings management around employee stock option reissues. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2006, 41:173-200.
136. Collins D., DeAngelo L. Accounting information and corporate governance: market and analyst reactions to earnings of firms engaged in proxy contests. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 13:213-247.
137. Collins D., Gong G., Hribar P. Investor sophistication and the mispricing of accruals. Review of Accounting Studies 2003, 8:251-276.
138. Collins D., Kothari S., Shanken J., Sloan R. Lack of timeliness and noise as explanations for the low contemporaneous return-earnings association. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 18:289-324.
139. Collins D., Li O., Xie H. What drives the increased informativeness of earnings announcements over time?. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 14:1-30.
140. Collins D., Maydew E., Weiss I. Changes in the value-relevance of earnings and book values over the past forty years. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 24:39-67.
141. Collins D., Salatka W. Noisy accounting earnings signals and earnings response coefficients: the case of foreign currency accounting. Contemporary Accounting Research 1993, 10:119-159.
142. Collins D., Kothari S. An analysis of the cross-sectional and intertemporal determinants of earnings response coefficients. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1989, 11:143-181.
143. Core J., Guay W., VanBuskirk A. Market valuations in the new economy: an investigation of what has changed. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 34:43-67.
144. Core J., Guay W., Verdi R. Is accruals quality a priced risk factor?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 46:2-22.
145. Core J., Schrand C. The effect of accounting-based debt covenants on equity valuation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 27:1-34.
146. Cuccia A., Hackenbrack K., Nelson M. The ability of professional standards to mitigate aggressive reporting. The Accounting Review 1995, 70:227-248.
147. Cushing B. A mathematical approach to the analysis and design of internal control systems. The Accounting Review 1974, 49:24-41.
148. Daines H. The changing objectives of accounting. The Accounting Review 1929, 4:94-110.
149. Daley L., Vigeland R. The effects of debt covenants and political costs on the choice of accounting methods: the case of accounting for R&D costs. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1983, 5:195-211.
150. Darrough M., Rangan S. Do insiders manipulate earnings when they sell their shares in an initial public offering?. Journal of Accounting Research 2005, 43:1-33.
151. Das S., Zhang H. Rounding-up in reported EPS, behavioral thresholds, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 35:31-50.
152. Dascher P., Malcom R. A note on income smoothing in the chemical industry. Journal of Accounting Research 1970, 8:253-259.
153. DeAngelo H., DeAngelo L., Skinner D. Accounting choice in troubled companies. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 17:113-143.
154. DeAngelo L. Auditor independence, 'low balling', and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1981, 3:113-127.
155. DeAngelo L. Accounting numbers as market valuation substitutes: a study of management buyouts of public stockholders. The Accounting Review 1986, 61:400-420.
156. DeAngelo L. Managerial competition, information costs, and corporate governance: the use of accounting performance measures in proxy contests. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1988, 10:3-36.
157. Dechow P. Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: the role of accounting accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 18:3-42.
158. Dechow P., Dichev I. The quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:35-59.
159. Dechow P., Ge W. The persistence of earnings and cash flows and the role of special items: implications for the accrual anomaly. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:253-296.
160. Dechow, P., Ge, W., Larson, C., Sloan, R. Predicting material accounting misstatements. Contemporary Accounting Research, forthcoming.
161. Dechow P., Huson M., Sloan R. The effect of restructuring charges on executives' cash compensation. The Accounting Review 1994, 69:138-156.
162. Dechow P., Kothari S., Watts R. The relation between earnings and cash flows. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1998, 25:133-168.
163. Dechow, P., Myers, L., Shakespeare, C., 2009. Fair value accounting and gains from asset securitizations: a convenient earnings management tool with compensation side-benefits. Working Paper, University of Michigan, University of California, Berkeley, and University of Arkansas.
164. Dechow P., Richardson S., Sloan R. The persistence and pricing of the cash component of earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:537-566.
165. Dechow P., Richardson S., Tuna I. Why are earnings kinky? An examination of the earnings management explanation. Review of Accounting Studies 2003, 8:355-384.
166. Dechow P., Schrand C. Earnings Quality 2004, The Research Foundation of CFA Institute.
167. Dechow P., Skinner D. Earnings management: reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons 2000, 14:232-250.
168. Dechow P., Sloan R. Executive incentives and the horizon problem: an empirical investigation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1991, 14:51-89.
169. Dechow P., Sloan R., Sweeney A. Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review 1995, 70:193-225.
170. Dechow P., Sloan R., Sweeney A. Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: an analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary Accounting Research 1996, 13:1-36.
171. DeFond, M., 2010. Discussion of: "Understanding earnings quality: a review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences". Journal of Accounting and Economics, forthcoming.
172. DeFond M., Hung M., Trezevant R. Investor protection and the information content of annual earnings announcements: international evidence. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2007, 43:37-67.
173. DeFond M., Jiambalvo J. Debt covenant violation and manipulation of accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 17:145-176.
174. DeFond M., Park C. Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 23:115-139.
175. DeFond M., Park C. The reversal of abnormal accruals and the market valuation of earnings surprises. The Accounting Review 2001, 76:375-404.
176. DeFond M., Subramanyam K. Auditor changes and discretionary accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1998, 25:35-67.
177. Degeorge F., Patel J., Zeckhauser R. Earnings management to exceed thresholds. Journal of Business 1999, 72:1-33.
178. Demski J. Rational choice of accounting method for a class of partnership. Journal of Accounting Research 1973, 11:176-190.
179. Demski J. Performance measure manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research 1998, 15:261-285.
180. Desai H., Hogan C., Wilkins M. The reputational penalty for aggressive accounting: earnings restatements and management turnover. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:83-112.
181. Desai H., Krishnamurthy S., Venkataraman K. Do short sellers target firms with poor earnings quality? Evidence from earnings restatements. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:71-90.
182. Desai H., Rajgopal S., Venkatachalam M. Value-glamour and accrual mispricing: one anomaly or two?. The Accounting Review 2004, 79:355-385.
183. Dhaliwal D., Fargher N., Lee K. The association between unexpected earnings and abnormal security returns in the presence of financial leverage. Contemporary Accounting Research 1991, 8:20-41.
184. Dhaliwal D., Gleason C., Mills L. Last-chance earnings management: using the tax expense to meet analysts' forecasts. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:431-459.
185. Dhaliwal D., Salamon G., Smith E. The effect of owner versus management control on the choice of accounting methods. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1982, 4:41-53.
186. Dharan B. The effect of sales and collection disclosures on cash flow forecasting and income smoothing. Contemporary Accounting Research 1987, 3:445-459.
187. Dharan B., Lev B. The valuation consequence of accounting changes: a multi-year examination. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 1993, 8:475-494.
188. Dichev I., Skinner D. Large-sample evidence on the debt covenant hypothesis. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:1091-1123.
189. Dichev I., Tang V. Matching and the changing properties of accounting earnings over the last 40 years. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:1425-1460.
190. Dietrich J., Harris M., Muller K. The reliability of investment property fair value estimates. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 30:125-158.
191. Dietrich J., Muller K., Riedl E. Asymmetric timeliness tests of accounting conservatism. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 12:95-125.
192. Dontoh A., Radhakrishnan S., Ronen J. The declining value-relevance of accounting information and non-information-based trading: an empirical analysis. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:795-812.
193. Dopuch N., Pincus M. Evidence on the choice of inventory accounting methods: LIFO versus FIFO. Journal of Accounting Research 1988, 26:28-59.
194. Doyle J., Ge W., McVay S. Accruals quality and internal control over financial reporting. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:1141-1170.
195. Doyle J., Ge W., McVay S. Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2007, 44:193-223.
196. Ducharme L., Malatesta P., Sefcik S. Earnings management, stock issues, and shareholder lawsuits. Journal of Financial Economics 2004, 71:27-49.
197. Durtschi C., Easton P. Earnings management? The shapes of the frequency distributions of earnings metrics are not evidence ipso facto. Journal of Accounting Research 2005, 43:557-592.
198. Durtschi C., Easton P. Earnings management? Erroneous inference based on earnings frequency distributions. Journal of Accounting Research 2009, 47(2009):1249-1282.
199. Dutta S., Reichelstein S. Accrual accounting for performance evaluation. Review of Accounting Studies 2005, 10:527-552.
200. Dye R. Earnings management in an overlapping generations model. Journal of Accounting Research 1988, 26:195-235.
201. Dye R., Verrecchia R. Discretion vs. uniformity: choices among GAAP. The Accounting Review 1995, 70:389-415.
202. Easley D., O'Hara M. Information and the cost of capital. Journal of Finance 2004, 59:1553-1583.
203. Easton P., Monahan S. An evaluation of accounting-based measures of expected returns. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:501-538.
204. Easton P., Zmijewski M. Cross-sectional variation in the stock market response to the announcement of accounting earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1989, 9:117-141.
205. Ecker F., Francis J., Kim I., Olsson P., Schipper K. A returns-based representation of earnings quality. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:749-780.
206. Efendi J., Srivastava A., Swanson E. Why do corporate managers misstate financial statements? The role of option compensation and other factors. Journal of Financial Economics 2007, 85:667-708.
207. Elgers P., Pfeiffer R., Porter S. Anticipatory income smoothing: a re-examination. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 35:405-422.
208. Elliott J., Philbrick D. Accounting changes and earnings predictability. The Accounting Review 1990, 65:157-174.
209. Engel E., Hayes R., Wang X. CEO turnover and properties of accounting information. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 36:197-226.
210. Erickson M., Hanlon M., Maydew E. Is there a link between executive equity incentives and accounting fraud?. Journal of Accounting Research 2006, 44:113-143.
211. Erickson M., Wang S. Earnings management by acquiring firms in stock for stock mergers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 27:149-176.
212. Evans J., Sridhar S. Multiple control systems, accrual accounting, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting Research 1996, 34:45-65.
213. Ewert, R., Wagenhofer, A., 2010, Earnings quality metrics and what they measure. Working Paper, University of Graz.
214. Fairfield P., Yohn T. Using asset turnover and profit margin to forecast changes in profitability. Review of Accounting Studies 2001, 6:371-385.
215. Fairfield P., Whisenant S., Yohn T. Accrued earnings and growth: implications for future profitability and market mispricing. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:353-371.
216. Fairfield P., Sweeney R., Yohn T. Accounting classification and the predictive content of earnings. Accounting Review 1996, 71:337-355.
217. Fan J., Wong T. Corporate ownership structure and the informativeness of accounting earnings in East Asia. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:401-425.
218. Farber D. Restoring trust after fraud: does corporate governance matter?. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:539-561.
219. Feng, M., Ge, W., Luo, S., Shevlin, T. Why do CFOs become involved in material accounting manipulations? Journal of Accounting and Economics, in press, doi:. http://10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.005.
220. Ferguson M., Seow G., Young D. Nonaudit services and earnings management: UK evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:813-841.
221. Feroz E., Park K., Pastena V. The financial and market effects of the SEC's accounting and auditing enforcement releases. Journal of Accounting Research 1991, 29:107-142.
222. Fields T., Lys T., Vincent L. Empirical research on accounting choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2001, 31:255-307.
223. Finger C. The ability of earnings to predict future earnings and cash flows. Journal of Accounting Research 1994, 32:210-223.
224. Fischer P., Verrecchia R. Reporting bias. The Accounting Review 2000, 75:229-245.
225. Fisher I. The Rate of Interest 1907, The Macmillan Co., New York.
226. Fisher I. The Theory of Interest 1930, The Macmillan Co., New York.
227. Foster G. Quarterly accounting data: time-series properties and predictive ability results. The Accounting Review 1977, 52:1-21.
228. Francis J., Hanna J., Vincent L. Causes and effects of discretionary asset write-offs. Journal of Accounting Research 1996, 34:117-134.
229. Francis J., Ke B. Disclosure of fees paid to auditors and the market valuation of earnings surprises. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:495-523.
230. Francis J., Krishnan J. Accounting accruals and auditor reporting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research 1999, 16:135-165.
231. Francis J., LaFond R., Olsson P., Schipper K. Costs of equity and earnings attributes. The Accounting Review 2004, 79:967-1010.
232. Francis J., LaFond R., Olsson P., Schipper K. The market pricing of accruals quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:295-327.
233. Francis J., Maydew E., Sparks H. The role of Big 6 auditors in the credible reporting of accruals. Auditing 1999, 18:17-34.
234. Francis J., Nanda D., Olsson P. Voluntary disclosure, earnings quality, and cost of capital. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:53-99.
235. Francis J., Olsson P., Schipper K. Earnings quality. Foundation and Trends in Accounting 2006, 1:259-340.
236. Francis J., Schipper K. Have financial statements lost their relevance?. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:319-352.
237. Francis J., Schipper K., Vincent L. Earnings announcements and competing information. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:313-342.
238. Francis J., Schipper K., Vincent L. Expanded disclosures and the increased usefulness of earnings announcements. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:515-546.
239. Francis J., Schipper K., Vincent L. Earnings and dividend informativeness when cash flow rights are separated from voting rights. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:329-360.
240. Francis J., Wang D. The joint effect of investor protection and Big 4 audits on earnings quality around the world. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:157-191.
241. Frankel R., Johnson M., Nelson K. The relation between auditors' fees for nonaudit services and earnings management. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:71-105.
242. Frankel R., Lee C. Accounting valuation, market expectation, and cross-sectional stock returns. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1998, 25:283-319.
243. Friedlan J. Accounting choices of issuers of initial public offerings. Contemporary Accounting Research 1994, 11:1-31.
244. Frost C., Gordon E., Hayes A. Stock exchange disclosure and market development: an analysis of 50 international exchanges. Journal of Accounting Research 2006, 44:437-483.
245. García Lara J., García Osma B., Penalva F. Accounting conservatism and corporate governance. Review of Accounting Studies 2009, 14:161-201.
246. Gaver J., Gaver K. The relation between nonrecurring accounting transactions and CEO cash compensation. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:235-253.
247. Gaver J., Gaver K., Austin J. Additional evidence on bonus plans and income management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 19:3-28.
248. Gaver J., Paterson J. Managing insurance company financial statements to meet regulatory and tax reporting goals. Contemporary Accounting Research 1999, 16:207-241.
249. Gaver J., Paterson J. The association between external monitoring and earnings management in the property-casualty insurance industry. Journal of Accounting Research 2001, 39:269-282.
250. Ge, W., 2007. Off-balance-sheet activities, earnings persistence and stock prices: evidence from operating leases. Working Paper, University of Washington.
251. Ge W., McVay S. The disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Accounting Horizons 2005, 19:137-158.
252. Geiger M., Lennox C., North D. The hiring of accounting and finance officers from audit firms: how did the market react?. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:55-86.
253. Geiger M., North D. Does hiring a new CFO change things? An investigation of changes in discretionary accruals. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:781-809.
254. Gigler F., Hemmer T. Conservatism, optimal disclosure policy, and the timeliness of financial reports. The Accounting Review 2001, 76:471-493.
255. Givoly D., Hayn C. The changing time-series properties of earnings, cash flows and accruals: has financial reporting become more conservative?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 29:287-320.
256. Givoly D., Hayn C., Katz S. Does public ownership of equity improve earnings quality?. The Accounting Review 2010, 85:195-225.
257. Givoly D., Hayn C., Natarajan A. Measuring reporting conservatism. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:65-106.
258. Gleason C., Jenkins N., Johnson W. The contagion effects of accounting restatements. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:83-110.
259. Gleason C., Mills L. Evidence of differing market responses to beating analysts' targets through tax expense decreases. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:295-318.
260. Gonedes N. The significance of selected accounting procedures: a statistical test. Journal of Accounting Research 1969, 7:90-113.
261. Gong G., Louis H., Sun A. Earnings management, lawsuits, and stock-for-stock acquirers' market performance. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 46:62-77.
262. Graham B., Dodd D. Security Analysis 1934, The McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
263. Graham J., Li S., Qiu J. Corporate misreporting and bank loan contracting. Journal of Financial Economics 2008, 88:44-61.
264. Green, J., Hand, J., Soliman, M., 2010. Going, going, gone? The death of the US accruals anomaly. Working Paper, UNC and University of Washington.
265. Greenberg R., Johnson G., Ramesh K. Earnings versus cash flow as a predictor of future cash flow measures. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance 1986, 1:266-277.
266. Griffin P. The time-series behavior of quarterly earnings: preliminary evidence. Journal of Accounting Research 1977, 15:71-83.
267. Guay W., Kothari S., Watts R. A market-based evaluation of discretionary accrual models. Journal of Accounting Research 1996, 34:83-105.
268. Guenther D. Earnings management in response to corporate tax rate changes: evidence from the 1986 Tax Reform Act. The Accounting Review 1994, 69:230-243.
269. Guenther D., Maydew E., Nutter S. Financial reporting, tax costs, and book-tax conformity. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 23:225-248.
270. Guenther D., Young D. The association between financial accounting measures and real economic activity: a multinational study. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 29:53-72.
271. Guidry F., Leone A., Rock S. Earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business-unit managers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 26:113-142.
272. Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. Cultural biases in economic exchange? Quarterly Journal of Economics 2009, 124:1095-1131.
273. Gul F., Srinidhi B. The differential effects of auditors' nonaudit and audit fees on accrual quality. Contemporary Accounting Research 2007, 24:595-629.
274. Gul F., Chen C., Tsui J. Discretionary accounting accruals, managers' incentives, and audit fees. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:441-464.
275. Hackenbrack K., Hogan C. Market response to earnings surprises conditional on reasons for an auditor change. Contemporary Accounting Research 2002, 19:195-223.
276. Hagerman R., Zmijewski M. Some economic determinants of accounting policy choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1979, 1:141-161.
277. Hall S., Stammerjohan W. Damage awards and earnings management in the oil industry. The Accounting Review 1997, 72:47-65.
278. Hammersley J., Myers L., Shakespeare C. Market reactions to the disclosure of internal control weaknesses and to the characteristics of those weaknesses under Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:141-165.
279. Han J., Wang S. Political costs and earnings management of oil companies during the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:103-117.
280. Hand J. Did firms undertake debt-equity swaps for an accounting paper profit or true financial gain?. The Accounting Review 1989, 64:587-623.
281. Hanlon, M., Heitzman, S., 2010. A review of tax research. Working Paper, MIT, University of Oregon.
282. Hanlon M., Laplante S., Shevlin T. Evidence for the possible information loss of conforming book income and taxable income. Journal of Law and Economics 2005, 48:407-442.
283. Hanlon M., Maydew E., Shevlin T. An unintended consequence of book-tax conformity: a loss of earnings informativeness. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 46:294-311.
284. Haw I., Hu B., Hwang L., Wu W. Ultimate ownership, income management, and legal and extra-legal institutions. Journal of Accounting Research 2004, 42:423-462.
285. Haw I., Qi D., Wu D., Wu W. Market consequences of earnings management in response to security regulations in China. Contemporary Accounting Research 2005, 22:95-140.
286. Hayn C. The information content of losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 20:125-153.
287. Healy P. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1985, 7:85-107.
288. Healy P., Howe C., Myers S. R&D accounting and the tradeoff between relevance and objectivity. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:677-710.
289. Healy P., Wahlen J. A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons 1999, 13:365-383.
290. Hennes K., Leone A., Miller B. The importance of distinguishing errors from irregularities in restatement research: the case of restatements and CEO/CFO turnover. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:1487-1519.
291. Heron, R., Lie, E., 2006. What fraction of stock option grants to top executives have been manipulated or backdated? Working Paper, Indiana University and University of Iowa.
292. Herrmann D., Inoue T., Thomas W. The sale of assets to manage earnings in Japan. Journal of Accounting Research 2003, 41:89-108.
293. Hirshleifer D., Teoh S. Limited attention, information disclosure, and financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2003, 36:337-386.
294. Hirst D. Auditor sensitivity to earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research 1994, 11:405-422.
295. Hirst D., Hopkins P. Comprehensive income reporting and analysts' valuation judgments. Journal of Accounting Research 1998, 36:47-75.
296. Hogan C., Wilkins M. Evidence on the audit risk model: do auditors increase audit fees in the presence of internal control deficiencies?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:219-242.
297. Hoitash, R., Krishnan, M., Sankaraguruswamy, S., 2002. Earnings quality and price quality. Working Paper, Bentley University, National University of Singapore, and Yeshiva University.
298. Holthausen R., Larcker D., Sloan R. Annual bonus schemes and the manipulation of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 19:29-74.
299. Holthausen R., Verrecchia R. The effect of sequential information releases on the variance of price changes in an intertemporal multi-asset market. Journal of Accounting Research 1988, 26:82-106.
300. Hribar P., Collins D. Errors in estimating accruals: implications for empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:105-134.
301. Hribar P., Jenkins N. The effect of accounting restatements on earnings revisions and the estimated cost of capital. Review of Accounting Studies 2004, 9:337-356.
302. Hribar P., Jenkins N., Johnson W. Stock repurchases as an earnings management device. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2006, 41:3-27.
303. Hughes, J., Liu, J., Liu, J. 2005. Information, diversification, and cost of capital. Working Paper, UCLA.
304. Hung M. Accounting standards and value relevance of financial statements: an international analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 30:401-420.
305. Hunt H. Potential determinants of corporate inventory accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting Research 1985, 23:448-467.
306. Hunt A., Moyer S., Shevlin T. Managing interacting accounting measures to meet multiple objectives: a study of LIFO firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1996, 21:339-374.
307. Imhoff E. Accounting quality, auditing, and corporate governance. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:117-128.
308. Imhoff E., Lobo G. The effect of ex ante earnings uncertainty on earnings response coefficients. The Accounting Review 1992, 67:427-439.
309. Jacob J., Jorgensen B. Earnings management and accounting income aggregation. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2007, 43:369-390.
310. Jackson S., Liu X., Cecchini M. Economic consequences of firms' depreciation method choice: evidence from capital investments. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2009, 48:54-68.
311. Jayaraman S. Earnings volatility, cash flow volatility, and informed trading. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:809-851.
312. Jensen M., Meckling W. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 1976, 3:305-360.
313. Jo H., Kim Y., Park M. Underwriter choice and earnings management: evidence from seasoned equity offerings. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 12:23-59.
314. Joe J., Vandervelde S. Do auditor-provided nonaudit services improve audit effectiveness?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2007, 24:467-487.
315. Johnson M. Business cycles and the relation between security returns and earnings. Review of Accounting Studies 1999, 4:93-117.
316. Johnson S., Ryan H., Tian Y. Managerial incentives and corporate fraud: the sources of incentives matter. Review of Finance 2009, 13:115-145.
317. Johnson V., Khurana I., Reynolds J. Audit-firm tenure and the quality of financial reports. Contemporary Accounting Research 2002, 19:637-660.
318. Johnson W., Ramanan R. Discretionary accounting changes from "successful efforts" to "full cost" methods: 1970-76. The Accounting Review 1988, 63:96-110.
319. Johnston D., Rock S. Earnings management to minimize Superfund clean-up and transaction costs. Contemporary Accounting Research 2005, 22:617-642.
320. Jones J. Earnings management during import relief investigations. Journal of Accounting Research 1991, 29:193-228.
321. Jones K., Krishnan G., Melendrez K. Do models of discretionary accruals detect actual cases of fraudulent and restated earnings? An empirical analysis. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:499-531.
322. Jorion P., Shi C., Zhang S. Tightening credit standards: the role of accounting quality. Review of Accounting Studies 2007, 14:1-38.
323. Jung W. Strategic choice of inventory accounting methods. Contemporary Accounting Research 1989, 6:1-25.
324. Kanagaretnam K., Lobo G., Yang D. Joint tests of signaling and income smoothing through bank loan loss provisions. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:843-884.
325. Karpoff J., Lee D., Martin G. The consequences to managers for financial misrepresentation. Journal of Financial Economics 2008, 88:193-215.
326. Karpoff J., Lee D., Martin G. The cost to firms of cooking the books. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 2008, 43:581-611.
327. Kasznik R. On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:57-81.
328. Kasznik R. Discussion of "The effect of accounting restatements on earnings revisions and the estimated cost of capital". Review of Accounting Studies 2004, 9:357-367.
329. Kasznik R., McNichols M. Does meeting earnings expectations matter? Evidence from analyst forecast revisions and share prices. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:727-759.
330. Keating A., Zimmerman J. Depreciation-policy changes: tax, earnings management, and investment opportunity incentives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 28:359-389.
331. Kerstein J., Rai A. Intra-year shifts in the earnings distribution and their implications for earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2007, 44:399-419.
332. Key K. Political cost incentives for earnings management in the cable television industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1997, 23:309-337.
333. Khan M. Are accruals mispriced? Evidence from tests of an intertemporal capital asset pricing model. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 45:55-77.
334. Khurana I., Raman K. Do investors care about the auditor's economic dependence on the client?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2006, 23:977-1016.
335. Kim J., Yi C. Ownership structure, business group affiliation, listing status, and earnings management: evidence from Korea. Contemporary Accounting Research 2006, 23:427-464.
336. Kim K., Schroeder D. Analysts' use of managerial bonus incentives in forecasting earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 13:3-23.
337. Kim M., Kross W. The impact of the 1989 change in bank capital standards on loan loss provisions and loan write-offs. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1998, 25:69-99.
338. Kim M., Kross W. The ability of earnings to predict future operating cash flows has been increasing-not decreasing. Journal of Accounting Research 2005, 43:753-780.
339. Kim J., Chung R., Firth M. Auditor conservatism, asymmetric monitoring, and earnings management. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:323-359.
340. Kinney W. A decision-theory approach to the sampling problem in auditing. Journal of Accounting Research 1975, 13:117-132.
341. Kinney W. Research opportunities in internal control quality and quality assurance. Auditing 2000, 19:83-90.
342. Kinney W., McDaniel L. Characteristics of firms correcting previously reported quarterly earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1989, 11:71-93.
343. Kinney W., Palmrose Z., Scholz S. Auditor independence, non-audit services, and restatements: was the U.S. government right?. Journal of Accounting Research 2004, 42:561-588.
344. Kirschenheiter M., Melumad N. Can "big bath" and earnings smoothing co-exist as equilibrium financial reporting strategies?. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:761-796.
345. Klassen K., Lang M., Wolfson M. Geographic income shifting by multinational corporations in response to tax rate changes. Journal of Accounting Research 1993, 31:141-173.
346. Klein A. Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:375-400.
347. Koh K., Matsumoto D., Rajgopal S. Meeting or beating analyst expectations in the post-scandals world: changes in stock market rewards and managerial actions. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:1067-1098.
348. Kormendi R., Lipe R. Earnings innovations, earnings persistence, and stock returns. Journal of Business 1987, 60:323-345.
349. Kose, J., Kedia, S., 2006. Design of corporate governance: role of ownership structure, takeovers, and bank debt. Working Paper, New York University.
350. Kothari S., Leone A., Wasley C. Performance matched discretionary accrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:163-197.
351. Kothari, S., Ramanna, K., Skinner, D., 2010. Implications for GAAP from an analysis of positive research in accounting. Working Paper, Harvard Business School, MIT, University of Chicago.
352. Kraft A., Leone A., Wasley C. An analysis of the theories and explanations offered for the mispricing of accruals and accrual components. Journal of Accounting Research 2006, 44:297-339.
353. Kravet T., Shevlin T. Accounting restatements and information risk. Review of Accounting Studies 2010, 15:264-294.
354. Krishnan G. Does Big 6 auditor industry expertise constrain earnings management?. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:1-16.
355. Krishnan J. Audit committee quality and internal control: an empirical analysis. The Accounting Review 2005, 80:649-675.
356. LaBelle R. Bond covenants and changes in accounting policy: Canadian evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research 1990, 6:677-698.
357. LaFond, R., 2005. Is the accrual anomaly a global anomaly?. Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
358. LaFond R., Roychowdhury S. Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:101-135.
359. Lambert R. Income smoothing as rational equilibrium behavior. The Accounting Review 1984, 59:604-618.
360. Lambert R., Leuz C., Verrecchia R. Accounting information, disclosure, and the cost of capital. Journal of Accounting Research 2007, 45:385-420.
361. Landsman W., Maydew E. Has the information content of quarterly earnings announcements declined in the past three decades?. Journal of Accounting Research 2002, 40:797-808.
362. Landsman W., Peasnell K., Shakespeare C. Are securitization transactions really off balance sheet? The Accounting Review 2008, 83:1251-1272.
363. Lang M., Raedy J., Wilson W. Earnings management and cross listing: are reconciled earnings comparable to US earnings?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2006, 42:255-283.
364. Lang M., Raedy J., Yetman M. How representative are firms that are cross-listed in the United States? An analysis of accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research 2003, 41:363-386.
365. La Porta R., Lopez-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. What works in securities laws. Journal of Finance 2006, 61:1-33.
366. Larcker D., Richardson S. Fees paid to audit firms, accrual choices, and corporate governance. Journal of Accounting Research 2004, 42:625-658.
367. Larcker D., Richardson S., Tuna I. Corporate governance, accounting outcomes, and organizational performance. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:963-1008.
368. Lee C., Hsieh D. Choice of inventory accounting methods: comparative analyses of alternative hypotheses. Journal of Accounting Research 1985, 23:468-485.
369. Lee C., Li L., Yue H. Performance, growth and earnings management. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:305-334.
370. Lee, K., 2010. Purchase obligations, earnings persistence and stock returns. Working Paper, The University of California, Berkeley.
371. Lennox C., Park C. The informativeness of earnings and management's issuance of earnings forecasts. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2006, 42:439-458.
372. Leuz C., Nanda D., Wysocki P. Earnings management and investor protection: an international comparison. Journal of Financial Economics 2003, 69:505-527.
373. Lev B. Some economic determinants of time-series properties of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1983, 5:31-48.
374. Lev B. On the usefulness of earnings and earnings research: lessons and directions from two decades of empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research 1989, 27:153-192.
375. Lev B., Ryan S., Wu M. Rewriting earnings history. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:1-33.
376. Lev B., Sougiannis T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1996, 21:107-138.
377. Lev B., Thiagarajan S. Fundamental information analysis. Journal of Accounting Research 1993, 31:190-215.
378. Lev B., Zarowin P. The boundaries of financial reporting and how to extend them. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:353-385.
379. Levi S. Voluntary disclosure of accruals in earnings press releases and the pricing of accruals. Review of Accounting Studies 2008, 13:1-21.
380. Li F. Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 45:221-247.
381. Li, K., 2010. How well do investors understand loss persistence? Working paper, University of Toronto.
382. Liang P. Equilibrium earnings management, incentive contracts, and accounting standards. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:685-717.
383. Libby R., Hunton J., Tan H., Seybert N. Relationship incentives and the optimistic/pessimistic pattern in analysts' forecasts. Journal of Accounting Research 2008, 46:173-198.
384. Lindahl F. Dynamic analysis of inventory accounting choice. Journal of Accounting Research 1989, 27:201-226.
385. Littleton A. Choice among alternatives. The Accounting Review 1956, 31:363-370.
386. Liu C., Ryan S. Income smoothing over the business cycle: changes in banks' coordinated management of provisions for loan losses and loan charge-offs from the pre-1990 bust to the 1990s boom. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:421-441.
387. Liu J., Thomas J. Stock returns and accounting earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 2000, 38:71-101.
388. Liu, M., Wysocki, P., 2006. Operating risk, information risk, and cost of capital. Working Paper, Pennsylvania State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
389. Lo K. Earnings management and earnings quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2008, 45:350-357.
390. Loudder M., Behn B. Alternative income determination rules and earnings usefulness: the case of R&D costs. Contemporary Accounting Research 1995, 12:185-205.
391. Lougee B., Marquardt C. Earnings informativeness and strategic disclosure: an empirical examination of "pro forma" earnings. The Accounting Review 2004, 79:769-795.
392. Louis H., Robinson D. Do managers credibly use accruals to signal private information? Evidence from the pricing of discretionary accruals around stock splits. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:361-380.
393. Lundholm R., O'Keefe T. Reconciling value estimates from the discounted cash flow model and the residual income model. Contemporary Accounting Research 2001, 18:311-335.
394. Malmquist D. Efficient contracting and the choice of accounting method in the oil and gas industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 12:173-205.
395. Manry D., Tiras S., Wheatley C. The influence of interim auditor: reviews on the association of returns with earnings. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:251-274.
396. Matsumoto D. Management's incentives to avoid negative earnings surprises. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:483-514.
397. Maydew E. Tax-induced earnings management by firms with net operating losses. Journal of Accounting Research 1997, 35:83-96.
398. McAnally M., Srivastava A., Weaver C. Executive stock options, missed earnings targets, and earnings management. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:185-216.
399. McDaniel, L., Martin, R., Maines, L., 2002. Evaluating financial reporting quality: the effects of financial expertise vs. financial literacy. The Accounting Review 77 (Suppl.), 139-167.
400. McInnis J. Earnings smoothness, average returns, and implied cost of equity capital. The Accounting Review 2010, 85:315-341.
401. McNichols M. Discussion of "The quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors". The Accounting Review 2002, 77:61-69.
402. McNichols M. Research design issues in earnings management studies. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 2000, 19:313-345.
403. McNichols M., Stubben S. Does earnings management affect firms' investment decisions. The Accounting Review 2008, 83:1571-1603.
404. McNichols M., Wilson G. Evidence of earnings management from the provision for bad debts. Journal of Accounting Research 1988, 26:1-31.
405. McVay S. Earnings management using classification shifting: An examination of core earnings and special items. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:501-531.
406. McVay S., Nagar V., Tang V. Trading incentives to meet the analyst forecast. Review of Accounting Studies 2006, 11:575-598.
407. Melumad N., Nissim D. Line-item analysis of earnings quality. Foundation and Trends in Accounting 2008, 3:87-221.
408. Menon K., Williams D. Former audit partners and abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review 2004, 79:1095-1118.
409. Menon K., Williams D. Management turnover following auditor resignations. Contemporary Accounting Research 2008, 25:567-604.
410. Mensah Y., Considine J., Oakes L. Statutory insolvency regulations and earnings management in the prepaid health-care industry. The Accounting Review 1994, 69:70-95.
411. Mergenthaler, R., Jr., 2009. Principles-based versus rules-based standards and earnings management. Working Paper, University of Iowa.
412. Miller G. The press as a watchdog for accounting fraud. Journal of Accounting Research 2006, 44:1001-1033.
413. Miller G., Skinner D. Determinants of the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets under SFAS No. 109. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:213-233.
414. Mlynarczyk F. An empirical study of accounting methods and stock prices. Journal of Accounting Research 1969, 7:63-81.
415. Moehrle S. Do firms use restructuring charge reversals to meet earnings targets?. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:397-413.
416. Mohanram P., Rajgopal S. Is PIN priced risk?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2009, 47:226-243.
417. Monem R. Earnings management in response to the introduction of the Australian gold tax. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:747-774.
418. Moore M. Management changes and discretionary accounting decisions. Journal of Accounting Research 1973, 11:100-107.
419. Morsfield S., Tan C. Do venture capitalists influence the decision to manage earnings in initial public offerings?. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:1119-1150.
420. Moses O. Income smoothing and incentives: empirical tests using accounting changes. The Accounting Review 1987, 62:358-377.
421. Moyer S. Capital adequacy ratio regulations and accounting choices in commercial banks. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 13:123-154.
422. Muller K. An examination of the voluntary recognition of acquired brand names in the United Kingdom. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1999, 26:179-191.
423. Myers J., Myers L., Skinner D. Earnings momentum and earnings management. Journal of Accounting, Auditing, and Finance 2007, 22:249-284.
424. Narayanan M., Schipani C., Seyhun H. Economic impact of backdating of executive stock options. Michigan Law Review 2006, 105:1597-1641.
425. Navissi F. Earnings management under price regulation. Contemporary Accounting Research 1999, 16:281-304.
426. Ndubizu G. Do cross-border listing firms manage earnings or seize a window of opportunity?. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:1009-1030.
427. Nelson, M., Elliott, J., Tarpley, R., 2003. How are earnings managed? Examples from auditors, Accounting Horizons 17, 17-35.
428. Nelson M., Elliott J., Tarpley R. Evidence from auditors about managers' and auditors' earnings-management decisions. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:175-202.
429. Ng D., Stoeckenius J. Auditing: Incentives and truthful reporting. Journal of Accounting Research 1979, 17:1-24.
430. Nissim D., Penman S. Ratio analysis and equity valuation: from research to practice. Review of Accounting Studies 2001, 6:109-154.
431. Njoroge, K., 2009. Accrual noise ratio as a measure of accrual reliability. Working Paper, University of Oregon.
432. Nwaeze E., Yang S., Yin J. Accounting information and CEO compensation: the role of cash flow from operations in the presence of earnings. Contemporary Accounting Research 2006, 23:227-265.
433. O'Glove T. Quality of Earnings 1987, The Free Press, New York.
434. Ogneva M., Raghunandan K., Subramanyam K. Internal control weakness and cost of equity: evidence from SOX Section 404 disclosures. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:1255-1297.
435. Ohlson J. Residual income valuation: the problems 2000, Working Paper, New York University.
436. Ohlson, J., 2010. Accruals: an overview. Working Paper, New York University.
437. Pae J., Thornton D., Welker M. The link between earnings conservatism and the price-to-book ratio. Contemporary Accounting Research 2005, 22:693-717.
438. Palmrose Z., Richardson V., Scholz S. Determinants of market reactions to restatement announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2004, 37:59-89.
439. Palmrose Z., Scholz S. The circumstances and legal consequences of non-GAAP reporting: evidence from restatements. Contemporary Accounting Research 2004, 21:139-180.
440. Patatoukas, P., Thomas, J., 2010. Evidence of conditional conservatism: fact or artifact?. Working Paper, Yale University.
441. Paton W., Littleton A. An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards 1940, American Accounting Association, Chicago.
442. Penman S. A synthesis of equity valuation techniques and the terminal value calculation for the dividend discount model. Review of Accounting Studies 1998, 2:303-323.
443. Penman S. The quality of financial statements: perspectives from the recent stock market bubble. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:77-96.
444. Penman S., Sougiannis T. A comparison of dividend, cash flow, and earnings approaches to equity valuation. Contemporary Accounting Research 1998, 15:343-383.
445. Penman S., Zhang X. Accounting conservatism, the quality of earnings, and stock returns. The Accounting Review 2002, 77:237-264.
446. Perry S., Williams T. Earnings management preceding management buyout offers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 18:157-179.
447. Petroni K. Optimistic reporting in the property-casualty insurance industry. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1992, 15:485-508.
448. Petroni K., Ryan S., Wahlen J. Discretionary and non-discretionary revisions of loss reserves by property-casualty insurers: differential implications for future profitability, risk and market value. Review of Accounting Studies 2000, 5:95-125.
449. Phillips F. Auditor attention to and judgments of aggressive financial reporting. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:167-189.
450. Phillips J., Pincus M., Rego S. Earnings management: new evidence based on deferred tax expense. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:491-521.
451. Pincus M. Accounting methods and differential stock market response to the announcement of earnings. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 1993, 8:221-248.
452. Pincus M., Rajgopal S., Venkatachalam M. The accrual anomaly: international evidence. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:169-203.
453. Plumlee M., Yohn T. An analysis of the underlying causes attributed to restatements. The Accounting Review 2010, 24:41-64.
454. Plummer C., Tse S. The effect of limited liability on the informativeness of earnings: evidence from the stock and bond markets. Contemporary Accounting Research 1999, 16:541-574.
455. Pope P., Walker M. International differences in the timeliness, conservatism, and classification of earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1999, 37:53-87.
456. Pourciau S. Earnings management and nonroutine executive changes. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1993, 16:317-336.
457. Rajgopal S., Shevlin T. Empirical evidence on the relation between stock option compensation and risk taking. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2002, 33:145-171.
458. Rangan S. Earnings management and the performance of seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics 1998, 50:101-122.
459. Richardson S. Earnings quality and short sellers. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:49-61.
460. Richardson S., Sloan R., Soliman M., Tuna I. Accrual reliability, earnings persistence and stock prices. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2005, 39:437-485.
461. Richardson S., Sloan R., Soliman M., Tuna I. The implications of accounting distortions and growth for accruals and profitability. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:713-743.
462. Richardson S., Tuna I., Wysocki P. Accounting anomalies, fundamental analysis, and returns to investment strategies. Working paper. Journal of Accounting and Economics Conference 2010.
463. Ronen J., Sadan S. Classificatory smoothing: alternative income models. Journal of Accounting Research 1975, 13:133-149.
464. Rosner R. Earnings manipulation in failing firms. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:361-408.
465. Roychowdhury S. Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economic 2006, 42:335-370.
466. Ruddock C., Taylor S., Taylor S. Nonaudit services and earnings conservatism: is auditor independence impaired?. Contemporary Accounting Research 2006, 23:701-746.
467. Ryan S., Zarowin P. Why has the contemporaneous linear returns-earnings relation declined?. The Accounting Review 2003, 78:523-553.
468. Ryan S. Identifying conditional conservatism. European Accounting Review 2006, 15:511-525.
469. Schelling T. Micromotives and Macrobehavior 1978, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York.
470. Schipper K., Vincent L. Earnings quality. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:235-250.
471. Schneider A., Wilner N. A test of audit deterrent to financial reporting irregularities using the randomized response technique. The Accounting Review 1990, 65:668-681.
472. Scholes M., Williams J. Estimating betas from nonsynchronous data. Journal of Financial Economics 1977, 5:309-327.
473. Scholes M., Wilson G., Wolfson M. Firms' responses to anticipated reductions in tax rates: the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Journal of Accounting Research 1992, 30:161-185.
474. Schrand C., Wong M. Earnings management using the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets under SFAS No. 109. Contemporary Accounting Research 2003, 20:579-611.
475. Shackelford D., Shevlin T. Empirical tax research in accounting. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2001, 31:321-387.
476. Shivakumar L. Do firms mislead investors by overstating earnings before seasoned equity offerings?. Journal of Accounting and Economics 2000, 29:339-371.
477. Sivakumar K., Waymire G. Enforceable accounting rules and income measurement by early 20th century railroads. Journal of Accounting Research 2003, 41:397-432.
478. Skinner D. The investment opportunity set and accounting procedure choice: preliminary evidence. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1993, 16:407-445.
479. Skinner D., Sloan R. Earnings surprises, growth expectations, and stock returns or don't let an earnings torpedo sink your portfolio. Review of Accounting Studies 2002, 7:289-312.
480. Sloan R. Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings?. The Accounting Review 1996, 71:289-315.
481. Smith E. The effect of the separation of ownership from control on accounting policy decisions. The Accounting Review 1976, 51:707-723.
482. Soliman, M., 2008. The use of DuPont analysis by market participants. The Accounting Review 83, 823-853.
483. Sridhar S., Magee R. Financial contracts, opportunism, and disclosure management. Review of Accounting Studies 1996, 1:225-258.
484. Srinivasan S. Consequences of financial reporting failure for outside directors: evidence from accounting restatements and audit committee members. Journal of Accounting Research 2005, 43:291-334.
485. Sterling R. The Theory of the Measurement of Enterprise Income 1970, The University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
486. Stigler G.J. Capital and Rates of Return in Manufacturing Industries 1963, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
487. Stocken P., Verrecchia R. Financial reporting system choice and disclosure management. The Accounting Review 2004, 79:1181-1203.
488. Subramanyam K. The pricing of discretionary accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1996, 22:249-281.
489. Summers S., Sweeney J. Fraudulently misstated financial statements and insider trading: An empirical analysis. The Accounting Review 1998, 73:131-146.
490. Sweeney A. Debt-covenant violations and managers' accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1994, 17:281-308.
491. Teoh S., Rao G., Wong T. Are accruals during initial public offerings opportunistic?. Review of Accounting Studies 1998, 3:175-208.
492. Teoh S., Welch I., Wong T. Earnings management and the underperformance of seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics 1998, 50:63-99.
493. Teoh S., Wong T. Perceived auditor quality and the earnings response coefficient. The Accounting Review 1993, 68:346-366.
494. Thomas J., Zhang H. Inventory changes and future returns. Review of Accounting Studies 2002, 7:163-187.
495. Tucker J., Zarowin P. Does income smoothing improve earnings informativeness?. The Accounting Review 2006, 81:251-270.
496. Uecker W., Brief A., Kinney W. Perception of the internal and external auditor as a deterrent to corporate irregularities. The Accounting Review 1981, 61:465-478.
497. Vafeas N. Audit committees, boards, and the quality of reported earnings. Contemporary Accounting Research 2005, 22:1093-1122.
498. Verrecchia R. Managerial discretion in the choice among financial reporting alternatives. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1986, 8:175-195.
499. Verrecchia R. Information quality and discretionary disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1990, 12:365-380.
500. Wang D. Founding family ownership and earnings quality. Journal of Accounting Research 2006, 44:619-656.
501. Warfield T., Wild J., Wild K. Managerial ownership, accounting choices, and informativeness of earnings. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1995, 20:61-91.
502. Watts R. Conservatism in accounting, Part I: Explanations and implications. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:207-221.
503. Watts R. Conservatism in accounting, Part II: Evidence and research opportunities. Accounting Horizons 2003, 17:287-301.
504. Watts R., Zimmerman J. Positive Accounting Theory 1986, Prentice-Hall Inc.
505. Watts R., Leftwich R. The time series of annual accounting earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 1977, 15:253-271.
506. Waymire G. Earnings volatility and voluntary management forecast disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research 1985, 23:268-295.
507. White G. Discretionary accounting decisions and income normalization. Journal of Accounting Research 1970, 8:260-273.
508. Whittred G. Audit qualification and the timeliness of corporate annual reports. The Accounting Review 1980, 55:563-577.
509. Willingham J., Wright W. Financial statement errors and internal controls judgments. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 1985, 1:57-70.
510. Wilson G. The incremental information content of the accrual and funds components of earnings after controlling for earnings. The Accounting Review 1987, 62:293-322.
511. Wysocki, P., 2008. Assessing earnings and accruals quality: U.S. and international evidence. Working paper, MIT.
512. Xie H. The mispricing of abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review 2001, 76:357-373.
513. Yermack D. CEO stock option awards and company news announcements. The Journal of Finance 1997, 52:449-476.
514. Zechman S. The relation between voluntary disclosure and financial reporting: evidence from synthetic leases. Journal of Accounting Research 2010, 48:725-765.
515. Zhang X. Accruals, investment, and the accrual anomaly. The Accounting Review 2007, 82:1333-1363.
516. Zimmer I. Accounting for interest by real estate developers. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1986, 8:37-51.
517. Zmijewski M., Hagerman R. An income strategy approach to the positive theory of accounting standard setting/choice. Journal of Accounting and Economics 1981, 3:129-149.