메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 77, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1492-1501

The Theory of Critical Distances as an alternative experimental strategy for the determination of KIc and ΔKth

Author keywords

Notches; Plane strain fracture toughness; Theory of Critical Distances; Threshold value of the stress intensity factor

Indexed keywords

ENGINEERING MATERIALS; EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY; FATIGUE ASSESSMENTS; FATIGUE LIMIT; LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS; MATERIAL PROPERTY; PLAIN FATIGUE LIMIT; PLANE STRAIN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS; TECHNICAL NOTES; TESTING SAMPLES; THEORY OF CRITICAL DISTANCES;

EID: 77953137872     PISSN: 00137944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2010.04.016     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (81)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 77953136991 scopus 로고
    • Anon. Standard test method for plane-strain fracture toughness of metallic materials. ASTM E399; [reapproved 1997].
    • Anon. Standard test method for plane-strain fracture toughness of metallic materials. ASTM E399; 1990 [reapproved 1997].
    • (1990)
  • 2
    • 77953136690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon. Standard test method for measurement of fatigue crack growth rates. ASTM E647.
    • Anon. Standard test method for measurement of fatigue crack growth rates. ASTM E647; 2000.
    • (2000)
  • 5
    • 0002900009 scopus 로고
    • Notch sensitivity
    • McGraw Hill, New York, G. Sines, J.L. Waisman (Eds.)
    • Peterson R.E. Notch sensitivity. Metal fatigue 1959, 293-306. McGraw Hill, New York. G. Sines, J.L. Waisman (Eds.).
    • (1959) Metal fatigue , pp. 293-306
    • Peterson, R.E.1
  • 7
    • 0016080845 scopus 로고
    • Stress fracture criteria for laminated composites containing stress concentrations
    • Whitney J.M., Nuismer R.J. Stress fracture criteria for laminated composites containing stress concentrations. J Compos Mater 1974, 8:253-265.
    • (1974) J Compos Mater , vol.8 , pp. 253-265
    • Whitney, J.M.1    Nuismer, R.J.2
  • 8
    • 0002125087 scopus 로고
    • Engineering formulae for fatigue strength reduction due to crack-like notches
    • Tanaka K. Engineering formulae for fatigue strength reduction due to crack-like notches. Int J Fract 1983, 22:R39-R45.
    • (1983) Int J Fract , vol.22
    • Tanaka, K.1
  • 9
    • 0344374441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geometrical effects in fatigue: a unifying theoretical model
    • Taylor D. Geometrical effects in fatigue: a unifying theoretical model. Int J Fatigue 1999, 21:413-420.
    • (1999) Int J Fatigue , vol.21 , pp. 413-420
    • Taylor, D.1
  • 11
    • 2442701277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the fracture strength of ceramic materials using the theory of critical distances
    • Taylor D. Predicting the fracture strength of ceramic materials using the theory of critical distances. Engng Fract Mech 2004, 71:2407-2416.
    • (2004) Engng Fract Mech , vol.71 , pp. 2407-2416
    • Taylor, D.1
  • 12
    • 4444225934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of stress concentrations on the fracture strength of polymethylmethacrylate
    • Taylor D., Merlo M., Pegley R., Cavatorta M.P. The effect of stress concentrations on the fracture strength of polymethylmethacrylate. Mater Sci Engng 2004, A382:288-294.
    • (2004) Mater Sci Engng , vol.382 , pp. 288-294
    • Taylor, D.1    Merlo, M.2    Pegley, R.3    Cavatorta, M.P.4
  • 13
    • 0034430411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validation of some methods of notch fatigue analysis
    • Taylor D., Wang G. The validation of some methods of notch fatigue analysis. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 2000, 23:387-394.
    • (2000) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.23 , pp. 387-394
    • Taylor, D.1    Wang, G.2
  • 14
    • 0035300867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic approach to critical-distance methods in notch fatigue
    • Taylor D. A mechanistic approach to critical-distance methods in notch fatigue. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 2001, 24:215-224.
    • (2001) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.24 , pp. 215-224
    • Taylor, D.1
  • 15
    • 0141963893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatigue design in the presence of stress concentrations
    • Susmel L., Taylor D. Fatigue design in the presence of stress concentrations. Int J Strain Anal Engng Compon 2003, 38:443-452.
    • (2003) Int J Strain Anal Engng Compon , vol.38 , pp. 443-452
    • Susmel, L.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 16
    • 0034292279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of fatigue failure location on a component using a critical distance method
    • Taylor D., Bologna P., Bel Knani K. Prediction of fatigue failure location on a component using a critical distance method. Int J Fatigue 2000, 22:735-742.
    • (2000) Int J Fatigue , vol.22 , pp. 735-742
    • Taylor, D.1    Bologna, P.2    Bel Knani, K.3
  • 17
    • 0030263206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notch fatigue behaviour in cast irons explained using a fracture mechanics approach
    • Taylor D., Hughest M., Allen D. Notch fatigue behaviour in cast irons explained using a fracture mechanics approach. Int J Fatigue 1996, 18(7):439-445.
    • (1996) Int J Fatigue , vol.18 , Issue.7 , pp. 439-445
    • Taylor, D.1    Hughest, M.2    Allen, D.3
  • 18
    • 0036229973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Una banca dati sul comportamento a fatica delle ghise sferoidali austemperate
    • [in Italian]
    • Gasparini E., Meneghetti G. La Metallurgia Italiana 2002, 3:29-35. [in Italian].
    • (2002) La Metallurgia Italiana , vol.3 , pp. 29-35
    • Gasparini, E.1    Meneghetti, G.2
  • 19
    • 33846223307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-cycle fatigue of austempered ductile iron (ADI)
    • Chapetti M.D. High-cycle fatigue of austempered ductile iron (ADI). Int J Fatigue 2007, 29:860-868.
    • (2007) Int J Fatigue , vol.29 , pp. 860-868
    • Chapetti, M.D.1
  • 20
    • 0005852184 scopus 로고
    • The effect of notch radius on the fatigue notch factor and the propagation of short cracks
    • EGF Publication 1, Mechanical Engineering Publications, London, K.J. Miller, E.R. de Los Rios (Eds.)
    • DuQuesnay D.L., Topper T.H., Yu M.T. The behaviour of short fatigue cracks 1986, 323-335. EGF Publication 1, Mechanical Engineering Publications, London. K.J. Miller, E.R. de Los Rios (Eds.).
    • (1986) The behaviour of short fatigue cracks , pp. 323-335
    • DuQuesnay, D.L.1    Topper, T.H.2    Yu, M.T.3
  • 21
    • 0024053896 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of notch size effect on the fatigue limit
    • DuQuesnay D.L., Yu M.T., Topper T.H. An analysis of notch size effect on the fatigue limit. J Test Eval 1988, 4:375-385.
    • (1988) J Test Eval , vol.4 , pp. 375-385
    • DuQuesnay, D.L.1    Yu, M.T.2    Topper, T.H.3
  • 22
    • 0020944750 scopus 로고
    • Propagation and non-propagation of short fatigue cracks at a sharp notch
    • Tanaka K., Nakai Y. Propagation and non-propagation of short fatigue cracks at a sharp notch. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 1983, 6:315-327.
    • (1983) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.6 , pp. 315-327
    • Tanaka, K.1    Nakai, Y.2
  • 23
    • 0013359949 scopus 로고
    • Notch geometry effect on propagation threshold of short fatigue cracks in notched components. In: Ritchie RO, Starke Jr. EA, editors. Fatigue '87, third international conference on fatigue and fracture thresholds, Charlottesville (VA).
    • Tanaka K, Akiniwa Y. Notch geometry effect on propagation threshold of short fatigue cracks in notched components. In: Ritchie RO, Starke Jr. EA, editors. Fatigue '87, vol. II, third international conference on fatigue and fracture thresholds, Charlottesville (VA); 1987. p. 739-48.
    • (1987) , vol.2 , pp. 739-48
    • Tanaka, K.1    Akiniwa, Y.2
  • 24
    • 0000940761 scopus 로고
    • A relationship between the critical alternating propagation stress and crack length for mild steel
    • Frost N.E. A relationship between the critical alternating propagation stress and crack length for mild steel. Proc Inst Mech Engng 1959, 173:811-834.
    • (1959) Proc Inst Mech Engng , vol.173 , pp. 811-834
    • Frost, N.E.1
  • 25
    • 0020271510 scopus 로고
    • An effective stress intensity factor and the determination of the notched fatigue limit
    • Chameleon Press Ltd., London, J. Backlund, A.F. Blom, C.J. Beevers (Eds.)
    • Harkegard G. Fatigue thresholds: fundamentals and engineering applications 1981, vol. II:867-879. Chameleon Press Ltd., London. J. Backlund, A.F. Blom, C.J. Beevers (Eds.).
    • (1981) Fatigue thresholds: fundamentals and engineering applications , vol.2 , pp. 867-879
    • Harkegard, G.1
  • 26
    • 0003174310 scopus 로고
    • Non-propagating cracks in Vee-notched specimens subjected to fatigue loadings
    • Frost N.E. Aeronaut Quart 1957, VIII:1-20.
    • (1957) Aeronaut Quart , vol.8 , pp. 1-20
    • Frost, N.E.1
  • 28
    • 84980266139 scopus 로고
    • A crack closure model for predicting the threshold stresses of notches
    • Ting J.C., Lawrence F.V. A crack closure model for predicting the threshold stresses of notches. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 1993, 16:93-114.
    • (1993) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.16 , pp. 93-114
    • Ting, J.C.1    Lawrence, F.V.2
  • 29
    • 77953132822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of fatigue limits of sharply notched components. In: Proceedings of fatigue 2006, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
    • Atzori B, Lazzarin P, Meneghetti G. Estimation of fatigue limits of sharply notched components. In: Proceedings of fatigue 2006, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 2006.
    • (2006)
    • Atzori, B.1    Lazzarin, P.2    Meneghetti, G.3
  • 30
    • 12844262870 scopus 로고
    • Short crack fatigue properties and component life estimation
    • Elsevier Applied Science
    • Usami S. Short crack fatigue properties and component life estimation. Current research on fatigue cracks 1987, vol. I:119-147. Elsevier Applied Science.
    • (1987) Current research on fatigue cracks , vol.1 , pp. 119-147
    • Usami, S.1
  • 31
    • 0026028407 scopus 로고
    • A strength evaluation method of a sharply notched structure by a new parameter, the equivalent stress intensity factor
    • Kihara S., Yoshii A. A strength evaluation method of a sharply notched structure by a new parameter, the equivalent stress intensity factor. JSME 1991, 34:70-75.
    • (1991) JSME , vol.34 , pp. 70-75
    • Kihara, S.1    Yoshii, A.2
  • 32
    • 33748807937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unified treatment of the mode I fatigue limit of components containing notches or defects
    • Atzori B., Lazzarin P., Meneghetti G. A unified treatment of the mode I fatigue limit of components containing notches or defects. Int J Fract 2005, 133:61-87.
    • (2005) Int J Fract , vol.133 , pp. 61-87
    • Atzori, B.1    Lazzarin, P.2    Meneghetti, G.3
  • 34
    • 0031701557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for predicting fatigue life in notched geometries
    • Chien C.H., Coffin L.F. A new method for predicting fatigue life in notched geometries. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 1998, 21:1-15.
    • (1998) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.21 , pp. 1-15
    • Chien, C.H.1    Coffin, L.F.2
  • 35
    • 36248936628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Numerical modelling of crack path in the lubricated rolling-sliding contact problems
    • Glodez S., Potocnik R., Flasker J., Zafosnik B. Numerical modelling of crack path in the lubricated rolling-sliding contact problems. Engng Frac Mech 2008, 75:880-891.
    • (2008) Engng Frac Mech , vol.75 , pp. 880-891
    • Glodez, S.1    Potocnik, R.2    Flasker, J.3    Zafosnik, B.4
  • 36
    • 34250774896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel formulation of the Theory of Critical Distances to estimate lifetime of notched components in the medium-cycle fatigue regime
    • Susmel L., Taylor D. A novel formulation of the Theory of Critical Distances to estimate lifetime of notched components in the medium-cycle fatigue regime. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 2007, 30(7):567-581.
    • (2007) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 567-581
    • Susmel, L.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 38
    • 0035936707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inherent damage zone model for strength evaluation of small fatigue cracks
    • Fujimoto Y., Hamada K., Shintaku E., Pirker G. Inherent damage zone model for strength evaluation of small fatigue cracks. Engng Fract Mech 2001, 68(4):455-473.
    • (2001) Engng Fract Mech , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-473
    • Fujimoto, Y.1    Hamada, K.2    Shintaku, E.3    Pirker, G.4
  • 40
    • 0020303944 scopus 로고
    • Prediction of initiation and early fatigue crack growth in materials. In: Backlund J et al., editors. Fatigue thresholds.
    • El Haddad MH, Miettinen BI. Prediction of initiation and early fatigue crack growth in materials. In: Backlund J et al., editors. Fatigue thresholds, vol. II; 1981. p. 827-44.
    • (1981) , vol.2 , pp. 827-44
    • El Haddad, M.H.1    Miettinen, B.I.2
  • 41
    • 41549096765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of fatigue crack growth of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy
    • Zhao T., Zhang J., Jiang Y. A study of fatigue crack growth of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy. Int J Fatigue 2008, 30:1169-1180.
    • (2008) Int J Fatigue , vol.30 , pp. 1169-1180
    • Zhao, T.1    Zhang, J.2    Jiang, Y.3
  • 42
    • 0031220257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatigue crack initiation and propagation phases near notches in metals with low notch sensitivity
    • Lazzarin P., Tovo R., Meneghetti G. Fatigue crack initiation and propagation phases near notches in metals with low notch sensitivity. Int J Fatigue 1997, 19:647-657.
    • (1997) Int J Fatigue , vol.19 , pp. 647-657
    • Lazzarin, P.1    Tovo, R.2    Meneghetti, G.3
  • 43
    • 74149094803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theory of critical distances to estimate the static strength of notched samples of Al6082 loaded in combined tension and torsion. Part I: Material cracking behaviour
    • Susmel L., Taylor D. The theory of critical distances to estimate the static strength of notched samples of Al6082 loaded in combined tension and torsion. Part I: Material cracking behaviour. Engng Fract Mech 2010, 77:452-469.
    • (2010) Engng Fract Mech , vol.77 , pp. 452-469
    • Susmel, L.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 44
    • 77953133770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fracture toughness KIvM measurement of non-brittle metallic materials by " Chevron Notched" specimens. In: Proceedings of XVII IGF conference, Bologna, 16-18 June. ISBN 978-88-95940-16-8.
    • Dal Re V, Zucchelli A. Fracture toughness KIvM measurement of non-brittle metallic materials by " Chevron Notched" specimens. In: Proceedings of XVII IGF conference, Bologna, 16-18 June 2004. ISBN 978-88-95940-16-8.
    • (2004)
    • Dal Re, V.1    Zucchelli, A.2
  • 45
    • 47549084588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the use of the Theory of Critical Distances to predict static failures in ductile metallic materials containing different geometrical features
    • Susmel L., Taylor D. On the use of the Theory of Critical Distances to predict static failures in ductile metallic materials containing different geometrical features. Engng Fract Mech 2008, 75:4410-4421.
    • (2008) Engng Fract Mech , vol.75 , pp. 4410-4421
    • Susmel, L.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 46
    • 0037060454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fracture at V-notches with contained plasticity
    • Strandberg M. Fracture at V-notches with contained plasticity. Engng Fract Mech 2002, 69:403-415.
    • (2002) Engng Fract Mech , vol.69 , pp. 403-415
    • Strandberg, M.1
  • 47
    • 0037212961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fracture toughness of high strength steel-using the notch stress intensity factor and volumetric approach
    • El Minor H., Kifani A., Louah M., Azari Z., Pluvinage G. Fracture toughness of high strength steel-using the notch stress intensity factor and volumetric approach. Struct. Saf. 2003, 25:35-45.
    • (2003) Struct. Saf. , vol.25 , pp. 35-45
    • El Minor, H.1    Kifani, A.2    Louah, M.3    Azari, Z.4    Pluvinage, G.5
  • 48
    • 4043126857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fracture criterion for blunted V-notched samples
    • Gómez F.J., Elices M. A fracture criterion for blunted V-notched samples. Int J Fract 2004, 127:239-264.
    • (2004) Int J Fract , vol.127 , pp. 239-264
    • Gómez, F.J.1    Elices, M.2
  • 49
    • 38549089584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of J-integral to predict static failures in sharp V-notches and rounded U-notches
    • Livieri P. Use of J-integral to predict static failures in sharp V-notches and rounded U-notches. Engng Fract Mech 2008, 75:1779-1793.
    • (2008) Engng Fract Mech , vol.75 , pp. 1779-1793
    • Livieri, P.1
  • 50
    • 36248983757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The theory of critical distances to predict static strength of notched brittle components subjected to mixed-mode loading
    • Susmel L., Taylor D. The theory of critical distances to predict static strength of notched brittle components subjected to mixed-mode loading. Engng Frac Mech 2008, 75(3-4):534-550.
    • (2008) Engng Frac Mech , vol.75 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 534-550
    • Susmel, L.1    Taylor, D.2
  • 51
    • 0348163874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure predictions for nuclear graphite using a continuum damage mechanics model
    • Zou Z., Fok S.L., Oyadiji S.O., Marsden B.J. Failure predictions for nuclear graphite using a continuum damage mechanics model. J Nucl Mater 2004, 324:116-124.
    • (2004) J Nucl Mater , vol.324 , pp. 116-124
    • Zou, Z.1    Fok, S.L.2    Oyadiji, S.O.3    Marsden, B.J.4
  • 52
    • 2042420685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure criteria for brittle elastic materials
    • Yosibash Z., Bussiba A., Gilad I. Failure criteria for brittle elastic materials. Int J Fract 2004, 125:307-333.
    • (2004) Int J Fract , vol.125 , pp. 307-333
    • Yosibash, Z.1    Bussiba, A.2    Gilad, I.3
  • 53
    • 0000988546 scopus 로고
    • Elastic field equations for blunt cracks with reference to stress corrosion cracking
    • Creager M., Paris P.C. Elastic field equations for blunt cracks with reference to stress corrosion cracking. Int J Fract Mech 1967, 3:247-252.
    • (1967) Int J Fract Mech , vol.3 , pp. 247-252
    • Creager, M.1    Paris, P.C.2
  • 54
    • 0023385428 scopus 로고
    • Universal features of elastic notchtip stress fields
    • Glinka G., Newport A. Universal features of elastic notchtip stress fields. Int J Fatigue 1987, 9:143-150.
    • (1987) Int J Fatigue , vol.9 , pp. 143-150
    • Glinka, G.1    Newport, A.2
  • 55
    • 0034429453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of temperature and notch root radius on the fracture toughness of a dispersion-strengthened aluminium alloy
    • Srinivas M., Kamat S.V. Influence of temperature and notch root radius on the fracture toughness of a dispersion-strengthened aluminium alloy. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 2000, 23:181-183.
    • (2000) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.23 , pp. 181-183
    • Srinivas, M.1    Kamat, S.V.2
  • 56
    • 0032655756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation into the location of crack initiation sites in alumina, polycarbonate and mild steel
    • Tsuji K., Iwase K., Ando K. An investigation into the location of crack initiation sites in alumina, polycarbonate and mild steel. Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct 1999, 22:509-517.
    • (1999) Fatigue Fract Engng Mater Struct , vol.22 , pp. 509-517
    • Tsuji, K.1    Iwase, K.2    Ando, K.3
  • 57
    • 49949127158 scopus 로고
    • A general model to predict the elastic-plastic stress distribution and fracture strength of notched bars in plane strain bending
    • Wilshaw T.R., Rau C.A., Tetelman A.S. A general model to predict the elastic-plastic stress distribution and fracture strength of notched bars in plane strain bending. Engng Fract Mech 1968, 1:191-211.
    • (1968) Engng Fract Mech , vol.1 , pp. 191-211
    • Wilshaw, T.R.1    Rau, C.A.2    Tetelman, A.S.3
  • 58
    • 0016964219 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of toughness in AISI 4340 steel austenitised at low and high temperature
    • A
    • Ritchie R.O., Francis B., Server W.L. Evaluation of toughness in AISI 4340 steel austenitised at low and high temperature. Metall Trans 1976, 7A:831-838.
    • (1976) Metall Trans , vol.7 , pp. 831-838
    • Ritchie, R.O.1    Francis, B.2    Server, W.L.3
  • 59
    • 84979419289 scopus 로고
    • Fracture toughness of polycrystalline alumina
    • Bertolotti R.L. Fracture toughness of polycrystalline alumina. J Am Ceram Soc 1973, 56:107-117.
    • (1973) J Am Ceram Soc , vol.56 , pp. 107-117
    • Bertolotti, R.L.1
  • 60
    • 0021973964 scopus 로고
    • Effect of defect size and notch root radius on fracture strength of engineering ceramics
    • Takahashi I., Usami S., Nakakado H., Miyata H., Shida S. Effect of defect size and notch root radius on fracture strength of engineering ceramics. J Ceram Soc Jpn 1985, 93:186-194.
    • (1985) J Ceram Soc Jpn , vol.93 , pp. 186-194
    • Takahashi, I.1    Usami, S.2    Nakakado, H.3    Miyata, H.4    Shida, S.5
  • 61
  • 62
    • 77953138549 scopus 로고
    • In: AGARD CP-328.
    • Newman Jr JC. In: AGARD CP-328; 1983. p. 6.1-6.26.
    • (1983) , pp. 61-626
    • Newman Jr, J.C.1
  • 63
    • 27144434031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compression pre-cracking to generate near threshold fatigue-crack-growth rates in two aluminum alloys
    • Newman J.C., Schneider J., Daniel A., McKnight D. Compression pre-cracking to generate near threshold fatigue-crack-growth rates in two aluminum alloys. Int J Fatigue 2005, 27:1432-1440.
    • (2005) Int J Fatigue , vol.27 , pp. 1432-1440
    • Newman, J.C.1    Schneider, J.2    Daniel, A.3    McKnight, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.