Populations, public health, and the law

Populations, Public Health, and the Law

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-292

  Parmet, Wendy E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904448804     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (507)

1. Norman Daniels, Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly 29-78 (2008).
2. Dan E. Beauchamp, The Health of the Republic: Epidemics, Medicine, and Moralism as Challenges to democracy 18-22 (1988).
3. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (2000).
4. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power Duty, Restraint (2d ed. 2008).
5. Oxford English Dictionary, http://dictionary.oed.com (last visited Nov. 13, 2008).
6. Lawrence O. Gostin, Future of Public Health 19 (1988).
7. Health, Oxford English Dictionary, http://dictionary.oed.com (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
8. Rene Dubos, Health and Creative Adaptation, in Ethical Health Care 19, 19 (Patricia Illingworth & Wendy E. Parmet eds., 2005).
9. World Health Organization, Constitution of the World Health Organization 2, http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who-constitution-en.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
10. Daniel Callahan, The WHO Definition of Health, in Ethical Health Care, 5.
11. Wendy E. Parmet, The Impact of the Law on Coronary Heart Disease: Some Preliminary Observations on the Relationship of Law to a Normalized Condition, 30 J. L. Med. & Ethics 608, 612-615 (2002).
12. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader xix (2002).
13. Anthony Robbins & Phyllis Freeman, Public Health and Medicine: Synergistic Science and Conflicting Cultures, 65 Pharos 22 (Autumn 2002).
14. Robert Beaglehole & Ruth Bonita, Public Health at the Crossroads: Achievements And Prospects 174 (2d ed. 2004).
15. http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/pubhlth.pdf.
16. Norman Daniels, Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly 17-21 (2008).
17. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1974).
18. Norman Daniels, Just Health Care 1-17 (1985).
19. Amartya Sen, Why Health Equality, in Public Health, Ethics and Equity 21, 23 (Sudhir Anand, Fabienne Peter, & Amartya Sen eds., 2004).
20. Dan E. Beauchamp, The Health of the Republic: Epidemics, Medicine, and Moralism as Challenges to Democracy 17 (1988).
21. Amitai Etzioni, Perspective: Public Health Law: A Communitarian Perspective: The Attacks on America's Homeland Clearly Demonstrate the Need to Trim the Individual Excesses of the Previous Generation and Make Room for the Public Interest, 21 Health Affairs 102, 102 (2002).
22. Ronald Bayer and Amy L. Fairchild, The Genesis of Public Health Ethics, 18 Bioethics 473, 488 (2004).
23. James F. Childress & Ruth Gaare Bernheim, Beyond the Liberal and Communitarian Impasse: A Framework and Vision for Public Health, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 1191, 1194-95 (2003).
24. Barry S. Levy, Creating the Future of Public Health: Values, Vision, and Leadership, 88 Amer. J. Public Health 188, 188-92 (1998).
25. J.N. Hays, The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History 2 (1998).
26. William H. McNeill, Plagues and People passim (1976).
27. Keith Thomas, Health and Morality in Early Modern England, in Morality and Health 15, 17-18 (Allan M. Brandt & Paul Rozin eds., 1997).
28. http://www.ibms.org/index.cfm?method-science.history-zone&subpage- history-fevers (last visited Jan. 25, 2008).
29. Wendy E. Parmet, Health Care and the Constitution: Public Health and the Role of the State in the Framing Era, 20 Hastings Const. L.Q. 267, 287 (1993).
30. Theodore H. Tulchinsky & Elena A. Varavikova, The New Public Health: An Introduction for the 21st Century 16-25 (2000).
31. D.J.P. Barker, Epidemiology for the Uninitiated 1 (4th ed. 1997).
32. Lemuel Shattuck et al, Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts 1 (1850).
33. Elizabeth Fee, The Origins and Development of Public Health in the United States, 28-29.
34. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club 346-47 (2001).
35. Richard Shryock, The Origins and Significance of the Public Health Movement in the United States, 1 Annals of Med. Hist. 645 (1929).
36. Cyrus Edson, The Microbe as a Social Leveller, quoted in Nancy Tomes, Moralizing the Microbe: The Germ Theory and the Moral Construction of Behavior in the Late Nineteenth-Century Antituberculosis Movement, in Morality and Health, 26, at 271-84.
37. Bruce G. Link & Jo Phelan, Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease, 35 J. Health and Soc. Behavior, Extra Issue: Forty Years of Medical Sociology: The State of the Art and Directions for the Future 80, 80 (1995).
38. Milton Terris, The Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Socioenvironmental Influences, 20 Preventive Medicine S11, 11-12 (1999).
39. Michael G. Marmot, Understanding Social Inequalities in Health, 46 Perspectives in Biology & Med. Supp. 10 (Summer 2003).
40. Scott Burris, Ichiro Kawachi, & Austin Sarat, Health, Law, and Human Rights: Exploring the Connections, Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology, 30 J.L., Med. & Ethics 510, 511-13 (2002).
41. Scott Burris, Social Epidemiology 3-12 (Lisa F. Berkman & Ichiro Kawachi eds., 2000).
42. Nancy Krieger, Proximal, Distal, and the Politics of Causation: What's Level Got To Do With It?, 98 Am. J. Pub. Health 221, 221-30 (2008).
43. Ichiro Kawachi, Income Inequality and Health, in Social Epidemiology, 48, at 76-94.
44. Jennifer M. Mellor & Jeffrey Milyo, Reexamining the Evidence of an Ecological Association between Income Inequality and Health, 26 J. Health Pol'y Pol. & L. 487 (2001).
45. World Health Organization, Comm. on Social Determinants of Health, Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health passim (2008), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/ 2008/9789241563703-eng.pdf (last visited Dec. 3, 2008).
46. World Health Organization, Comm. on Social Determinants of Health, Action on the Social Determinants of Health: Learning from Previous Experiences 23 (2005), http://www.who.int/social-determinants/resources/action-sd.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
47. David Mechanic, Who Shall Lead: Is There a Future for Population Health, 28 J. Health Pol'y Pol. & L. 421, 421-22 (2003).
48. Lawrence O. Gostin, When Terrorism Threatens Health: How Far Are Limitations on Personal and Economic Liberties Justified?, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 1105 (2003).
49. John Donne, Meditation xvii (1624).
50. Dan E. Beauchamp & Bonnie Steinbock, New Ethics for the Public's Health 25 (1999).
51. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint 11-12 (1st ed. 2000).
52. Wendy E. Parmet & Anthony Robbins, Public Health Literacy for Lawyers, 31 J.L., Med. & Ethics 701, 706, (2003).
53. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government 15-34.
54. Ronald Peters Jr., The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 103-104 (1978).
55. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 10 (Oskar Piest ed., 1957).
56. Marc Lappe, Values and Public Health: Value Considerations in Setting Health Policy, 4 Theoretical Med. 82 (1983).
57. Wendy E. Parmet, Liberalism, Communitarianism, and Public Health: Comments on Lawrence O. Gostin's Lecture, 55 Fla L. Rev. 1221, 1225-30 (2003).
58. Jules L. Coleman, The Economic Analysis of Law, in Law, Economics, and Philosophy 102, 102-08 (Mark Kuperberg & Charles Beitz eds., 1983).
59. Richard A. Epstein, Let the Shoemaker Stick to His Last: A Defense of the Old Public Health, 46 Persp. in Bio. & Med. S. 138, S. 142-43 (2003).
60. Samuel Bowles, Endogenous Preferences: The Cultural Consequences of Markets and Other Economic Institutions, 36 J. Econ. Lit. 75 (1998).
61. Richard A. Epstein, What (Not) To Do about Obesity: A Moderate Aristotelian Answer, 93 Geo. L.J. 1361, 1368 (2005).
62. Scott Burris, James Buehler, & Zita Lazzarini, Applying the Common Rule to Public Health Agencies: Questions and Tentative Answers about a Separate Regulatory Regime, 31 J.L. Med. & Ethics 638, 643 (2003).
63. Jonathan Fielding et al., How Do We Translate Science into Public Health Policy and Law, 30 J.L., Med. & Ethics 22, 25-26 (2002).
64. Joelle Anne Moreno, Beyond the Polemic against Junk Science: Navigating the Oceans that Divide Science and Law with Justice Breyer at the Helm, 81 Boston U. L. Rev. 1033, 1034-36 (2001).
65. Allan M. Brandt, Behavior, Disease, and Health in the Twentieth-Century United States: The Moral Valence of Individual Risk, in Morality and Health, 26, at 53-60.
66. Population, Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/population (last visited June 1, 2008).
67. Valerie J. Easton & John H. McCall, Population, Statistics Glossary, vol. 1, http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/basic-definitions.html-popn.
68. Elizabeth Frazier, The Problems of Communitarian Politics: Unity and Conflict 209-17 (1999).
69. Geoffrey Rose, Sick Individuals and Sick Populations, 30 Int'l J. of Epidemiology 427 (2001).
70. World Health Org., Social Determinants of Health 3 (Richard Wilkinson & Michael Marmot eds., 1999).
71. Lawrence O. Gostin, Scott Burris, & Zita Lazzarini, The Law and the Public's Health: A Study of Infectious Disease Law in the United States, 99 Col. L. Rev. 59, 66-76 (1999).
72. Katherine L. Frohlich & Louise Potvin, The Inequality Paradox: The Population Approach and Vulnerable Populations, 98 Am. J. Pub. Health 216, 219-20 (2008).
73. Silent Victories: The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth Century America (John W. Ward & Christian Warren eds., 2007).
74. Stephen L. Isaacs & Steven A. Schroeder, Where the Public Good Prevailed: Lessons from Success Stories in Health, 12 Am. Prospect 26, 26-30 (June 4, 2001).
75. Wendy E. Parmet, Introduction: The Interdependency of Law and Public Health, in Law in Public Health Practice xxvii, xxvii-xxxvii (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds., 2d ed. 2007).
76. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law 3, 25 (1961).
77. Mark C. Murphy, Philosophy of Law 17-43 (2007).
78. Ronald Dworkin, The Model of Rules, reprinted in Readings in the Philosophy of Law 160-170 (John Arthur & William H. Shaw eds., 3d ed. 2001).
79. Scott Burris, Introduction: Merging Law, Human Rights, and Social Epidemiology, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics, 498, 501-02 (2002).
80. A. Sarat & T.R. Kearns, Beyond the Great Divide: Forms of Legal Scholarship and Everyday Life, in Law in Everyday Life 27-33 (A. Sarat & T.R. Kearns eds., 1993).
81. Kathryn Abrams, The Constitution of Women, 48 Ala. L. Rev. 861, 861 (1997).
82. Frederick Schauer, Williard H. Pedrick Lecture: The Failure of the Common Law, 36 Ariz. St. L.J. 765, 773 (2004).
83. Emily Sherwin, A Defense of Analogical Reasoning in Law, 66 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1179 (1999).
84. Scott Burris, Ichiro Kawachi, & Austin Sarat, Integrating Law and Social Epidemiology, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 510 (2003).
85. Georges C. Benjamin & Anthony D. Moultin, Public Health Legal Preparedness: A Framework for Action, 36 J.L. Med. & Ethics 13, 14-15 (2007).
86. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint 25-41 (2d ed. 2008).
87. U.S. Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century 22-23 (2003).
88. Wendy E. Parmet, The Impact of Law on Coronary Artery Disease. Some Preliminary Observations on the Relationship of Law to Normalized Conditions, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 608, 614-17 (2002).
89. Herman Biggs, Preventive Medicine, Its Achievements, Scope, and Possibilities, 65 Medical Records 954, 955 (1904).
90. Frederick Hoffman, American Mortality Progress During the Last Half Century, in A Half Century of Public Health 94 (Mazyck P. Ravenel ed., 1921).
91. Wendy E. Parmet, From Slaughter-House to Lochner: The Rise and Fall of the Constitutionalization of Public Health, 40 Am. J. Legal Hist. 476, 476-505 (1996).
92. Mary Anne Bobinski, Health Disparities and the Law: Wrongs in Search of a Right, 29 Am. J. Law & Med. 363, 365-70 (2003).
93. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Minority Health, Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, http://www.cdc.gov/omhd/About/ disparities.htm (last visited Nov. 13, 2008).
94. John W. Ward & Christian Warren, Preface, in Silent Victories: The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth Century America v (John W. Ward & Christian Warren eds., 2007).
95. Thomas McKeown, The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? 75 (1973).
96. George M. Korber, The Progress and Tendency of Hygiene and Sanitary Science in the Nineteenth Century, 36 JAMA 1617, 1620-21 (1901).
97. George H. Rohe, Address in State Medicine, Recent Advances in Preventative Medicine, 9 JAMA 1 (1887).
98. John F. Bunker, Howard S. Frazier, & Frederick Mosteller, Improving Health: Measuring Effects of Medical Care, 72 Milbank Quart. 225, 225-58 (1994).
99. Stephen L. Isaacs & Steven A. Schroeder, Where the Public Good Prevailed, 12 Am. Prospect (June 2001), http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles? article-where-the-public-good-prevailed (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
100. Don C. Des Jarlais et al., Improving the Reporting Quality of Nonrandomized Evaluations of Behavioral and Public Health Interventions: The TREND Statement, 94 Am. J. Pub. Health 361, 4-5 (2004).
101. Anthony D. Moulton, Richard A. Goodman, & Wendy E. Parmet, Perspective: Law and Great Public Health Achievements, in Law in Public Health Practice 3, 4-13 (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds., 2007).
102. Stephanie Zaza et al., Reviews of Evidence Regarding Interventions to Increase Use of Child Safety Seats, 21 Am. J. Preventive Med. 31, 33 (2001).
103. George A. Mensah et al., Law as a Tool for Preventing Chronic Diseases: Expanding the Spectrum of Effective Public Health Strategies, 1 Chronic Disease 1, 4 (2004).
104. Robert L. Rabin, The Tobacco Litigation: A Tentative Assessment, 51 De Paul L. Rev. 331, 350 (2001).
105. Juliana Maantay, Zoning Law, Health and Environmental Justice: What's the Connection, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 572, 583 (2002).
106. Richard J. Jackson & Chris Kochtitzky, Creating a Healthy Environment: The Impact of the Built Environment on Public Health, Sprawl Watch Monograph Series, at 5-10, http://www.sprawlwatch.org/health.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
107. Rima E. Rudd, Barbara A. Moeykens, & Tayla C. Colton, Health and Literacy: A Review of the Medical and Public Health Literature, Ann. Rev. of Adult Learning and Literacy 1999 (John Comings, Barbara Garners, & Cristine Smith eds., 1999).
108. Wendy E. Parmet & Anthony Robbins, Public Health Literacy for Lawyers, 31 J.L. Med. & Ethics, 701, 707 (2003).
109. Kim M. Blankenship & Stephen Koester, Criminal Law, Policing Policy, and HIV Risk in Female Street Sex Workers and Injection Drug Users, 30 J.L.Med. & Ethics 548, 549-51 (2002).
110. Zita Lazzarini & Robert Klitzman, HIV and the Law: Integrating Law, Policy and Social Epidemiology, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 533, 537-38 (2002).
111. John Lynch & George Kaplan, Socioeconomic Position, in Social Epidemiology 13-35 (Lisa Berkman & Ichiro Kawachi eds., 2000).
112. Ronald M. Labbe & Jonathan Lurie, The Slaughterhouse Cases, Regulation, Reconstruction and the Fourteenth Amendment passim (2003).
113. Eleanor D. Kinney, Administrative Law and the Public's Health, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 212, 213 (2002).
114. Leroy Parker & Robert H. Worthington, The Law of Public Health and Safety and the Powers and Duties of Boards of Health 82-196 (1892).
115. Wendy E. Parmet, AIDS and Quarantine: The Revival of an Archaic Doctrine, 14 Hofstra L. Rev. 53, 58-66, (1985).
116. Edward P. Richards, Public Health Law as Administrative Law, 10 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 61, 61 (2007).
117. Richard B. Stewart, Administrative Law in the Twenty-First Century, 78 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 437, 447-52 (2003).
118. Jacob D. Fuchsberg, Introduction, Law, Social Policy, and Contagious Disease: A Symposium on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 14 Hofstra L. Rev. 1, 1 (1985).
119. T. Kue Young, Population Health: Concepts and Methods 41-43 (1998).
120. Wendy E. Parmet, Richard A. Goodman, & Amy Farber, Individual Rights versus the Public's Health: One Hundred Years after Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 352 New England J. Med. 652-54 (2005).
121. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., The Path of the Law, 10 Harv. L. Rev. 457, 469 (1897).
122. Wendy E. Parmet, Legal Rights and Communicable Disease: AIDS, the Police Power and Individual Liberty, 14 J. Health Pol. Pol'y & L. 741, 749-51 (1989).
123. John V. Jacobi, Public Health Law, Power, Duty, Restraint, 31 Seton Hall L. Rev. 1089, 1089 (2001).
124. Edwin D. Kilbourne, Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century, 12 Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 (2006), http://www.cdc.gov/eid (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
125. William W. Fisher, Morton J. Horwitz, & Thomas A Reed, American Legal Realism 232-37 (1993).
126. Gerald B. Wetlaufer, Systems of Belief in Modern American Law: A View from Century's End, 49 Am. U. L. Rev. 1, 18 (1999).
127. David L. Faigman, Normative Constitutional Fact-Finding, Exploring the Empirical Component of Constitutional Interpretation, 139 U. Pa. L. Rev. 541, 560 (1991).
128. John Henry Schlegel, American Legal Realism and Empirical Social Science: From the Yale Experience, 28 Buff. L. Rev. 459, 459 (1978-79).
129. Joseph William Singer, Review Essay, Legal Realism Now, 76 Cal. L. Rev. 467, 505-41 (1988).
130. Jack M. Balkin & Sanford Levinson, Law and the Humanities: An Uneasy Relationship, 18 Yale J.L. & Humanities 155, 169-70 (2006).
131. Daniel Farber, The Ages of American Formalism, 90 Nw. U. L. Rev. 89, 95 (1995).
132. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (2d. ed. 2008).
133. Law in Public Health Practice (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds., 2d ed. 2007). 2.
134. Brian Leiter, American Legal Realism, 3-5 (2002).
135. http://ssrn.com/abstract-id-339562 (last visited Mar. 26, 2008).
136. Gerald B. Wetlaufer, Systems of Belief in Modern American Law: A View from Century's End, 49 Am. U. L. Rev. 1, 6 (1999).
137. Roy M. Anderson & Robert M. May, Vaccination and Herd Immunity to Infectious Diseases, 318 Nature 323, 323 (November 1985).
138. Samuel Freeman, Illiberal Libertarians: Why Libertarianism Is Not a Liberal View, 30 Phil. & Pub. Affairs 105, 105-51(2001).
139. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, in Liberalism and Its Critics 28 (Michael Sandel ed., 1984).
140. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously xi (1977).
141. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law 637-45 (6th ed. 2003).
142. O'Kelley & Thompson, Corporations and Other Business Associations 235-41 (5th ed. 2006).
143. Maggie Gallagher, Rites, Rights, and Social Institutions: Why and How Should the Law Support Marriage?, 18 Notre Dame J. L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 225, 225-41 (2004).
144. Howard Fink & June Carbone, Between Private Ordering and Public Fiat: A New Paradigm for Family Law Decision-Making, 5 J.L. & Fam. Stud. 1, 18-69 (2003).
145. Herbert Weschler, Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law, 73 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 14-20 (1959).
146. Frank Lovett, A Positivist Account of the Rule of Law, 27 L. & Soc. Inquiry 41, 59-66 (2002).
147. Brian Z. Tamanaha, The Perils of Pervasive Legal Instrumentalism 63-67 (St. John's Univ. Sch. of Law Legal Research Paper Series Paper No. 05-011, 2005).
148. http://ssrn.com/abstract-725582 (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
149. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law 16-17 (Amy Guttman, ed., 1997).
150. Michael Steven Green, Legal Realism as Theory of Law, 46 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1915, 1940 (2005).
151. Lon L. Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law-A Reply to Professor Hart, 71 Harv. L. Rev. 630, 630-34 (1958).
152. Joseph William Singer, Review Essay: Legal Realism Now, 76 Cal. L. Rev. 467, 474 (1988).
153. Richard A. Daynard, Regulating Tobacco: The Need for a Public Health Judicial Decision-Making Canon, 30 J. L. Med. & Ethics 281, 281 (2002).
154. David L. Faigman, Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law passim (1999).
155. Daniel W. Shuman, Expertise in Law, Medicine and Health Care, 26 J. Health Pol. Pol'y & L. 267, 267-90 (2001).
156. http://usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/-s.7-0-A/7-0-1OB/?contentidonly- true&contentid-2008/02/0046.xml.
157. Andrew Marlin, Some Tainted Meat Used in School Lunches, U.S. Says, N.Y. Times, Feb. 22, 2008.
158. http://www.cdc.gov/Salmonella/Saintpaul (last visited Oct. 26, 2008).
159. Eric Schlosser, Has Politics Contaminated the Food Supply?, N.Y. Times, Dec. 11, 2006.
160. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections-g.htm.38.
161. Robert V. Tauxe & Emilio J. Esteban, Advances in Food Safety to Prevent Foodborne Diseases in the United States, in Silent Victories: The History and Practice of Public Health in Twentieth Century America 18, 22-29 (John W. Ward & Christian Warren eds., 2007).
162. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal 193-222 (2001).
163. Andrew Martin, Stronger Rules and More Oversight for Produce Likely after Outbreaks of E. coli, N.Y. Times, Dec. 11, 2006, 1.
164. Blake B. Johnson, The Supreme Beef Case: An Opportunity to Rethink Federal Food Safety Regulation, 16 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 159, 171-74 (2004).
165. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/fr/rule1.pdf (last visited Feb. 6, 2007).
166. David Jackson and Geoff Dougherty, Meat from Troubled Plants Sold to U.S. Lunch Program, Chicago Tribune, Dec. 9, 2001.
167. http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease-listing/salmonellosis-gi.html (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
168. Peter Goldsmith, Nesve Turan, & Hamish Gow, Food Safety in the Meat Industry: A Regulatory Quagmire, at 8, http://www.ifama.org/tamu/iama/ conferences/2003Conference/papers/goldsmith.pdf (last visited Oct. 26, 2008).
169. Wendy E. Parmet, Plain Meaning and Mitigating Measures: Judicial Interpretations of the Meaning of Disability, 21 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L. 53, 67 (2000).
170. OMB Watch, The Reality of Data Quality Act's First Year: A Correction of OMB's Report to Congress (July 2004), http://www.ombwatch.org/info/ dataqualityreport.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
171. Sheldon Krimsky, The Weight of Scientific Evidence in Policy & Law, 95 Am. J. Pub. Health Supp. 1, 129 (2005).
172. Andy Stirling & David Gee, Science, Precaution, and Practice, 117 Pub. Health Rep. 521, 524-26 (2002).
173. Joel A. Tichner, Guest Editorial-Precaution and Preventive Public Health Policy, 117 Pub. Health Rep. 493 (2002).
174. David Rosner & Gerald Markowitz, Industry Challenges to the Principle of Prevention in Public Health: The Precautionary Principle in Historical Perspective, 117 Pub. Health Rep. 501, 509-10 (2002).
175. Cass R. Sunstein, Meador Lecture Series 2004-2005: Risk and the Law: Precautions against What? The Availability Heuristic and Cross-Cultural Risk Perception, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 75, 80-87 (2005).
176. Austin Bradford Hill, The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation, 58 Proceedings Royal Soc. Med. 295, 295-300 (1965).
177. Cass R. Sunstein, Preferences and Rational Choice: New Perspectives and Legal Implications: Beyond the Precautionary Principle, 151 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1003, 1036-38 (2003).
178. http://katrina.house.gov/full-katrina-report.htm (last visited October 10, 2008).
179. Erin Ryan, Federalism and the Tug of War Within: Seeking Checks and Balance in the Interjurisdictional Gray Area, 66 Md. L. Rev. 503, 525-27 (2007).
180. Michael S. Morgenstern, The Role of the Federal Government in Protecting Citizens from Communicable Diseases, 47 U. Cin. L. Rev. 537, 541-44 (1978).
181. James G. Hodge Jr. & Lawrence O. Gostin, School Vaccination Requirements: Historical, Social and Legal Perspectives, 90 Ky. L.J. 831, 844 (2001/2002).
182. James G. Hodge, Implementing Modern Public Health Goals through Government: An Examination of New Federalism and Public Health, 14 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 93, 94 (1997).
183. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint 155-61 (2d. ed. 2008).
184. Roderick M. Hills Jr., Against Preemption: How Federalism Can Improve the National Legislative Process, 82 N. Y. U. L. Rev. 1, 10-16 (2007).
185. Stacy Allen Carroll, Federal Preemption of State Products Liability Claims: Adding Clarity and Respect for State Sovereignty to the Analysis of Federal Preemption, 36 Ga. L. Rev. 797, 800 (2002).
186. Jean Macchiaroli Eggen, The Normalization of Product Preemption Doctrine, 57 Ala. L. Rev. 725, 726 (2006).
187. Lars Noah, Reconceptualizing Federal Preemption of Tort Claims as the Government Standards Defense, 37 Wm. &Mary L. Rev. 903, 905 (1996).
188. Lynn A. Baker & Michael N. Berman, Getting Off the Dole: Why the Court Should Abandon Its Spending Doctrine and How a Too-Clever Congress Could Provoke It to Do So, 78 Ind. L. J. 459, 471-74 (2003).
189. Nicole Huberfeld, Clear Notice for Conditions on Spending, Unclear Implications for States in Federal Healthcare Programs, 86 N.C.L. Rev. 441, 476 (2008).
190. http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/abstinence07/report.pdf (last visited Mar. 3, 2008).
191. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law 37-41 (Amy Gutmann ed., 1997).
192. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 345-46 (1969).
193. http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
194. http://www.cdc.gov/DHDSP/library/fs-women-heart.htm (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
195. The State of the Air 2005, http://environment.about.com/od/ healthenvironment/a/stateofair.htm (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
196. David P. Fidler, A Globalized Theory of Public Health Law, 30 J.L. Med. & Ethics 150, 157 (2002).
197. http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf(last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
198. Lawrence O. Gostin et al., The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: Planning for and Response to Bioterrorism and Naturally Occurring Infectious Diseases, 288 JAMA 622, 622 (2002).
199. George J. Annas, Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Civil Liberties, 346 N. Eng. J. Med. 1337 (2002).
200. Mark Rothstein, SARS, Public Health, and Global Governance: Are Traditional Public Health Strategies Consistent with Contemporary American Values?, 77 Temp. L. Rev. 175 (2004).
201. David Brown, Military's Role in Flu Pandemic: Troops Might Be Used to Effect a Quarantine, Bush Says, Washington Post, Oct. 5, 2005.
202. Wendy E. Parmet, Perspective: Legal Power and Legal Rights: Isolation and Quarantine in the Case of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, 357 N. Eng. J. Med. 433, (2007).
203. Wendy E. Parmet, AIDS and Quarantine: The Revival of an Archaic Doctrine, 14 Hofstra L. Rev. 53, 55-71 (1985).
204. James Colgrove and Ronald Bayer, Manifold Restraints: Liberty, Public Health and the Legacy of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 95 Am. J. Pub. H. 571, 575 (2005).
205. Lawrence O. Gostin, The Model State Public Health Powers Emergency Act: Public Health and Civil Liberties in a Time of Terrorism, 13 Health Matrix 3, 13 (2003).
206. Lawrence O. Gostin, When Terrorism Threatens Health: How Far Are Limitations on Personal and Economic Liberties Justified?, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 1105, 1147 (2003).
207. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2008/drs-report4-26feb08.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
208. Matthew Lippman, War Crimes Prosecutions of Nazi Health Professionals and the Contemporary Protection of Human Rights, 21 T. Marshall L. Rev. 11, 14-21 (1995).
209. William E. Leuchtenburg, The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt 3-25 (1995).
210. Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown 120-57 (2001).
211. Keith Tones, Health Promotion, Health Education and the Public Health, Oxford Textbook of Public Health (R. Detels et al. eds., 4th ed. 2002).
212. George Dock, Compulsory Vaccination, Antivaccination, and Organized Vaccination, 133 A.J. Med. Sciences 218 (1907).
213. Scott Burris, Public Health, 'AIDS Exceptionalism' and the Law, 27 J. Marshall L. Rev. 251, 259-61 (1994).
214. Ronald Bayer, Public Health Policy and the AIDS Epidemic: An End to AIDS Exceptionalism?, 324 N. Eng. J. Med. 1500, 1501 (1991).
215. George J. Annas, Puppy Love: Bioterrorism, Civil Rights, and Public Health, 55 Fla. L. Rev. 1171, 1179 (2003).
216. Patricia Illingworth, Trusting Medicine: The Moral Costs of Managed Care 94 (2005).
217. Thomas A. Glass & Monica Schoch-Spana, Bioterrorism and the People: How to Vaccinate a City against Panic, 34 Clinical Infectious Diseases 217, 221 (2002).
218. Judith W. Leavitt, Public Resistance or Cooperation? A Tale of Smallpox in Two Cities, 1 Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 185 (2003).
219. Lesley A. Jacobs, Rights and Quarantine during the SARS Global Health Crisis: Differentiated Legal Consciousness in Hong Kong, Shanghai and Toronto, 41 Law & Soc'y Rev. 511, 529 (2007).
220. Jonathan M. Mann, Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights, 27 Hastings Ctr. Rep. 6, 6-14 (1997).
221. Norman Daniels, Bruce Kennedy and Ichiro Kwachi, Is Inequality Bad For Our Health? 3-33 (2000).
222. C. B. MacPherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke 3 (1962).
223. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 13 (Currin V. Shields ed., 1956).
224. William J. Novak, Governance, Police, and American Liberal Mythology, in Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader 186, 187 (Lawrence O. Gostin ed., 2002).
225. Paul Brest et al., Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking: Cases And Materials 246-48 (4th ed. 2000).
226. David Currie, The Constitution in the Supreme Court: Limitations on State Power, 1865-1873, 51 U. Chi. L. Rev. 329, 348 (1984).
227. Wendy E. Parmet, From Slaughter-House to Lochner: The Rise and Fall of the Constitutionalization of Public Health, 40 Amer. J.L. Hist. 476, 481-86 (1996).
228. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint 123 (2d ed. 2008).
229. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust 75 (1980).
230. Lawrence H. Tribe, American Constitutional Law 772 (2d ed. 1988).
231. Michelle A. Daubert, Pandemic Fears and Contemporary Quarantine: Protecting Liberty Through a Continum of Due Process Rights, 54 Buff. L. Rev. 1299 (2007).
232. Karen H. Rothenberg and Elizabeth C. Lovoy, Something Old, Something New: The Challenge of Tuberculosis in the Age of AIDS, 42 Buff. L. Rev. 715, 730-31 (1994).
233. Daniel Markovits, Expert Testimony: Bridging Bioethics and Evidence Law: Quarantines and Distributive Justice, 33 J.L. Med. & Ethics 323 (2005).
234. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 136-42 (1971).
235. Wendy E. Parmet, Terri and Katrina: A Population- Based Perspective on the Constitutional Right to Reject Treatment, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 395 (2006).
236. George J. Annas, I Want to Live: Medicine Betrayed by Ideology in the Political Debate over Terri Schiavo, 35 Stetson L. Rev. 49, 49-66 (2005).
237. Richard A. Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response 92-138 (2004).
238. Cass R. Sunstein, Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law, 112 Yale L.J. 61, 70-86 (2002).
239. Peter Baldwin, Disease and Democracy: The Industrialized World Faces Aids 14 (2005).
240. Wendy K. Mariner, Law and Public Health: Beyond Emergency Preparedness, 38 J. Health L. 247, 258-60 (2005).
241. Anthony Robbins and Phyllis Freeman, Public Health and Medicine: Synergistic Science and Conflicting Cultures, 65 The Pharos 22, 25 (Autumn 2002).
242. Rand Rosenblatt, The Four Ages of Health Law, 14 Health Matrix 155, 158-59 (2004).
243. Leslie Francis et al., How Infectious Disease Got Left Out-And What This Omission Might Have Meant for Bioethics, 19 Bioethics 307, 307-08 (Nov. 2005).
244. http://ssrn.com/abstract-886373 (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
245. Anne Dogchin, Feminist Bioethics, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Edward N. Zalta ed., 2004).
246. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feministbioethics/(last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
247. George J. Annas, Standard of Care: The Law of American Bioethics passim (1993).
248. David Rothman, The Origins and Consequences of Patient Autonomy: A 25-Year Retrospective, in Ethical Health Care 91-97 (Patricia Illingworth &Wendy E. Parmet eds., 2005).
249. Wendy E. Parmet, Informed Consent and Public Health: Are They Compatible When It Comes to Vaccines?, 8 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 71, 82-84 (2005).
250. Adam Zeman, Persistent Vegetative State, 350 The Lancet 795, 795-99 (1997).
251. The Persistent Vegetative State, 310 British Med. J. 341, 341-42 (1995).
252. http://www.drugabuse.gov/STRC/Prevalence.html (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
253. http://www.raggededgemagazine.com/schiavostatement.html (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
254. Alan Meisel and Cathy Cerminara, The Right to Die: The Law of End-of- Life Decisionmaking 202 (2006).
255. Barry R. Furrow et al., Bioethics: Health Case Law and Ethics 282-88 (4th ed. 2001).
256. Mark C. Rahdert, The Schiavo Litigation: A Case Study for Federalism, 15 Temp. Pol. & Civ. Rts. L. Rev. 423 n.6 (2006).
257. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSSFAnn/TSF2004.pdf at 15 (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
258. William H. Colby, Conference on the Law of Death and Dying: From Quinlan to Cruzan to Schiavo: What Have We Learned?, 37 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 279, 284-85 (2006).
259. Cass R. Sunstein, Why Does the American Constitution Lack Social and Economic Guarantees?, 56 Syracuse L. Rev. 1, 22 (2005).
260. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art. 2, (1966).
261. Health and Human Rights: Basic International Documents (Stephen P. Marks ed., 2006), at 4.
262. Stephen Holmes & Cass R. Sunstein, The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes 45-47 (1999).
263. http://acf.hhs.fov/programs/cb/pubs/cm03/index.htm (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
264. Adam A. Milani, Better off Dead than Disabled?: Should Courts Recognize a Wrongful Living Cause of Action When Doctors Fail to Follow Patients' Advanced Directives?, 54 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 149, 203-04 (1997).
265. Matthew D. Adler, QALYs and Policy Evaluation: A New Perspective, 6 Yale J. Health Pol'y & Ethics 1 (2006). 81.
266. Samuel R. Bagenstos, The Americans with Disabilities Act as Risk Regulation, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 1479, 1508 (2001).
267. Bill Murphy, Hurricane's Aftermath: Lessons from Florida: Texas Urged to Build Better Houses: Conference Offers Suggestions for Avoiding Rita's Evacuation Crisis: Lessoning Damage, Houston Chronicle, Oct. 29, 2005.
268. P. Gregg Greenbough & Thomas D. Kirsh, Public Health Responses: Assessing Needs, 353 New Eng. J. Med. 1544, 1544-46 (2005).
269. Leland Ware, Brown at 50: School Desegregation from Reconstruction to Resegregation, 16 U. Fla. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 267, 292-95 (2005).
270. Mark Tushnet, An Essay on Rights, 62 Tex. L. Rev. 1363 (1984).
271. Joshua E. Perry, Biblical BioPolitics: Judicial Process, Religious Rhetoric, Terri Schiavo and Beyond 27-43.
272. http://ssrn.com/abstract-775587 (last visited June 1, 2008).
273. Wendy E. Parmet and Richard A. Daynard, The New Public Health Litigation, 21 Annual Rev. Pub. Health 437, 455 (2000).
274. Wendy E. Parmet and Jason Smith, Free Speech and Public Health: A Population-Based Approach to the First Amendment, 39 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 363 (2006).
275. Steven H. Shiffrin, The First Amendment and Economic Regulation: Away from a General Theory of the First Amendment, 78 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1212, 1216 (1984).
276. David C. Vladeck, The Difficult Case of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising, 41 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 259, 262 (2007).
277. Inst. of Med., Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? 17 n.1 (2007).
278. Helen N. Lyon & Joel N. Hirschhorn, Genetics of Common Forms of Obesity: A Brief Overview, 82 A. J. Clinical Nutrition 215S (July 2005).
279. Sara Bleich et al., Why Is the Developed World Obese, 29 Ann. Rev. Pub. Health 273, 274 (2008).
280. Cynthia L. Ogden, Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999-2004, 295 JAMA 1549, 1551 (2006).
281. Paula M. Minihan, Sarah N. Fitch, & Aviva Must, What Does the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity Mean for Children with Special Health Care Needs?, 35 J.L. Med. & Ethics 61, 64-66 (2007).
282. Serpil Erermis et al., Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Psychopathology among Adolescents?, 46 Pediatrics Int'l 296, 300 (2004).
283. Jonathan M. Sorof et al., Overweight, Ethnicity, and the Prevalence of Hypertension in School-Aged Children, 113 Pediatrics 475, 475-82 (2004).
284. Jennifer L. Baker et al., Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood, N. Eng. J. Med. 2329, 2330-35 (2007).
285. David S. Ludwig, Perspective-Childhood Obesity: The Shape of Things to Come, 23 N. Eng. J. Med. 2325 (2007).
286. Katherine M. Flegel et al., Cause-Specific Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity, 298 JAMA 2028, 2036 (2007).
287. Katherine M. Flegal et al., Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity, 293 JAMA 1861-67 (2005).
288. Richard A. Epstein, Obesity Policy Choices: What (Not) to Do about Obesity: A Moderate Aristotelian Answer, 93 Geo. L.J. 1361, 1368 (2005).
289. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint 80 (2d ed. 2008).
290. Allison C. Morrill & Christopher Chinn, The Obesity Epidemic in the United States, 25 J. Pub. Health Pol'y 353, 357 (2004).
291. Lisa Smith & Bryan A. Liang, Childhood Obesity: A Public Health Problem Requiring a Policy Solution, 9 Mich. St. J. Med. & L. 7, 47 (2005).
292. Robin Toner et al., Most Support U.S. Guarantee of Health Care, N.Y. Times, Mar. 2, 2007.
293. Adam Benforado, Jon Hanson, & David Yosifon, Broken Scales: Obesity and Justice in America, 53 Emory L.J. 1645, 1657-58 (2004).
294. Jess Alderman et al., Application of Law to the Childhood Obesity Epidemic, 35 J.L. Med. & Ethics, 90, 90-92 (2007).
295. Marlene B. Schwartz & Kelly D. Brownell, Actions Necessary to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Creating the Climate for Change, 35 J.L. Med. & Ethics 78, 79-81 (2007).
296. Nicholas A. Christakis & James H. Fowler, The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years, 357 N. Eng. J. Med. 370, 377 (2007).
297. http://ssrn.com/abstract-109832 (last visited Nov. 1, 2008).
298. Michael Pollen, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals 100-119 (2006).
299. James E. Tillotson, America's Obesity: Conflicting Public Policies, Industrial Economic Development, and Unintended Human Consequences, 24 Ann. Rev. Nutrition 617, 620 (2004).
300. Marion Nestle, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health 93-110 (2002).
301. Russ Lopez, Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese, 94 Am. J. Pub. Health 1574 (2004).
302. Martha Y. Kubik et al., The Association of the School Food Environment with Dietary Behaviors of Young Adolescents, 93 Am. J. Pub. Health 1168 (2003).
303. Juliet B. Schor & Margaret Ford, From Tastes Great to Cool: Children's Food Marketing and the Rise of the Symbolic, 35 J.L. Med. & Ethics 10, 13-14 (2007).
304. Robert C. Hornik, Introduction, Public Health Communication: Making Sense of Contradictory Evidence, in Public Health Communication, Evidence for Behavior Change 12 (Robert C. Hornik ed., 2002).
305. Paul Horwitz, Free Speech as Risk Analysis: Heuristics, Biases, and Institutions in the First Amendment, 76 Temp. L. Rev. 1, 12 (2003).
306. Derek E. Bambauer, Shopping Badly, Cognitive Biases, Communications and the Fallacy of the Marketplace of Ideas, 77 U. Colo. L. Rev. 649, 673-702 (2006).
307. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions passim (2008).
308. http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7618.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
309. http://www.channelone.com/static/faq/(last visited Nov. 1, 2008).
310. Susan Linn, Consuming Kids: The Hostile Takeover of Childhood 82 (2004).
311. Juliet B. Schor, Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture 129 (2004).
312. http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/food-ads/report.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
313. Amy B. Jordan & Thomas N. Robinson, Children, Television Viewing, and Weight Status: Summary and Recommendations from an Expert Panel, 615 Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. 119, 120-22 (2008).
314. Katherine A. Coon & Katherine L. Tucker, Television and Children's Consumption Pattern: A Review of the Literature, 54 Minerva Pediatrica 423 (2002).
315. Steven L. Gortmaker & David S. Ludwig, Programming Obesity in Childhood, 364 Lancet, 226 (2004).
316. Jean L. Wiecha et al., When Children Eat What They Watch: Impact of Television Viewing on Dietary Intake in Youth, 160 Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Med. 436, 436-441 (2006).
317. http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/who-fao-expert-report.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2008).
318. Mieke Visch, & Diane Saunders, The Junk Food Generation: A Multi- Country Survey of the Influence of Television Advertisements on Children, Consumers International (2004).
319. Elizabeth Blanks Hindman, The Chickens Have Come Home to Roost: Individualism, Collectivism and Conflict in Commercial Speech Doctrine, 9 Comm. L. & Pol'y 237, 252-69 (2004).
320. Raymond A. Smith & Patricia D. Siplon, Drugs into Bodies: Global AIDS Treatment Activism 3-37 (2006).
321. Wendy E. Parmet and Jason A. Smith, Free Speech and Public Health: A Population-Based Approach to the First Amendment, 39 Loyola L.A.L. Rev. 363, 385-91 (2006).
322. Ellen P. Goodman, Media Policy Out of the Box: Content Abundance, Attention Scarcity, and the Failures of Digital Markets, 19 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1389, 1405 (2004).
323. Wendy E. Parmet, Unprepared: Why Health Law Fails to Prepare Us for a Pandemic, 2 J. Health & Biomed. L. 157 (2006).
324. Edward P. Richards, Terry O'Brien, & Katharine C. Rathbun, Bioterrorism and the Use of Fear in Public Health, 34 Urb. Law 685, 687-89 (2002).
325. Elin Gursky & Avani Parikh, Some Right Jabs and Back in the Ring: Lessons Learned from the Phase I Civilian Smallpox Program, 8 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 162, 171-84 (2005).
326. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian-influenza/en/index.html (last visited Nov. 15, 2008).
327. Robert G. Webster & Elena Govorkova, HN51 Influenza-Continuing Evolution and Spread, 355 N. Eng. J. Med. 2174, 2174-77 (2006).
328. http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nspi.pdf (last visited Nov. 4, 2006).
329. http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nspi-oneyear.pdf (last visited Nov. 4, 2008).
330. http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/nspi-implementation.pdf (last visited Nov. 4, 2006).
331. U.S. Dep't Health and Human Services, HHS Pandemic Influenza Plan, http://www.hhs.gov/pandemicflu/plan/pdf/HHSPandemicInfluenzaPlan.pdf (November 2005), (last visited Nov. 4, 2008)
332. http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/federal/index.html (last visited Nov. 4, 2008).
333. Theodore H. Tulchinsky & Elena A. Varavikova, The New Public Health: An Introduction for the 21st Century 42 (2000).
334. T. Kue Young, Population Health: Concepts And Methods 42-43 (1998).
335. Lawrence O. Gostin, Pandemic Influenza: Public Health Preparedness for the Next Global Health Emergency, 32 J.L. Med. & Ethics 565, 565 (2004).
336. John M. Barry, The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History 4 (2004).
337. Edwin D. Kilbourne, Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century, 12 Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 (2006).
338. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm(last visited Dec. 14, 2008).
339. Cecile Viboud et al., Influenza Epidemics in the United States, France, and Australia, 1972-1997, 10 Emerging Infectious Diseases 32 (2004).
340. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no1/02-0705.htm (last visited Dec. 14, 2008).
341. Comm. on Emerging Microbial Threats to Health, Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection and Response 26 (2003).
342. http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007-epiupdate-en.pdf (last visited Nov. 4, 2008).
343. Betsey McCaughey, Unnecessary Deaths: The Human and Financial Costs of Hospital Infections 1-2 (2d ed. 2006).
344. http://www.hospitalinfection.org/ridbooklet.pdf (last visited Nov. 3, 2008).
345. David Woodward & Richard D. Smith, Global Public Goods and Health, in Global Public Goods for Health: Health Economic and Public Health Perspectives 10-13 (Richard Smith et al. eds, 2003).
346. Medline Plus, Medical Dictionary, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ mplusdictionary.html (last visited Sept. 10, 2006).
347. Richard M. Krause, Introduction to Emerging Infectious Diseases: Stemming the Tide, in Emerging Infections 7 (Richard M. Krause ed., 1998).
348. Mark A. Hall, The History and Future of Health Care Law: An Essentialist View, 41 Wake Forest L. Rev. 347, 350 (2006).
349. Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, Reflections from the Experts: Why Can't We Do What They Do? National Health Reform Abroad, 32 J.L. Med. & Ethics 433 (2004).
350. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin07/hlth07asc.html (last visited Jan. 17, 2009).
351. http://www.accessproject.org/downloads/med-consequences.pdf (last visited Nov. 4, 2008).
352. http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/1420-10.pdf (last visited Nov. 3, 2008).
353. E. Haavi Morreim, Cost Containment and the Standard of Medical Care, 75 Calif. L. Rev. 1719, 1725 (1987).
354. Patricia Illingworth & Wendy E. Parmet, What and Why Autonomy?, in Ethical Health Care 74-78 (Patricia Illingworth & Wendy E. Parmet eds., 2005).
355. Mark A. Hall & Carl E. Schneider, Where is the There in Health Law? Can It Become a Coherent Field?, 14 Health Matrix 101, 102 (2004).
356. Clark C. Havighurst, I've Seen Enough! My Life and Times in Health Law and Policy, 14 Health Matrix 107, 115 (2004).
357. Philip Lee et al., Health Care in America: A New Generation of Challenges: Politics, Health Policy and the American Character, 17 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 7, 29 (2006).
358. Rand E. Rosenblatt, The Four Ages of Health Law, 14 Health Matrix 155, 155-56 (2004).
359. Uwe E. Reinhardt, Peter S. Hussey, & Gerard F. Anderson, U.S. Health Care Spending in an International Context, 23 Health Affairs 3, 10-11 (May-June 2004).
360. David Atkins, Joanna Siegel, & Jean Slutsky, Making Policy When the Evidence Is in Dispute: Good Health Policy Making Involves Consideration of Much More than Clinical Evidence, 24 Health Affairs 102, 110 (Jan.-Feb. 2005).
361. Delthia Ricks, Patients' Fear Boosts Antiviral Sales, Newsday, Mar. 17, 2006, at A05.
362. Denise Grady & Gina Kolata, Avian Flu: The Uncertain Threat, N.Y. Times, Mar. 28, 2006, 1.
363. Wendy E. Parmet, Informed Consent and Public Health: Are They Compatible When It Comes to Vaccines?, 8 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 71, 107-10 (2005).
364. Donald A. Henderson, Eradication: Lessons from the Past, 48 Morbidity & Mortality Wkly Rep. 16 (1999).
365. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a6.htm (last visited Nov. 7, 2008).
366. Inst. of Med., Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability 27 (2004).
367. Tim Brookes, A Warning Shot: Influenza and the 2004 Flu Vaccine Shortage 24 (2005).
368. Alice Dembner, Healthcare Cost Increases Mass. Budget Dominate Debate- Controlling Them Said Key to Keeping Universal Coverage, Boston Globe, Mar. 26, 2008, at A12.
369. Lauretta Higgins Wolfson, State Regulation of Health Facility Planning: The Economic Theory and Political Realities of Certificates of Need, 4 Depaul J. Health Care L. 261, 266-67 (2001).
370. Steven Golub, The Role of Medicare Reimbursement in Contemporary Hospital Finance, 11 Am. J.L. Med. 501, 519 (1986).
371. J. Timothy Phillips & Don E. Wineberg, Medicare Prospective Payment: A Quiet Revolution, 87 W. Va. L. Rev. 13 (1984).
372. Dean M. Harris, The Future of Medicare, Post Great Society and Post Plus-Choice Legal and Policy Issues: Beyond Beneficiaries: Using the Medicare Program to Accomplish Broader Public Goals, 60 Wash. & Lee. L. Rev. 1251, 1290 (2003).
373. Peter D. Jacobson, Strangers in the Night, Law and Medicine in the Managed Care Era 8 (2002).
374. Michael A. Fletcher, Rising Health Costs Cut into Wages, Higher Fees Squeeze Employers, Workers, Wash. Post, Mar. 24, 2008, at A01.
375. Katharine Levit et al., Inflation Spurs Health Spending in 2000, 21 Health Affairs 172 (2002).
376. Paul B. Ginsburg, Competition in Health Care: Its Evolution over the Past Decade, 24 Health Affairs 1512, 1515-16 (2005).
377. Timothy S. Jost & Mark A. Hall, The Role of State Regulation in Consumer- Driven Health Care, 31 Am. J.L. & Med. 395 (2005).
378. Robert D. Reischauer, Perspective-Benefits with Risks: Bush's Tax-Based Health Care Proposals, 356 N. Eng. J. Med. 1393 (2007).
379. http://www.johnMcCain.com/Informing/Issues/19ba2f1c-c03f-4ac2-8cd5- 5cf2edb527cf.htm (last visited Nov. 8, 2008).
380. http://www.barackobama.com/issues/healthcare/index.php (last visited Nov. 8, 2008).
381. Jonathan Oberlander, Presidential Politics and the Resurgence of Health Care Reform, 275 N. Eng. J. Med. 2102 (2007).
382. Alain C. Enthoven, The History and Principles of Managed Competition, 12 Health Affairs 24, 24-48 (1993).
383. M. Gregg Bloche, Consumer-Directed Health Care and the Disadvantaged: If the Consumer-Directed Model Prevails in the Marketplace, Class and Race Disparities Will Probably Worsen, 26 Health Affairs 1315, 1320-22 (2007).
384. Deanna Bellandi, Healthcare Industry Gets Clean Bill of Health: Predictions of Economic Ills Haven't Been Realized, 28 Modern Healthcare 68 (1998).
385. Inst. of Med., America's Health Care Safety Net: Intact but Endangered (2000).
386. Vickie J. Williams, Fluconomics-Preserving our Hospital Infrastructure during and after a Pandemic, 7 Yale J. Health Pol'y L. & Ethics 99, 108-09 (2007).
387. Bernard Wysocki Jr. & Sarah Lueck, Just-in-Time Inventories Make U.S. Vulnerable in a Pandemic, Wall Street Journal, Jan. 12, 2006, at A1.
388. William M. Sage & Dev N. Kalyan, Horses or Unicorns: Can Paying for Performance Make Quality Competition Routine? 31 J. Health Pol'y Pol. & L. 531, 533-53 (2006).
389. Meredith B. Rosenthal, Perspective-Nonpayment for Performance? Medicare's New Reimbursement Rule, 357 N. Eng. J. Med. 1573, 1573-575 (2007).
390. Laura D. Hermer, Private Health Insurance in the United States: A Proposal for a More Functional System, 6 Hous. J. Health L. & Pol'y 1, 62 (2005).
391. Mark A. Rothstein, Are Traditional Public Health Strategies Consistent with Contemporary American Values?, 77 Temp. L. Rev. 175, 179 (2004).
392. Elizabeth A. Weeks, After the Catastrophe: Disaster Relief for Hospitals, 85 N.C.L. Rev. 223 (2006).
393. http://www.kaiseredu.org/topics-im.asp?id-131&imID-1&parentID-66 (last visited Nov. 4, 2008).
394. Sara Rosenbaum & Brain Kamoie, Finding a Way through the Hospital Door: The Role of Emtala in Public Health Emergencies, 31 J.L. Med. & Ethics 590, 591 (2003).
395. Inst. of Med., Hospital-Based Emergency Care at the Breaking Point 5 (2006).
396. http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/11621.html (last visited Oct. 11, 2008).
397. Peter W. Huber, Galileo's Revenge: Junk Science in the Courtroom (1991).
398. William L. Prosser, Handbook of the Law of Torts 1-2 (4th ed. 1971).
399. Daniel A. Farber & Philip P. Frickey, In the Shadow of the Legislature: The Common Law in the Age of the New Public Law, 89 Mich. L. Rev. 875, 888-906 (1991).
400. George P. Fletcher, Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory, 85 Harv. L. Rev. 537, 550-573 (1972).
401. Guido Calabresi. The Costs of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis passim (1970).
402. Richard A. Posner, A Theory of Negligence, 1 J. Legal Stud. 29, 32-33 (1972).
403. Donald G. Gifford, The Challenge to the Individual Causation Requirement in Mass Products Torts, 62 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 873, 881-83 (2005).
404. William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Economic Structure of Tort Law 16-19 (1987).
405. James R. Hackney Jr., Law and Neoclassical Economics: Science, Politics, and the Reconfiguration of American Tort Law Theory, 15 Law & Hist. Rev. 275 (1997).
406. Eric E. Fortess & Marshall B. Kapp, Medical Uncertainty, Diagnostic Testing, and Legal Liability, 13 L. Med. & Health Care 213, 214-17 (1985).
407. Kenneth W. Simons, Tort Negligence Cost-Benefit Analysis and Tradeoffs: A Closer Look at the Controversy 15-17 (Boston Univ. Sch. L. Working Papers Series, Pub. L. & Leg. Theory Working Paper No. 08-15, 2008).
408. http://www.bu.edu/law/faculty/scholarship/workingpapers/2008.html (accessed October 10, 2008).
409. William E. Nelson, Teaching Torts: The Moral Perversity of the Hand Calculus, 45 St. Louis L.J. 759, 760-61 (2001).
410. Douglas A. Kysar, It Might Have Been: Risk, Precaution, and Opportunity Costs 25-36 (Cornell Legal Studs. Research Paper No. 06-023, 2006).
411. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id-927995 (last visited Dec. 14, 2008).
412. Nicholas A. Ashford & Robert F. Stone, Liability, Innovation, and Safety in the Chemical Industry, in The Liability Maze: The Impact of Liability Law on Safety and Innovation, 367, 377-78 (Peter W. Huber & Robert E. Litan eds., 1991).
413. Stephen D. Sugarman, The Assumption of Risk, 31 Val. U.L. Rev. 833 (1997).
414. Marc A. Franklin, Robert L. Rabin & Michael D. Green, Tort Law and Alternatives 489 (8th ed. 2006).
415. Lawrence M. Friedman & Jack Ladinsky, Social Change and the Law of Industrial Accidents, 67 Colum. L. Rev. 50, 69-71 (1967).
416. Nancy Levit, The Kindness of Strangers: Interdisciplinary Foundations of a Duty to Act, 40 Washburn L.J. 463, 466-67 (2001).
417. Leslie Bender, A Lawyer's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort, 38 J. Legal Educ. 3, 33-36 (1988).
418. William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, Salvors, Finders, Good Samaritans, and Other Rescuers: An Economic Study of Law and Altruism, 7 J. Legal Stud. 83 (1978).
419. Saul Levmore, Waiting for Rescue: An Essay on the Evolution and Incentive Structure of the Law of Affirmative Obligations, 72 Va. L. Rev. 879 (1986).
420. Ernest J. Weinrib, Case for a Duty to Rescue, 90 Yale L. J. 247 (1980).
421. Richard L. Abel, A Critique of Torts, 37 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 785, 792 (1990).
422. William Meadow & Cass R. Sunstein, Causation in Tort: General Populations vs. Individual Cases (John M. Olin L. & Econ. Working Paper No. 360 2d Series, 2007).
423. http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html (last visited May 5, 2008).
424. Geoffrey A. Rose, The Strategy of Preventive Medicine 60-61 (1992).
425. Mark Geistfeld, Scientific Uncertainty and Causation in Tort Law, 54 Vand. L. Rev. 1011, 1015 (2001).
426. Sander Greenland & James M. Robin, Epidemiology, Justice and the Probability of Causation, 40 Jurimetrics J. 321, 321-25 (2000).
427. Michelle Adams, Causation and Responsibility in Tort and Affirmative Action, 79 Tex. L. Rev. 643, 677-96 (2001).
428. Thomas C. Galligan Jr., The Risks and Reactions to Underdeterrence in Torts, 70 Mo. L. Rev. 691, 714-21 (2005).
429. David Rosenberg, The Causal Connection in Mass Exposure Cases: A 'Public Law' Vision of the Tort System, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 851, 866-69 (1984).
430. Elizabeth A. Weeks, Beyond Compensation: Using Torts to Promote Public Health, 10 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 27, 52-55 (2007).
431. Robert L. Rubin, The Third Wave of Tobacco Tort Litigation, in Regulating Tobacco 176, 179-83 (Robert L. Rabin & Stephen D. Sugarman eds., 2001).
432. Donald G. Gifford, The Death of Causation: Mass Products Torts' Incomplete Incorporation of Social Welfare Principles, 41 Wake Forest L. Rev. 943, 994-96 (2006).
433. Gifford, The Death of Causation, 54, at 997-1000.
434. Stephen D. Sugarman, Comparing Tobacco & Gun Litigation, in Suing the Gun Industry 196, 217-18 (Timothy D. Lytton ed., 2005).
435. Frank J. Chaloupka et al., Tax, Price and Cigarette Smoking: Evidence from the Tobacco Documents and Implications for Tobacco Company Marketing Strategies, 11 Tobacco Control: An Int'l J. 62 (2002).
436. Richard Doll & A. Bradford Hill, Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung, 2 Brit. Med. J. 739 (1950).
437. Thomas O. McGarity, Our Science Is Sound Science and Their Science is Junk Science: Science-Based Strategies for Avoiding Accountability and Responsibility for Risk- Producing Products and Activities, 52 U. Kan. L. Rev. 897, 901 (2004).
438. Margaret A. Berger, The Supreme Court's Trilogy on the Admissibility of Expert Testimony, in Federal Judicial Center, 74.
439. William Braithwaite et al., Epidemiology in Decision-Making 16 (1999).
440. David Egilman, Joyce Kim, & Molly Biklen, Proving Causation: The Use and Abuse of Medical and Scientific Evidence Inside the Courtroom-An Epidemiologist's Critique of the Judicial Interpretation of the Daubert Ruling, 58 Food & Drug L.J. 223, 224 (2003).
441. Jan Beyea & Daniel Berger, Scientific Misconceptions among Daubert Gatekeepers: The Need for Reform of Expert Review Procedures, 64 Law & Contemp. Probs. 327, 353 (Spring/Summer 2001).
442. Michael D. Green, D. Michael Freedman, & Leon Gordis, Reference Guide on Epidemiology in Federal Judicial Center, 74.
443. Daniel J. McGarvey & Brett Marshall, Making Sense of Scientists and Sound Science: Truth and Consequences for Endangered Species in the Klamath Basin and Beyond, 32 Ecology L.Q. 73, 100 (2005).
444. Sheldon Krimsky, The Weight of Scientific Evidence in Policy & Law, 95 Am. J. Pub. Health 129 (2005).
445. Lucinda M. Finley, Guarding the Gate to the Courthouse: How Trial Judges Are Using Their Evidentiary Screening Role to Remake Tort Causation Rules, 49 DePaul L. Rev. 335, 336-37 (1999).
446. Deborah Jones Merritt & Kathryn Ann Barry, Is the Tort System in Crisis? New Empirical Evidence, 315 (1999).
447. Theodore Eisenberg et al., Juries, Judges, and Punitive Damages: An Empirical Study, 87 Cornell L. Rev. 743 (2002).
448. Geoffrey Christopher Rapp, Doctors, Duties, Death and Data: A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature on Medical Malpractice and Tort Reform, 26 N. Ill. U.L. Rev. 439 (2006).
449. Michael J. Moore & W. Kip Viscusi, Product Liability Entering the Twenty-First Century: The U.S. Perspective 26 (2001).
450. Margo Sclanger, Second Best Damage Action Deterrence, 55 DePaul L. Rev. 517, 520-37 (2006).
451. Gary T. Schwartz, Empiricism and Tort Law, 2002.
452. Gary T. Schwartz, Reality in the Economic Analysis of Tort Law: Does Tort Law Really Deter?, 42 U.C.L.A. L. Rev 377, 390-422 (1994).
453. Lynn Mather, Theorizing about Trial Courts: Lawyers, Policymaking and Tobacco Litigation, 23 Law & Soc. Inquiry 897, 913-33 (1998).
454. Jill R. Baniewicz, Is Hamilton v. Accu-tek a Good Predictor of What the Future Holds for Gun Manufacturers?, 34 Ind. L. Rev. 419, 440 (2001).
455. Robert A. Kagan & William P. Nelson, The Politics of Tobacco Regulation in the United States, in Regulating Tobacco 11, 23 (Robert L. Rabin & Stephen D. Sugarman eds., 2001).
456. Inst. of Med., To Err Is Human: Building a Better Health Care System 112 (Linda T. Kohn et al. eds., 2000).
457. Allyn L. Taylor, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, 32 J. L. Med. & Ethics 500 (2004).
458. J. N. Hays, The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History 39-40 (1998).
459. David P. Fidler, The Future of the World Health Organization: What Role for International Law?, 31 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1079, 1083-84 (1998).
460. Mitchell L. Cohen, Changing Patterns of Infectious Disease, 407 Nature 762, 765 (2000).
461. David P. Fidler, Return of the Fourth Horseman: Emerging Infectious Diseases and International Law, 81 Minn. L. Rev. 771, 775-98 (1997).
462. World Health Organization, Travel by Air: Health Considerations, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241580364-chap2.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2008).
463. Laurie Garrett, The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance (1994).
464. Lisa Heinzerling, Climate Change, Human Health, and the Post-Cautionary Principle, 96 Geo. L.J. 445, 447- 452 (2008).
465. Benjamin Mason Meier, Employing Health Rights for Global Justice: The Promise of Public Health in Response to the Insalubrious Ramifications of Globalization, 39 Cornell Int'l L.J. 711, 712-13 (2006).
466. Jennifer Prah Ruger, Normative Foundations of Global Health Law, 96 Geo. L.J. 423, 430-31 (2008).
467. Benjamin Mason Meier & Larisa M. Mori, The Highest Attainable Standard: Advancing a Collective Human Right to Public Health, 37 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 101, 104-105 (2005).
468. Brian Goesling & Glenn Firebaugh, The Trend in International Health Inequality, 30 Population & Development Rev. 131, 133 (2004).
469. Barry S. Levy & Victor W. Sidel, Introduction, in Social Injustice and Public Health 5, 7 (Barry S. Levy & Victor W. Sidel eds., 2006).
470. World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2003 4 (2003), www.who.int/whr/2003/en/Chapter1-en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2008).
471. Michael Marmot & Ruth Bell, The Socioeconomically Disadvantaged, in Levy and Sidel, 15.
472. John Lynch & George Kaplan, Socioeconomic Position, in Social Epidemiology 13 (Lisa F. Berkman & Ichiro Kawachi eds., 2000).
473. Carol Easley Allen & Cheryl E. Easley, Racial and Ethnic Minorities, in Levy & Sidel, 15.
474. Nancy Krieger, Discrimination and Health, in Berkman & Kawachi, 26.
475. Lawrence O. Gostin, World Health Law: Toward a New Conception of Global Health Governance for the 21st Century, 5 Yale J. Health Pol'y L. & Ethics 413, 414 (2005).
476. International Health Regulations (2005) (2d ed. 2008), http://who.int/csr/ihr/IHR-2005-en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2008).
477. World Health Organization, WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, May 21, 2003, http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO-FCTC-english.pdf (last visited Nov. 10, 2008).
478. Jan Bohanes, Risk Regulation in WTO Law: A Procedure-Based Approach to the Precautionary Principle, 40 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 323, 325 (2002).
479. David P. Fidler & Martin S. Cetron, International Considerations, in Law in Public Health Practice 168, 184 (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds., 2d ed. 2006).
480. World Trade Organization, Understanding the WTO: Standards and Safety, http://www.wto.org/english/thewto-e/whatis-e/tif-e/agrm4-e.htm (last visited Nov. 18, 2008).
481. Brook K. Baker, Arthritic Flexibilities for Accessing Medicines: Analysis of WTO Action regarding Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, 14 Ind. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 613, 617 (2004).
482. Uche Ewelukwa, Patent Wars in the Valley of the Shadow of Death: The Pharmaceutical Industry, Ethics, and Global Trade, 59 U. Miami L. Rev. 203, 207 (2005).
483. World Trade Organization, Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, http://www.wto.org/ English/tratop-e/trips-e/implem-para6-e.htm (last visited Nov. 10, 2008).
484. Wendy K. Mariner, Law and Public Health: Beyond Emergency Preparedness, 38 J. Health L. 247, 270-76 (2005).
485. George J. Annas, The State of Security: Human Rights and Post 9/11 Epidemics, 38 J. Health L. 319, 322 (2003).
486. Sofia Gruskin & Paula Braveman, Addressing Social Injustice in a Human Rights Context, in Social Injustice and Public Health, 15, at 405.
487. Michael Kirby, International Law: The Impact on National Constitutions, 21 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 327, 329-32 (2006).
488. Antonin Scalia and Justice Stephen Breyer, Int'l J. Const. L. 519 (2005).
489. Jonathan M. Mann, Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights, 27 Hastings Ctr. Rpt. 6, 6-13 (1997).
490. Jerome J. Shestack, The Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, 20 Hum. Rts. Q. 201, 215-16 (1998).
491. Benjamin Mason Meier, Advancing Health Rights in a Globalized World: Responding to Globalization through a Collective Human Right to Public Health, 35 J.L. Med. & Ethics 545, 550 (2007).
492. http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/(last visited Nov. 18, 2008).
493. Ruth L. Gana, Which 'Self'? Race and Gender in the Right to Self- Determination as a Prerequisite to the Right to Development, 14 Wis. Int'l L.J. 133, 137-53 (1995).
494. Michael R. Geroe & Thomas K. Gump, Hungary and a New Paradigm for the Protection of Ethnic Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, 32 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 673, 674-84 (1995).
495. Alicia Ely Yamin, Defining Questions: Situating Issues of Power in the Formulation of a Right to Health under International Law, 18 Hum. Rts. Q. 398, 426 (1996).
496. David P. Fidler, A Globalized Theory of Public Health Law, 30 J. L. Med. & Ethics 150, 152 (2002).
497. George J. Annas, Wendy K. Mariner, & Wendy E. Parmet, Pandemic Preparedness: The Need for a Public Health-Not a Law Enforcement/National Security Approach, American Civil Liberties Union (Jan. 14, 2008), http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/privacy/pemic-report.pdf (last visited Nov. 5, 2008).
498. Georges C. Benjamin & Anthony D. Moulton, Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness: A Framework for Action, 36 J. L. Med. & Ethics 13, 13-14 (Spec. Supp. 2008).
499. Adam Liptak, When Rendering Decisions Judges Are Finding Law Reviews Irrelevant, New York Times, Mar. 19, 2007, at 5.
500. Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (2d ed. 2008).
501. Law in Public Health Practice (Richard A. Goodman et al. eds., 2d ed. 2006).
502. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, What We Fund: Public Health, http://www.rwjf.org/publichealth/approach.jsp (last visited Nov. 5, 2008).
503. Richard A. Goodman et al., Law and Public Health at CDC, 55 Morbidity & Mortality Wkly Rep. Supp. 29, 29-33 (Dec. 2006).
504. http://www.phla.info/aboutphla.htm (last visited Nov. 5, 2008).
505. Lawrence O. Gostin, A Theory and Definition of Public Health, 10 J. Health Care L. & Pol'y 1, 1 (2007).
506. David P. Fidler, A Globalized Theory of Public Health Law, 30 J. L. Med. & Ethics 150, 152 (2002).
507. The Center for Law and the Public's Health at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities, The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act, 804 (Dec. 21, 2001), http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA2.pdf (last visited Nov. 5, 2008).