Isotopic evidence for the antiquity of cattle-based pastoralism in southernmost Africa

Journal of African Archaeology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 65-81

  Sealy, Judith ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Diet; Domestic stock; Herder; Khoe; Later Stone Age

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953274788     PISSN: 16121651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3213/1612-1651-10160     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Avery, G. 1975. Discussion on the age and use of tidal fishtraps (visvywers). South African Archaeological Bulletin 30 (119/120), 105-113
2. Avery, G. 1976. A Systematic Investigation of Open Shell Midden Sites Southwestern Cape Coast Town Along the Southwestern Cape Coast. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town
3. Badenhorst, S. 2008. Subsistence change among farming communities in the last two millennia: A search for potential causes Archaeological Reports International Series 1849. Archaeopress, Oxford southern Africa during the last two millennia: a search for potential causes. In: Badenhorst, S., Mitchell, P. & Driver, J.C. (eds.), Animals and People: Archaeozoological Papers in Honour of Ina Plug. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1849. Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 215-228
4. Badenhorst, S. 2009a. Phytoliths and livestock dung at Early Iron Age sites in southern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64 (189), 45-50
5. Badenhorst, S. 2009b.The Central Cattle Pattern during the Iron Age of critique of its spatial features southern Africa: a critique of its spatial features. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64 (190), 148-155
6. Binneman, J., Webley, L. & Biggs, V. 1992. Preliminary notes on an Valley, Eastern Cape Early Iron Age site in the Great Kei River Valley, Eastern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 1, 108-109
7. Boonzaier, E., Malherbe, C., Smith, A. & Behrens, P. 1996. The Cape Herders: A History of the Khoikhoi of Southern Africa. David Philip, Cape Town
8. Bousman, C.B. 1998. The chronological evidence for the introduction of southern Africa domestic stock into southern Africa. African Archaeological Review 15 (2), 133-150
9. Boutton, T.W., Tyrrell, H.F., Patterson, B.W., Varga, G.A. & Klein P.D. 1988. Carbon kinetics of milk formation in Holstein cows in late lactation. Journal of Animal Science 66 (10), 2636-2645
10. Brink, J. & Webley, L. 1996. Faunal evidence for pastoralist northern Cape Province settlement at Jakkalsberg, Richtersveld, northern Cape Province. Southern African Field Archaeology 5, 70-78
11. Camin, F., Perini, M., Colombari, G., Bontempo, L. & Versini, G hydrogen stable isotope ratios of milk 2008. Influence of dietary composition on the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of milk. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 22 (11), 1690-1696
12. Cooke, C.K. 1965. Evidence of human migrations from the rock art of southern Rhodesia. Africa 35, 263-285
13. Deacon, H.J., Deacon, J., Brooker, M. & Wilson, M.L. 1978. The Africa evidence for herding at Boomplaas Cave in the southern Cape, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 33 (127), 39-65
14. Deacon, J. 1984. Later Stone Age people and their descendants in southern Africa. In: Klein, R.G. (ed.), Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 221-328
15. De Villiers, H. & Wilson, M.L. 1982. Human burials from South Africa Byneskranskop, Bredasdorp District, Cape Province, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 88 (2), 205-248
16. Dreyer, T.F. 1933. The archaeology of the Matjes River rock shelter Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 21, 187-209
17. Elphick, R. 1985. Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa. Ravan Press, Johannesburg
18. Fauvelle-Aymar, F.-X. 2004. Between the first herders and the last descendants of the Neolithic 'hunters-with-sheep'? herders: are the Khoekhoe descendants of the Neolithic 'hunters-with-sheep'? Before Farming 2004/4, article 5
19. 2. Tellus Series B 51, 170-193
20. Gibbs Russell, G.E., Watson, L., Koekemoer, M., Smook, L., Barker, N.P. H.M. Dallwitz M.J. Gardens/Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria Anderson, H.M. & Dallwitz, M.J. 1990. Grasses of Southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 58. National Botanic Gardens/Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria
21. Goodwin, A.J.H. 1938. Archaeology of the Oakhurst Shelter, George. Parts 1 & 2. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 25, 229-258
22. Hall, M. 1986. The role of cattle in southern African agropastoral bones alone can tell societies: more than bones alone can tell. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5, 83-87
23. Hall, M. 1987. Archaeology and modes of production in precolonial southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 14, 1-17
24. Hall, S.L. 1986. Pastoral adaptations and forager reactions in the eastern Cape. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5, 42-49
25. Hall, S. 1994. Images of interaction: rock art and sequence in the Press, Johannesburg eastern Cape. In: Dowson, T.A. & Lewis-Williams, D. (eds.), Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 61-82
26. Hall, S. 2000. Burial and sequence in the Later Stone Age of the Eastern South Africa Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 55 (172), 137-146
27. Hall, S. & Binneman, J. 1987. Later Stone Age burial variability in the Cape: a social interpretation. South African Archaeological Bulletin 42 (146), 140-152
28. Henshilwood, C. 1996. A revised chronology for pastoralism in of sheep at c. 2000 b.p. from Blombos Cave, South Africa southernmost Africa: new evidence of sheep at c. 2000 b.p. from Blombos Cave, South Africa. Antiquity 70 (270), 945-949
29. Henshilwood, C. 2008. Holocene Prehistory of the Southern Cape, South Blombos Cave and the Blombosfontein Nature Reserve Oxford Africa: Excavations at Blombos Cave and the Blombosfontein Nature Reserve. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1860. Archaeopress, Oxford
30. Hoffman, A.C. 1958. New excavations in the Matjes River Rock Shelter South African Museums Association Bulletin 6, 342-348
31. Hollmann, J. 1993. Preliminary report on the Koebee rock paintings South Africa Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 48 (157), 16-25
32. Holmgren, K., Karlén, W., Lauritzen, S.E., Lee-Thorp, J.A. T.C. Piketh S.Repinski P. Stevenson C. Svanered O. Tyson P.D. northeastern South Africa Partridge, T.C., Piketh, S., Repinski, P., Stevenson, C., Svanered, O. & Tyson, P.D. 1999. A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmite-based record of palaeoclimate for northeastern South Africa. The Holocene 9 (3), 295-309
33. Horsburgh, K.A. 2008. Wild or domesticated? An ancient DNA approach to identification in South Africa's Western Cape Province canid species identification in South Africa's Western Cape Province. Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (6), 1474-1480
34. Huffman, T.N. 1990. Broederstroom and the origins of cattlekeeping in southern Africa. African Studies 49 (2), 1-12
35. Huffman, T.N. 2001. The Central Cattle Pattern and interpreting the past Southern African Humanities 13, 19-35
36. Marine04 marine radiocarbon age calibration 0-26 cal kyr BP
37. Inskeep, R.R. 1986. A preliminary survey of burial practices in the Later Orange River to the Cape coast of Dr Hertha de Villiers Johannesburg Stone Age, from the Orange River to the Cape coast. In: Singer, R. & Lundy, J.K. (eds.), Variation, Culture and Evolution in African Populations: Papers in Honour of Dr Hertha de Villiers. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 221-239
38. Inskeep, R.R. 1987. Nelson Bay Cave, Cape Province, South Africa. The Holocene Levels. British Archaeological Reports International Series 357. 2 vols. Oxford
39. Jolly, P. 2007. Before farming? Cattle kept and painted by the south-eastern San. Before Farming 2007/4 [online version], article 2
40. Kinahan, J. 1991. Pastoral Nomads of the Central Namib Desert: The People History Forgot. Namibia Archaeological Trust & New Namibia Books, Windhoek
41. Kinahan, J. 1994-1995. A new archaeological perspective on nomadic south-western Africa pastoralist expansion in south-western Africa. Azania 29/30, 211-226
42. Klein, R.G. 1980. Environmental and ecological implications of large Pleistocene and Holocene sites in southern Africa mammals from Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sites in southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 81, 223-283
43. Klein, R.G. 1984. The large mammals of southern Africa: Late Pliocene to recent. In: Klein, R.G. (ed.), Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Balkema, Rotterdam, 107-146
44. Klein, R.G. 1986. The prehistory of Stone Age herders in the Cape Province of South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5, 5-12
45. Klein, R.G. & Cruz-Uribe, K. 1989. Faunal evidence for prehistoric western Cape Province, South Africa herder-forager activities at Kasteelberg, western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 44 (150), 82-97
46. Knobbe, N., Vogl, J., Pritzkow, W., Panne, U., Fry, H., Lochotzke, H.M Preiss-Weigert A. the diet & Preiss-Weigert, A. 2006. C and N stable isotope variation in urine and milk of cattle depending on the diet. Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry 386 (1), 104-108
47. Laidler, P.W. 1929. Burials and burial methods of the Namaqualand Hottentots. Man 29 (110), 151-153
48. Lee-Thorp, J.A., Sealy, J.C. & van der Merwe, N.J. 1989. Stable apatite and their relationship to diet carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite and their relationship to diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (6), 585-599
49. Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1981. Believing and Seeing. Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Paintings. Academic Press, London
50. Lewis-Williams, J.D. 1983. The Rock Art of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
51. Lewis-Williams, J.D. 2002. A Cosmos in Stone. Interpreting Religion and Society Through Rock Art. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek
52. Loubser, J. & Laurens, G. 1994. Depictions of domestic ungulates and agropastoralists in the Caledon River Valley area Press, Johannesburg shields: hunter/gatherers and agropastoralists in the Caledon River Valley area. In: Dowson, T.A. & Lewis-Williams, D. (eds.), Contested Images: Diversity in Southern African Rock Art Research. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 83-118
53. Maggs, T. 1980. Msuluzi confluence: a seventh century Early Iron Age site River on the Tugela River. Annals of the Natal Museum 24 (1), 111-145
54. Manhire, A.H., Parkington, J.E., Mazel, A.D. & Maggs, T.M.O'C. 1986 southern Africa Cattle, sheep and horses: a review of domestic animals in the rock art of southern Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 5, 22-30
55. Marean, C.W. 1985. The faunal remains from Smitswinkelbaai Cave, Cape Peninsula. South African Archaeological Bulletin 40 (142), 100-102
56. 13C value of food in dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition 63 (2), 187-196
57. Milton, S.J. & Dean, W.R.J. 1993. Selection of seeds by harvester condition of arid rangeland ants (Messor capensis) in relation to condition of arid rangeland. Journal of Arid Environments 24 (1), 63-74
58. Morris, A.G. 1992a. A Master Catalogue: Holocene Human Skeletons from South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg
59. Morris, A.G. 1992b. The Skeletons of Contact. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg
60. Morris, A.G., Dlamini, N., Joseph, J., Parker, A., Powrie, C., Ribot, I 1: Voëlvlei & Stynder, D. 2004-2005. Later Stone Age burials from the Western Cape Province, South Africa part 1: Voëlvlei. Southern African Field Archaeology 13/14, 19-26
61. Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
62. Muller, C. 2002. Investigation of Possible Dietary Differences Between the Robberg/Plettenberg Bay and Matjes River Rock Shelter in the Later Stone Age: An Isotopic Approach Town the Inhabitants of the Robberg/Plettenberg Bay and Matjes River Rock Shelter in the Later Stone Age: An Isotopic Approach. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town
63. Nogwaza, T. 1994. Early Iron Age pottery from Canasta Place, East London district. Southern African Field Archaeology 3, 103-106
64. O'Leary, M.H. 1981. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants Phytochemistry 20 (4), 553-567
65. Ouzman, S. 2003. Indigenous images of a colonial exotic: imaginings from Africa Bushman southern Africa. Before Farming [print version] 2003, 239-256
66. Plug, I. & Voigt, E.A. 1985. Archaeozoological studies of Iron Age communities in southern Africa. In: Wendorf, F. & Close, A. (eds.), Advances in World Archaeology. Vol. 4. Academic Press, London, pp. 189-238
67. Prins, F.E. 1993. Aspects of Iron Age Ecology in Transkei. Unpublished Stellenbosch M.A. Thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Stellenbosch
68. Robbins, L.H., Campbell, A.C., Murphy, M.L., Brook, G.A., Srivavasta, P Badenhorst S. livestock from the Kalahari Desert & Badenhorst, S. 2005. The advent of herding in southern Africa: early AMS dates on domestic livestock from the Kalahari Desert. Current Anthropology 46 (4), 671-677
69. Robbins, L.H., Campbell, A.C., Murphy, M.L., Brook, G.A., Liang, F. Srivavasta P Mabuse A.A.Badenhorst S. livestock in the Kalahari Skaggs, S.A., Srivavasta, P., Mabuse, A.A. & Badenhorst, S. 2008. Recent archaeological research at Toteng, Botswana: early domesticated livestock in the Kalahari. Journal of African Archaeology 6 (1), 131-149
70. Sadr, K. 1998. The first herders at the Cape of Good Hope. African Archaeological Review 15, 101-132
71. Sadr, K. 2002. Ancient pastoralists in the Sudan and in South Africa. In History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper Lenssen-Erz, T. et al. (eds.), Tides of the Desert: Contributions to the Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper. Heinrich Barth Institut, Köln, pp. 471-484
72. Sadr, K. 2003. The Neolithic of southern Africa. Journal of African History 44 (2), 195-209
73. Sadr, K. 2008. Invisible herders? The archaeology of Khoekhoe pastoralists. Southern African Humanities 20 (1), 179-203
74. Sadr, K. & Sampson, C.G. 2006. Through thick and thin: early pottery in Southern Africa. Journal of African Archaeology 4 (2), 235-252
75. Schapera, I. (ed.) 1933. The Early Cape Hottentots Described in the (1668), Willem Ten Rhyne (1686) and Johannes Gulielmus de Grevenbroek (1695) Writings of Olfert Dapper (1668), Willem ten Rhyne (1686) and Johannes Gulielmus de Grevenbroek (1695). van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town
76. Schulze, B.R. 1965. Climate of South Africa. Part 8. General Survey Weather Bureau, Department of Transport, Pretoria
77. Schweitzer, F.R. 1974. Archaeological evidence for sheep at the Cape South African Archaeological Bulletin 29 (115/116), 75-82
78. Schweitzer, F.R. 1979. Excavations at Die Kelders, Cape Province, South deposits Africa: the Holocene deposits. Annals of the South African Museum 78, 101-233
79. Schweitzer, F.R. & Scott, K.J. 1973. Early occurrence of domestic sheep in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 241 (5391), 547
80. Schweitzer, F.R. & Wilson, M.L. 1982. Byneskranskop 1: a late Province, South Africa Quaternary living site in the southern Cape Province, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 88 (1), 1-203
81. Sealy, J. 1996. Seasonality of rainfall around the Last Glacial Maximum from carbon isotope analyses of animal bones from Nelson Bay Cave as reconstructed from carbon isotope analyses of animal bones from Nelson Bay Cave. South African Journal of Science 92 (9), 441-444
82. Sealy, J. 2006. Diet, mobility and settlement pattern among Holocene southernmost Africa hunter-gatherers in southernmost Africa. Current Anthropology 47 (4), 569-595
83. Sealy, J., Maggs, T., Jerardino, A. & Kaplan, J. 2004. Excavations at Bay, South Africa Melkbosstrand: variability among herder sites on Table Bay, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 59 (179), 17-28
84. Sealy, J.C. & Pfeiffer, S. 2000. Diet, body size and landscape use Cape, South Africa among Holocene people in the southern Cape, South Africa. Current Anthropology 41 (4), 642-655
85. 13C measurements of Holocene human skeletons from the south-western Cape, South Africa. World Archaeology 20 (1), 87-102
86. Sealy, J. & Yates, R. 1994. The chronology of the introduction of Africa pastoralism to the Cape, South Africa. Antiquity 68 (258), 58-67
87. Sealy, J. & Yates, R. 1996. Direct radiocarbon dating of early sheep bones: two further results. South African Archaeological Bulletin 51 (164), 109-110
88. Smith, A.B. 1992. Pastoralism in Africa. Witwatersrand University Press Johannesburg
89. Smith, A.B. 2006. Excavations at Kasteelberg, and the Origins of the Western Cape, South Africa Khoekhoen in the Western Cape, South Africa. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1537. Oxford
90. Smith, A.B. 2008. Pastoral origins at the Cape, South Africa: influences and arguments. Southern African Humanities 20 (1), 49-60
91. Smith, B.W. & Ouzman, S. 2004. Taking stock: identifying Khoekhoen herder rock art in southern Africa. Current Anthropology 45 (4), 499-526
92. Smith, C.A. 1966. Common Names of South African Plants. Botanical Survey Memoir 35. Government Printer, Pretoria
93. Smith, J.M. 2005. Climate change and agropastoral sustainability in the River Basin from AD 900 Shashe/Limpopo River Basin from AD 900. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand
94. Southon, J., Kashgarian, M., Fontugne, M., Metivier, B. & Yim W.W.-S. 2002. Marine reservoir corrections for the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia. Radiocarbon 44 (1), 167-180
95. 15N for tracer studies. Journal of Agricultural Science 90 (1), 7-9
96. Stow, G.W. 1905. The Native Races of South Africa. Swan Sonnenschein London
97. 14C ages of marine samples to 10,000 BC. Radiocarbon 35 (1), 137-189
98. Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J. & Braziunas, T.F. 1998. High-precision samples radiocarbon age calibration for terrestrial and marine samples. Radiocarbon 40 (3), 1127-1151
99. Stynder, D.D. & Yates, R. 2006. A rare example of a human burial with Western Cape Province, South Africa a stone-packed grave shaft in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 61 (184), 202-207
100. Thom, H.B. (ed.) 1952. The Journal of Jan van Riebeeck. Vol. 1. Balkema Cape Town
101. Tyson, P.D. & Lindesay, J.A. 1992. The climate of the last 2000 years in southern Africa. The Holocene 2 (3), 271-278
102. Vogel, J.C. 1978. Isotopic assessment of the dietary habits of ungulates South African Journal of Science 74, 298-301
103. Vogel, J., Plug, I. & Webley, L. 1997. New dates for the introduction from Spoegrivier Cave in Namaqualand of sheep into South Africa: the evidence from Spoegrivier Cave in Namaqualand. South African Journal of Science 93 (5), 246-248
104. Voigt, E. 1972. A burial on Groot Hagelkraal, Bredasdorp District, Cape South African Archaeological Bulletin 27 (105/106), 87-89
105. Voigt, E.A. 1984. The faunal remains from Magogo and Mhlopeni: small Early Iron Age of Natal stock herding in the Early Iron Age of Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum 26, 141-163
106. Voigt, E.A. & von den Driesch, A. 1984. Preliminary report on the faunal assemblage from Ndondondwane, Natal. Annals of the Natal Museum 26, 95-104
107. Webley, L. 1997. Jakkalsberg A and B: the cultural material from two the Richtersveld, Northern Cape pastoralist sites in the Richtersveld, Northern Cape. Southern African Field Archaeology 6, 3-19
108. Webley, L. 2002. The re-excavation of Spoegrivier Cave on the West Coast of South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 2, 19-49
109. Westphal, E.O.J. 1963. The linguistic prehistory of southern Africa Africa 33, 237-264
110. Whitelaw, G. 1994. KwaGandaganda: settlement patterns in the Natal Early Iron Age. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 6, 1-64
111. Wilson, M. 1969. The hunters and herders. In: Wilson, M. & Thompson L. (eds.), The Oxford History of South Africa. Vol. 1. South Africa to 1870. Oxford University Press, Oxford