Making the case for laws that improve health: A framework for public health law research

Milbank Quarterly

Volumn 88, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 169-210

  Burris, Scott ^a,b,c,d   Wagenaar, Alexander C ^a,b,c,d   Swanson, Jeffrey ^a,b,c,d   Ibrahim, Jennifer K ^a,b,c,d   Wood, Jennifer ^a,b,c,d   Mello, Michelle M ^a,b,c,d  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Law; Legal; Public health; Research; Scholarship

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC ASPECT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; RESEARCH ETHICS; REVIEW; SOCIOLOGY;

HEALTH PLAN IMPLEMENTATION; HEALTH PLANNING; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; INTERVENTION STUDIES; MODELS, THEORETICAL; OUTCOME AND PROCESS ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); POLICY MAKING; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; RESEARCH SUPPORT AS TOPIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77953238509     PISSN: 0887378X     EISSN: 14680009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2010.00595.x     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Academy Health. 2009. Advancing Research, Policy and Practice. Available at http://www.academyhealth.org/About/content.cfm?ItemNumber= 831&navItemNumber=514 (accessed October 16, 2009).
2. Apollonio, D.E., and L.A. Bero. 2009. Evidence and Argument in Policymaking: Development of Workplace Smoking Legislation. BMC Public Health 9 : 189.
3. Ashe, M., D. Jernigan, R. Kline, and R. Galaz. 2003. Land Use Planning and the Control of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Fast Food Restaurants. American Journal of Public Health 93 : 1404 1408.
4. Avraham, R. 2006. Database of State Tort Law Reforms (DSTLR 2nd). Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=902711 (accessed November 3, 2009).
5. Ayres, I., and J. Braithwaite. 1992. Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate.
6. Backstrom, C., and L. Robins. 1995. State AIDS Policy Making: Perspectives of Legislative Health Committee Chairs. AIDS & Public Policy Journal 10 : 238 248.
7. Bassett, M.T., T. Dumanovsky, C. Huang, L.D. Silver, C. Young, C. Nonas, T.D. Matte, S. Chideya, and T.R. Frieden. 2008. Purchasing Behavior and Calorie Information at Fast-Food Chains in New York City, 2007. American Journal of Public Health 98 : 1457 1459.
8. Beck, L.F., R.A. Shults, K.A. Mack, and G.W. Ryan. 2007. Associations between Sociodemographics and Safety Belt Use in States with and without Primary Enforcement Laws. American Journal of Public Health 97 : 1619 1624.
9. Berkman, L., and I. Kawachi. 2000. Social Epidemiology.
10. Bero, L.A., T. Montini, K. Bryan-Jones, and C. Mangurian. 2001. Science in Regulatory Policy Making: Case Studies in the Development of Workplace Smoking Restrictions. Tobacco Control 10 : 329 336.
11. Berwick, D.M., and T.A. Brennan. 1995. New Rules: Regulation, Markets, and the Quality of American Health Care.
12. Biradavolu, M.R., S. Burris, A. George, A. Jena, and K.M. Blankenship. 2009. Can Sex Workers Regulate Police? Learning from an HIV Prevention Project for Sex Workers in Southern India. Social Science & Medicine 68 : 1541 1547.
13. Black, J. 2008. Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy and Accountability in Polycentric Regulatory Regimes. Regulation & Governance 2 : 137 164.
14. Bluthenthal, R.N., K.G. Heinzerling, R. Anderson, N.M. Flynn, and A.H. Kral. 2007. Approval of Syringe Exchange Programs in California: Results from a Local Approach to HIV Prevention. American Journal of Public Health : AJPH.2005.080770.
15. Boehmer, T.K., D.A. Luke, D.L. Haire-Joshu, H.S. Bates, and R.C. Brownson. 2008. Preventing Childhood Obesity through State Policy: Predictors of Bill Enactment. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34 : 333 340.
16. Braithwaite, J., C. Coglianese, and D. Levi-Faur. 2007. Can Regulation and Governance Make a Difference? Regulation and Governance 1 : 1 7.
17. Braithwaite, J., and P. Drahos. 2000. Global Business Regulation.
18. Braithwaite, J., J. Healy, and K. Dwan. 2005. The Governance of Health Safety and Quality.
19. Browning, C.R., and K.A. Cagney. 2002. Neighborhood Structural Disadvantage, Collective Efficacy, and Self-Rated Physical Health in an Urban Setting. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43 : 383 399.
20. Brownson, R.C., J.F. Chriqui, and K.A. Stamatakis. 2009. Understanding Evidence-Based Public Health Policy. American Journal of Public Health 99 : 1576 1583.
21. Brownson, R.C., C. Royer, R. Ewing, and T.D. McBride. 2006. Researchers and Policymakers: Travelers in Parallel Universes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 : 164 172.
22. Buehler, J.W., E.A. Whitney, and R.L. Berkelman. 2006. Business and Public Health Collaboration for Emergency Preparedness in Georgia: A Case Study. BMC Public Health 6 : 285.
23. Burris, S. 1998. Law and the Social Risk of Health Care: Lessons from HIV Testing. Albany Law Review 61 : 831 895.
24. Burris, S. 2008. Regulatory Innovation in the Governance of Human Subjects Research: A Cautionary Tale and Some Modest Proposals. Regulation and Governance 2 : 1 20.
25. Burris, S., K.M. Blankenship, M. Donoghoe, S. Sherman, J.S. Vernick, P. Case, Z. Lazzarini, and S. Koester. 2004. Addressing the "Risk Environment" for Injection Drug Users: The Mysterious Case of the Missing Cop. The Milbank Quarterly 82 : 125 156.
26. Burris, S., I. Kawachi, and A. Sarat. 2002. Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 : 510 521.
27. Burris, S., M. Kempa, and C. Shearing. 2008. Changes in Governance: A Cross-Disciplinary Review of Current Scholarship. Akron Law Review 41 : 1 66.
28. Buse, K., and K. Lee. 2005. Business and Global Health Governance.
29. Campbell Collaboration. 2009. What Helps? What Harms? Based on What Evidence? Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Interventions in Education, Crime and Justice, and Social Welfare, to Promote Evidence-Based Decision-Making. Available at http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/artman2/uploads/1/C2- GeneralBrochure-low-May09.pdf (accessed October 16, 2009).
30. Cawley, J., and F. Liu. 2008. Correlates of State Legislative Action to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16 : 162 167.
31. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1999. Backgrounder: State Laws on Tobacco Control. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/ r990625.htm (accessed October 16, 2009).
32. Chriqui, J.F., K.M. Ribisl, R.M. Wallace, R.S. Williams, J.C. O'Connor, and R. el Arculli. 2008. A Comprehensive Review of State Laws Governing Internet and Other Delivery Sales of Cigarettes in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 10 : 253 265.
33. Cochrane Collaboration. 2009. An Introduction to Cochrane Reviews and the Cochrane Library. Available at http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/clibintro.htm (accessed October 16, 2009).
34. Collins, J., and J.P. Koplan. 2009. Health Impact Assessment: A Step toward Health in All Policies. Journal of the American Medical Association 302 : 315 317.
35. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 2008. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health.
36. Community Guide. 2009. Community Guide 101: Using Evidence for Public Health Decision Making. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/about/cg- 101.html (accessed October 16, 2009).
37. Corrigan, P.W., A.C. Watson, M.L. Heyrman, A. Warpinski, G. Gracia, N. Slopen, and L.L. Hall. 2005. Structural Stigma in State Legislation. Psychiatric Services 56 : 557 563.
38. Croley, S. 2008. Regulation and Public Interests, the Possibility of Good Regulatory Government.
39. Dausey, D.J., J.W. Buehler, and N. Lurie. 2007. Designing and Conducting Tabletop Exercises to Assess Public Health Preparedness for Man-Made and Naturally Occurring Biological Threats. BMC Public Health 7 : 92.
40. Deflem, M. 2004. Social Control and the Policing of Terrorism: Foundations for a Sociology of Counterterrorism. American Sociologist 35 : 75 92.
41. Dinh-Zarr, T.B., D.A. Sleet, R.A. Shults, S. Zaza, R.W. Elder, J.L. Nichols, R.S. Thompson, and D.M. Sosin. 2001. Reviews of Evidence Regarding Interventions to Increase the Use of Safety Belts. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 21 : 48 65. (Pubitemid 33016375)
42. Dodson, E.A., C. Fleming, T.K. Boehmer, D. Haire-Joshu, D.A. Luke, and R.C. Brownson. 2009. Preventing Childhood Obesity through State Policy: Qualitative Assessment of Enablers and Barriers. Journal of Public Health Policy 30 (suppl. 1 S161 76.
43. Epstein, L., and G. King. 2002. The Rules of Inference. University of Chicago Law Review 60 : 1 133.
44. Epstein, R.A. 2003. Let the Shoemaker Stick to His Last: A Defense of the "Old" Public Health. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 46 : S138 59.
45. Ewick, P., and S. Silbey. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life.
46. Fidler, D. 2004. Constitutional Outlines of Public Health's "New World Order Temple Law Review 77 : 247 289.
47. Fielding, J.E., and P.A. Briss. 2006. Promoting Evidence-Based Public Health Policy: Can We Have Better Evidence and More Action? Health Affairs (Millwood) 25 : 969 978.
48. Flay, B.R., A. Biglan, R.F. Boruch, F.G. Castro, D. Gottfredson, S. Kellam, E.K. Moscicki, S. Schinke, J.C. Valentine, and P. Ji. 2005. Standards of Evidence: Criteria for Efficacy, Effectiveness and Dissemination. Prevention Science 6 : 151 175.
49. Foss, R.D., J.R. Feaganes, and E.A. Rodgman. 2001. Initial Effects of Graduated Driver Licensing on 16-Year-Old Driver Crashes in North Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 286 : 1588 1592.
50. Friedman, S.R., H.L. Cooper, B. Tempalski, M. Keem, R. Friedman, P.L. Flom, and D.C. Des Jarlais. 2006. Relationships of Deterrence and Law Enforcement to Drug-Related Harms among Drug Injectors in US Metropolitan Areas. AIDS 20 : 93 99.
51. Gostin, L.O. 2000. Public Health Law in a New Century: Part I: Law as a Tool to Advance the Community's Health. Journal of the American Medical Association 283 : 2837 2841.
52. Gostin, L.O. 2008. Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint. 2nd ed.
53. Gostin, L.O., S. Burris, and Z. Lazzarini. 1999. The Law and the Public's Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States. Columbia Law Review 99 : 59 128.
54. Gostin, L.O., Z. Lazzarini, V.S. Neslund, and M.T. Osterholm. 1996. The Public Health Information Infrastructure. A National Review of the Law on Health Information Privacy. Journal of the American Medical Association 275 : 1921 1927.
55. Gostin, L.O., F. Thompson, and F. Grad. 2007. The Law and the Public's Health: The Foundations. In Law in Public Health Practice, ed. R. Goodman, 3 22.
56. Gottfredson, D.C., S.S. Najaka, and B. Kearley. 2003. Effectiveness of Drug Treatment Courts: Evidence from a Randomized Trial. Criminology and Public Policy 2 : 171 196.
57. Greenhalgh, T., G. Robert, F. Macfarlane, P. Bate, and O. Kyriakidou. 2004. Diffusion of Innovations in Service Organizations: Systematic Review and Recommendations. The Milbank Quarterly 82 : 581 629.
58. Gunningham, N. 2009. Environment Law, Regulation and Governance: Shifting Architectures. Journal of Environmental Law 21 : 179 212.
59. Hadfield, G.K. 2006. Judging Science: An Essay on the Unscientific Basis of Beliefs about the Impact of Legal Rules on Science and the Need for Better Data about Law. Journal of Law & Policy 14 : 137 163.
60. Hall, M.A. 2003. The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 46 : S199 209.
61. Hall, M.A., and R.F. Wright. 2008. Systematic Content Analysis of Judicial Opinions. California Law Review 96 : 63 122.
62. Harrell, A., and B.E. Smith. 1996. Effects of Restraining Orders on Domestic Violence Victims. In Do Arrests and Restraining Orders Work? ed. E.S. Buzawa and C.G. Buzawa, 214 242.
63. Harris, R.P., M. Helfand, S.H. Woolf, K.N. Lohr, C.D. Mulrow, S.M. Teutsch, and D. Atkins. 2001. Current Methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: A Review of the Process. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20 : 21 35.
64. Hartsfield, D., A.D. Moulton, and K.L. McKie. 2007. A Review of Model Public Health Laws. American Journal of Public Health 97 : S56 61.
65. Hecht, F.M., M.A. Chesney, J.S. Lehman, D. Osmond, K. Vranizan, S. Colman, D. Keane, A. Reingold, and A.B. Bindman. 2000. Does HIV Reporting by Name Deter Testing? MESH Study Group. AIDS 14 : 1801 1808.
66. Hein, W., S. Burris, and C. Shearing. 2009. Conceptual Models for Global Health Governance. In Making Sense of Global Health Governance: A Policy Perspective, ed. K. Buse, W. Hein, and N. Drager, 72 98.
67. Heise, M. 1999. The Importance of Being Empirical. Pepperdine Law Review 26 : 807 834.
68. Henry, B.L., F.D. Scutchfield, and D.J. Pérez. 2008. Tapping the Potential: Tackling Health Disparities through Accreditation and Public Health Services and Systems Research. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 14 (suppl. S85 87.
69. Hill, A.B. 1965. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58 : 295 300.
70. Hodge, Jr., J.G., A. Pulver, M. Hogben, D. Bhattacharya, and E.F. Brown. 2008. Expedited Partner Therapy for Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Assessing the Legal Environment. American Journal of Public Health 98 : 238 243.
71. Horlick, G.A., S.F. Beeler, and R.W. Linkins. 2001. A Review of State Legislation Related to Immunization Registries. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 20 : 208 213.
72. Hupert, N., A.I. Mushlin, and M.A. Callahan. 2002. Modeling the Public Health Response to Bioterrorism: Using Discrete Event Simulation to Design Antibiotic Distribution Centers. Medical Decision Making 22 : S17 25.
73. Innvaer, S., G. Vist, M. Trommald, and A. Oxman. 2002. Health Policy-Makers' Perceptions of Their Use of Evidence: A Systematic Review. Journal of Health Services & Policy 7 : 239 244.
74. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2003. The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century.
75. Jacobson, N., D. Butterill, and P. Goering. 2005. Consulting as a Strategy for Knowledge Transfer. The Milbank Quarterly 83 : 299 321.
76. Jacobson, P.D., and S. Soliman. 2002. Litigation as Public Health Policy: Theory or Reality? Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 : 224 238.
77. Jacobson, P.D., and K.E. Warner. 1999. Litigation and Public Health Policy Making: The Case of Tobacco Control. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law 24 : 769 804.
78. Jacobson, P.D., and J. Wasserman. 1999. The Implementation and Enforcement of Tobacco Control Laws: Policy Implications for Activists and the Industry. Journal of Health Politics, Policy & Law 24 : 567 598.
79. Jewell, C.J., and L.A. Bero. 2008. "Developing Good Taste in Evidence": Facilitators of and Hindrances to Evidence-Informed Health Policymaking in State Government. The Milbank Quarterly 86 : 177 208. Available at http://www.milbank.org/quarterly/MQ%2086-2%20FeatArt.pdf (accessed March 25, 2010).
80. Jolls, C. 2006. Behavioral Law and Economics. Working paper. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=959177&rec=1&srcabs= 168612 (accessed November 6, 2009).
81. Kagan, R.A., and J.H. Skolnick. 1993. Banning Smoking: Compliance without Enforcement. In Smoking Policy: Law, Politics and Culture, ed. R.L. Rabin and S.D. Sugerman, 69 94.
82. Kahnemann, D., P. Slovic, and A. Tversky. 1982. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.
83. Kimball, A.M., M. Moore, H.M. French, Y. Arima, K. Ungchusak, S. Wibulpolprasert, T. Taylor, S. Touch, and A. Leventhal. 2008. Regional Infectious Disease Surveillance Networks and Their Potential to Facilitate the Implementation of the International Health Regulations. Medical Clinics of North America 92 : 1459 1471, xii.
84. Larkin, M.A., and A.K. McGowan. 2008. Introduction: Strengthening Public Health. Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics 36 : 4 5.
85. Larsen, L.L., and J.A. Berry. 2003. The Regulation of Dietary Supplements. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 15 : 410 414.
86. Lavis, J., R. Moynihan, A. Oxman, and E. Paulsen. 2008. Evidence-Informed Health Policy 4 - Case Descriptions of Organizations That Support the Use of Research Evidence. Implementation Science 3 : 56.
87. Lavis, J., A. Oxman, R. Moynihan, and E. Paulsen. 2008. Evidence-Informed Health Policy 1 - Synthesis of Findings from a Multi-method Study of Organizations That Support the Use of Research Evidence. Implementation Science 3 : 53.
88. Lavis, J., D. Robertson, J. Woodside, C. McLeod, and J. Abelson. 2003. How Can Research Organizations More Effectively Transfer Research Knowledge to Decision Makers? The Milbank Quarterly 81 : 221 248.
89. Law, D.S. 2005. Strategic Judicial Lawmaking: Ideology, Publication, and Asylum Law in the Ninth Circuit. University of Cincinnati Law Review 73 : 817 866.
90. Lawless, R.M., J.K. Robbenholt, and T.S. Ulen. 2010. Empirical Methods in Law.
91. Lawson, J., and F. Xu. 2007. SARS in Canada and China: Two Approaches to Emergency Health Policy. Governance 20 : 209 232.
92. Lazzarini, Z., and L. Rosales. 2002. Legal Issues Concerning Public Health Efforts to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission. Yale Journal of Health Law, Policy, and Ethics 3 : 67 98.
93. Lee, K., A. Ingram, K. Lock, and C. McInnes. 2007. Bridging Health and Foreign Policy: The Role of Health Impact Assessments. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85 : 207 211.
94. Lipshaw, J. 2009. The Fact versus Intuition Pendulum and Whether Empirical Legal Studies Has "Legs Available at http://lawprofessors. typepad.com/legal-profession/2009/01/the-fact-versus.html (accessed January 19, 2010).
95. Lobel, O. 2004. The Renew Deal: The Fall of Regulation and the Rise of Governance in Contemporary Legal Thought. Minnesota Law Review 89 : 342 471.
96. Lobel, O., and O. Amir. 2009. Stumble, Predict, Nudge: How Behavioral Economics Informs Law and Policy. Columbia Law Review 108 : 2098 2138.
97. Ludwig, J., and P.J. Cook. 2000. Homicide and Suicide Rates Associated with Implementation of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Journal of the American Medical Association 284 : 585 591.
98. Lurie, N., J. Wasserman, M. Stoto, S. Myers, P. Namkung, J. Fielding, and R.B. Valdez. 2004. Local Variation in Public Health Preparedness: Lessons from California. Health Affairs (Millwood) suppl. web exclusive. Available at http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w4.341/DC1 (March 25, 2010).
99. Maantay, J. 2002. Zoning Law, Health, and Environmental Justice: What's the Connection? Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 : 572 593.
100. Magnusson, R.S. 2007. Mapping the Scope and Opportunities for Public Health Law in Liberal Democracies. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35 : 571 587.
101. Magnusson, R.S. 2009. Rethinking Global Health Challenges: Towards a "Global Compact" for Reducing the Burden of Chronic Disease. Public Health 123 : 265 274.
102. Mamudu, H.M., and S.A. Glantz. 2009. Civil Society and the Negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Global Public Health 4 : 150 168.
103. Mariner, W.K. 2009. Toward an Architecture of Health Law. American Journal of Law & Medicine 35 : 67 87.
104. Markell, D.L., and T.R. Tyler. 2008. Using Empirical Research to Design Government Citizen Participation Processes. University of Kansas Law Review 57 (1 1 38.
105. Mays, G.P., and S.A. Smith. 2009. Geographic Variation in Public Health Spending: Correlates and Consequences. Health Services Research 44 : 1796 1817.
106. McCann, M.W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization.
107. McCoy, D., and M. Hilson. 2009. Civil Society, Its Organizations, and Global Health Governance. In Making Sense of Global Health Governance, ed. K. Buse, W. Hein, and N. Drager, 209 231.
108. McDougall, G. 1997. Direct Legislation: Determinants of Legislator Support for Voter Initiatives. Public Finance Review 25 : 327 343.
109. McGowan, A., M. Schooley, H. Narvasa, J. Rankin, and D.M. Sosin. 2003. Symposium on Public Health Law Surveillance: The Nexus of Information Technology and Public Health Law. Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics 31 : 41 42.
110. Mello, M.M., and T. Brennan. 2002. Deterrence of Medical Errors: Theory and Evidence for Malpractice Reform. Texas Law Review 80 : 1595 1638.
111. Mello, M.M., J. Pomeranz, and P. Moran. 2008. The Interplay of Public Health Law and Industry Self-Regulation: The Case of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Sales in Schools. American Journal of Public Health 98 : 595 604.
112. Mello, M.M., M. Powlowski, J.M.P. Nanagas, and T. Bossert. 2006. The Role of Law in Public Health: The Case of Family Planning in the Philippines. Social Science & Medicine 63 : 384.
113. Mello, M.M., and K. Zeiler. 2008. Empirical Health Law Scholarship: The State of the Field. Georgetown Law Journal 96 : 649 702.
114. Mindell, J., L. Sheridan, M. Joffe, H. Samson-Barry, and S. Atkinson. 2004. Health Impact Assessment as an Agent of Policy Change: Improving the Health Impacts of the Mayor of London's Draft Transport Strategy. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 58 : 169 174.
115. Mitton, C., C.E. Adair, E. McKenzie, S.B. Patten, and B. Waye Perry. 2007. Knowledge Transfer and Exchange: Review and Synthesis of the Literature. The Milbank Quarterly 85 : 729 768.
116. Moran, M. 2002. Review, Understanding the Regulatory State. British Journal of Political Science 32 : 391 413.
117. Moulton, A.D., S.L. Mercer, T. Popovic, P.A. Briss, R.A. Goodman, M.L. Thombley, R.A. Hahn, and D.M. Fox. 2009. The Scientific Basis for Law as a Public Health Tool. American Journal of Public Health 99 : 17 24.
118. Nakkash, R., and K. Lee. 2009. The Tobacco Industry's Thwarting of Marketing Restrictions and Health Warnings in Lebanon. Tobacco Control 18 : 310 316.
119. Obama, B. 2009. President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address. Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address/ (accessed November 3, 2009).
120. Osborne, D., and T. Gaebler. 1993. Reinventing Government.
121. Ostrom, E. 2005. Understanding Institutional Diversity.
122. Parker, C., and J. Braithwaite. 2003. Regulation. In Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies, ed. P. Cane and M. Tushnet, 119 145.
123. Parmet, W.E. 2009. Populations, Public Health, and the Law.
124. Parmet, W.E., and R.A. Daynard. 2000. The New Public Health Litigation. Annual Review of Public Health 21 : 437 454.
125. Percy, S.L. 1989. Disability, Civil Rights, and Public Policy: The Politics of Implementation.
126. Pérez, D.J., and M.A. Larkin. 2009. Commentary: Partnership for the Future of Public Health Services and Systems Research. Health Services Research 44 : 1788 1795.
127. Pfaff, J. 2009. What Is the Future of Empirical Legal Scholarship? Available at http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2009/04/first-thanks-to- dan-and-everyone-else-at-prawsblog-for-inviting-me-to-post-here-this-month-im- really-looking-forward-to-it.html (accessed January 19, 2010).
128. Poland, M.L., M.P. Dombrowski, J.W. Ager, and R.J. Sokol. 1993. Punishing Pregnant Drug Users: Enhancing the Flight from Care. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 31 : 199 203.
129. Power, M. 1997. The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification.
130. Retting, R., and I. Cheung. 2008. Traffic Speeds Associated with Implementation of 80 mph Speed Limits on West Texas Rural Interstates. Journal of Safety Research 39 : 529 534.
131. Rhodes, R.A.W. 1997. Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability.
132. Robson, L.S. 2007. The Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety Management System Interventions: A Systematic Review. Safety Science 45 : 329 353.
133. Rosenberg, G.N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring about Social Change?
134. Rothstein, M.A. 2002. Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 : 144 149.
135. Ruger, J.P. 2006. Toward a Theory of a Right to Health: Capability and Incompletely Theorized Agreements. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities 18 : 273 326.
136. Ruhl, S., M. Stephens, and P. Locke. 2003. The Role of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Public Health Law. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31 : 76 77.
137. RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). 2009. Synthesis Project. Available at http://www.rwjf.org/pr/synthesis.jsp (accessed January 19, 2010).
138. RWJF Public Health Law Research Program. 2009. Public Health Law Research: Making the Case for Laws That Improve Health. Available at http://www.publichealthlawresearch.org/ (accessed October 14, 2009).
139. Sage, W.M. 2008. Relationship Duties, Regulatory Duties, and the Widening Gap between Health Law and Collective Health Policy. Georgetown Law Journal 96 : 497 522.
140. Schilling, J., and L.S. Linton. 2005. The Public Health Roots of Zoning: In Search of Active Living's Legal Genealogy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 : 96 104.
141. Scott, C. 2001. Analysing Regulatory Space: Fragmented Resources and Institutional Design. Public Law 2001 : 329 353.
142. Scott, C. 2002. Private Regulation of the Public Sector: A Neglected Facet of Contemporary Governance. Journal of Law and Society 29 : 56 76.
143. Scutchfield, F.D. 2009. Foreword. Health Services Research 44 : 1773 1774.
144. Shaw, F.E., K.L. McKie, C.A. Liveoak, and R.A. Goodman. 2007. Legal Tools for Preparedness and Response: Variation in Quarantine Powers among the 10 Most Populous US States in 2004. American Journal of Public Health 97 (suppl. 1 S38 43.
145. Sonfield, A., and R.B. Gold. 2001. States' Implementation of the Section 510 Abstinence Education Program, FY 1999. Family Planning Perspectives 33 : 166 171.
146. Sorian, R., and T. Baugh. 2002. Power of Information: Closing the Gap between Research and Policy. Health Affairs (Millwood) 21 : 264 273.
147. Sox, H.C., and S. Greenfield. 2009. Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Report from the Institute of Medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (3 203 205.
148. Studdert, D.M., M.M. Mello, A.A. Gawande, T.A. Brennan, and Y.C. Wang. 2007. Disclosure of Medical Injury to Patients: An Improbable Risk Management Strategy. Health Affairs 26 : 215 226.
149. Sunstein, C., and R. Thaler. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness.
150. Swanson, J., M. Swartz, R.A. Van Dorn, J. Monahan, T.G. McGuire, H.J. Steadman, and P.C. Robbins. 2009. Racial Disparities in Involuntary Outpatient Commitment: Are They Real? Health Affairs (Millwood) 28 : 816 826.
151. Sweet, M., and R. Moynihan. 2007. Improving Population Health: The Uses of Systematic Reviews.
152. Tesoriero, J.M., H.B. Battles, K. Heavner, S.-Y.J. Leung, C. Nemeth, W. Pulver, and G.S. Birkhead. 2008. The Effect of Name-Based Reporting and Partner Notification on HIV Testing in New York State. American Journal of Public Health 98 : 728-35.
153. Tobey, J. 1939. Public Health Law: A Manual of Law for Sanitarians, 2nd ed.
154. Tremper, C., S. Thomas, and A.C. Wagenaar. 2010. Measuring Law for Evaluation Research. Evaluation Review 34 : 242 266.
155. Trubek, L. 2006. New Governance and Soft Law in Health Care Reform. Indiana Health Law Review 3 : 139 169.
156. Tyler, T.R. 1990. Why People Obey the Law.
157. Vernick, J.S., and S.P. Teret. 2000. A Public Health Approach to Regulating Firearms as Consumer Products. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 148 : 1193 1211.
158. Wagenaar, A.C. 2007. Deterring Sales and Marketing of Alcohol to Youth: The Role of Litigation. In Addiction Treatment: Science and the Policy for the Twenty-first Century, ed. J.E. Henningfield, P.B. Santora, and W.K. Bickel, 177 183.
159. Wagenaar, A.C., M.M. Maldonado-Molina, D.J. Erickson, L. Ma, A.L. Tobler, and K.A. Komro. 2007. General Deterrence Effects of U.S. Statutory DUI Fine and Jail Penalties: Long-Term Follow-up in 32 States. Accident Analysis and Prevention 39 : 982 994.
160. Waters, M., and W.J. Moore. 1990. The Theory of Economic Regulation and Public Choice and the Determinants of Public Sector Bargaining Legislation. Public Choice 66 : 161 175.
161. Wells, J.K., A.F. Williams, and M. Fields. 1989. Coverage Gaps in Seat Belt Use Laws. American Journal of Public Health 79 : 332 333.