The colony-stimulating factors and cancer

Nature Reviews Cancer

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 425-434

  Metcalf, Donald ^a  

^a WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCL2 RELATED PROTEIN A1; ERYTHROPOIETIN; INTERLEUKIN 3; PEGYLATED RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ANEMIA; BLOOD; BONE MARROW; BONE MARROW DISEASE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BONE PAIN; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RELAPSE; CELL LINEAGE; CELL POPULATION; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DENDRITIC CELL; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GRANULOCYTE; HEMATOPOIESIS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; KIDNEY CANCER; LEUKOCYTE; LEUKOPENIA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MACROPHAGE; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR CLONING; MYELOID LEUKEMIA; NEOPLASM; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE RAS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL LINEAGE; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS; HUMANS; LEUKOPENIA; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77952921841     PISSN: 1474175X     EISSN: 14741768     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrc2843     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Metcalf, D. Foundations in Cancer Research. Hemopoietic regulators and leukemia development: a personal retrospective. Adv. Cancer Res. 63, 41-91, (1994).
2. Furth, J. Conditioned and autonomous neoplasms: a review. Cancer Res. 13, 477-492 (1953).
3. Furth, J. The concept of conditioned and autonomous neoplasms. Leuk. Res. Ciba Found. Symp. 38-41 (1954).
4. Bradley, T. R. & Metcalf, D. The growth of mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 44, 287-300 (1966).
5. Ichikawa, Y., Pluznik, D. H. & Sachs, L. In vitro control of the development of macrophage and granulocyte colonies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 56, 488-495 (1966).
6. Pluznik, D. H. & Sachs, L. The induction of clones of normal 'mast' cells by a substance in conditioned medium. Exp. Cell Res. 43, 553-563 (1966).
7. Robinson, W. A., Metcalf, D. & Bradley, T. R. Stimulation by normal and leukaemic mouse sera of colony formation in vitro by mouse bone marrow cells. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 69, 83-92 (1967).
8. Pike, B. L. &Robinson, W. A. Human bone marrow colony growth in agar-gel. J. Cell. Physiol. 76, 77-84 (1970).
9. Stanley, E. R. & Metcalf, D. Partial purification and some properties of the factor in normal and leukaemic human urine stimulating mouse bone marrow colony growth in vitro. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med.Sci. 47, 467-483 (1969).
10. Burgess, A. W., Camakaris, J. & Metcalf, D. Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung conditioned medium. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1998-2003 (1977).
11. Stanley, E. R. & Heard, P. M. Factors regulating macrophage production and growth: purification and some properties of the colony stimulating factor from medium conditioned by mouse L cells. J.Biol. Chem. 252, 4305-4312 (1977).
12. Ihle, J. N., Keller, J., Henderson, L., Klein, F. & Palaszynski, E. Procedures for the purification of interleukin 3 to homogeneity. J. Immunol. 129, 2431-2436 (1982).
13. Nicola, N. A., Metcalf, D., Matsumoto, M. & Johnson, G. R. Purification of a factor inducing differentiation in murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells: identification as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9017-9023 (1983).
14. Gasson, J. C. et al. Purified human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: direct action on neutrophils. Science 266, 1339-1342 (1984).
15. Welte, K. E. et al. Purification and biochemical characterization of human pluripotent hematopoietic colony-stimulating factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82, 1526-1530 (1985).
16. Wong, G. G. et al. Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins. Science 228, 810-815 (1985).
17. Nomura, H. et al. Purification and characterization of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). EMBO J. 5, 871-876 (1986).
18. Zenke, G. et al. Purification and characterization of natural human interleukin-3. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 10, 329-335 (1991).
19. Fung, M.-C. et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA for murine interleukin-3. Nature 307, 233-237 (1984).
20. Yokota, T. et al. Isolation and characterisation of a mouse cDNA clone that expresses mast cell growth factor activity in monkey cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1070-1074 (1984).
21. Gough, N. M. et al. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a murine haematopoietic growth regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Nature 309, 763-767 (1984).
22. DeLamarter, J. F. et al. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding murine CSF-1 (macrophage-CSF). Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 2389-2390 (1987).
23. Cantrell, M. A. et al. Cloning, sequence and expression of a human granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6250-6254 (1985).
24. Nagata, S. et al. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Nature 319, 415-418 (1986). (Pubitemid 16163903)
25. Souza, L. M. et al. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Science 232, 61-65 (1986).
26. Kawasaki, E. S. et al. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding human macrophage-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). Science 230, 291-296 (1985).
27. Yang, Y.-C. et al. Human IL-3 (multi-CSF): identification by expression cloning of a novel hematopoietic growth factor related to murine IL-3. Cell 47, 3-10 (1986).
28. Metcalf, D. & Nicola, N. A. The Hemopoietic Colony? Stimulating Factors: From Biology to Clinical Applications (Cambridge University Press, UK, 1995).
29. Tushinski, R. J. et al. Survival of mononuclear phagocytes depends on a lineage-specific growth factor that the differentiated cells selectively destroy. Cell 28, 71-81 (1982).
30. Metcalf, D. et al. In vitro actions on hemopoietic cells of recombinant murine GM-CSF purified after production in Escherichia coli: comparison with purified native GM-CSF. J. Cell. Physiol. 128, 421-431 (1986).
31. Metcalf, D. & Nicola, N. A. Proliferative effects of purified granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on normal mouse hematopoietic cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 11 6, 198-206 (1983).
32. Metcalf, D., Begley, C. G., Nicola, N. & Johnson, G. R. Quantitative responsiveness of murine hemopoietic populations in vitro and in vivo recombinant multi-CSF (IL-3). Exp. Hematol. 15, 288-295 (1987).
33. + hemopoietic stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 175, 1443-1447 (1992).
34. Metcalf, D. & Nicola, N. A. Direct proliferative actions of stem cell factor on murine bone marrow cells in vitro: effects of combination with colony-stimulating factors. Proc. Natl Acad.Sci. USA 88, 6239-6243 (1991).
35. Meunch, M. D., Schneider, J. G. & Moore, M. A. S. Interaction amongst colony stimulating factors, IL-1β, IL-6 and kit-ligand in the regulation of primitive murine hematopoietic cells. Exp. Hematol. 20, 339-349 (1992).
36. Metcalf, D. & Foster, R. Behavior on transfer of serum stimulated bone marrow colonies. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126, 758-762 (1967).
37. Paran, M. & Sachs, L. The continuous requirement for inducers for the development of macrophage and granulocyte colonies. J. Cell. Physiol. 72, 247-250 (1968).
38. Begley, C. G. et al. Purified colony stimulating factors enhance the survival of human neutrophils and eosinophils in vitro: a rapid and sensitive microassay for colony stimulating factors. Blood 68, 162-166, (1986).
39. Williams, G. T., Smith, C. A., Spooncer, E., Dexter, T. M. & Taylor, D. R. Haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis. Nature 343, 76-79 (1990).
40. Vaux, D. L., Cory, S. & Adams, J. M. Bcl-2 gene promotes haematopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335, 440-442 (1988).
41. Roussel, M. F. & Sherr, C. J. Signal transduction by the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 1, 11-18 (1993).
42. Laâbi, Y., Metcalf, D., Mifsud, S. & Di Rago, L. Differentiation commitment and regulator-specific granulocyte-macrophage maturation in a novel pro-B murine leukemic cell line. Leukemia 14, 1785-1795, (2000).
43. Rieger, M. A. et al. Hematopoietic cytokines can instruct lineage choice. Science 325, 217-218 (2009).
44. Metcalf, D. Lineage commitment of hemopoietic progenitor cells in developing blast cell colonies: influence of colony stimulating factors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11310-11314 (1991).
45. Fairbairn, L. J., Cowling, G. J., Reipert, B. M. & Dexter, T. M. Suppression of apoptosis allows differentiation and development of a multipotent haemopoietic stem cell line in the absence of added growth factors. Cell 74, 823-832 (1993).
46. McArthur, G. A., Rohrschneider, L. R. & Johnson, G. R. Induced expression of c-fms in normal hematopoietic cells shows evidence for both conservation and lineage restriction of signal transduction in response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 83, 972-981 (1994).
47. Demetri, G. D. & Griffin, J. D. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and its receptor. Blood 78, 2791-2808 (1991).
48. Gasson, J. C. Molecular physiology of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 77, 1131-1145 (1991).
49. Hollingshead, L. M. & Goa, K. L. Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF): a review of its pharmacological properties and prospective role in neutropenic conditions. Drugs 42, 300-330 (1991).
50. Grant, S. M. & Heel, R. C. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF): a review of its pharmacological properties and prospective role in the management of myelosuppression. Drugs 43, 516-560 (1992).
51. Hamilton, J. A. Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity. Nature Rev. Immunol. 8, 533-544 (2008).
52. Nicola, N. A. in Hematopoietic Growth Factors 101-120 (eds Quesenberry, P. J., Asano, S. & Saito, K.) (Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1991).
53. Fukunaga, R., Ishizaka-Ikeda, E. & Nagata, S. Purification and characterization of the receptor for murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14008-14015 (1990).
54. Hansen, G. et al. The structure of the GM-CSF receptor complex reveals a distinct mode of cytokine receptor activation. Cell 134, 496-507 (2008).
55. Dong, F. et al. Distinct cytoplasmic regions of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor involved in induction of proliferation and maturation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7774-7778 (1993).
56. Sakamaki, K., Miyajima, I., Kitamura, T. & Miyajima, A. Critical cytoplasmic domains of the common beta subunit of the human GM-CSF, Il-3 and IL-5 receptors for growth signal transduction and tyrosine phosphorylation. EMBO J. 11, 3541-3549 (1992).
57. MAPK. Blood 10, 3698-3704 (1995).
58. Brown, A. L., Peters, M., D'Andrea, R. J. & Gonda, T. J. Constitutive mutants of the GM-CSF receptor reveal multiple pathways leading to myeloid cell survival, proliferation, and granulocyte-macrophage differentiation. Blood 103, 507-516 (2004).
59. Hercus, T. R. et al. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor: linking its structure to cell signaling and its role in disease. Blood 11 4, 1289-1298 (2009).
60. Lieschke, G. J. et al. Mice lacking granulocyte colony-stimulating factor have chronic neutropenia, granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cell deficiency, and impaired neutrophil mobilization. Blood 84, 1737-1746 (1994).
61. Stanley, E. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stiimulating factor-deficient mice show no major perturbation of hematopoiesis but develop a characteristic pulmonary pathology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5592-5596 (1994).
62. Dranoff, G. et al. Involvement of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in pulmonary homeostasis. Science 264, 713-716 (1994).
63. Bonfield, T. L. et al. Autoantibodies against granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor are diagnostic for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 481-486 (2002).
64. Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W. et al. CSF-1 deficiency in the op/op mouse has differential effects on macrophage populations and differentiation stages. Exp. Hematol. 20, 1004-1010 (1992).
65. Lieschke, G. J. et al. Mice lacking both macrophage-and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor have macrophages and co-existent osteopetrosis and severe lung disease. Blood 84, 27-35 (1994).
66. Pollard, J. W., Hunt, J. S., Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W. & Stanley, E. R. A pregnancy defect in the osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse demonstrates the requirement for CSF-1 in female fertility. Dev. Biol. 148, 273-283 (1991).
67. Nicola, N. A. et al. Functional inactivation in mice of the gene for the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-specific receptor β-chain: implications for IL-3 function and the mechanism of receptor transmodulation in hematopoietic cells. Blood 87, 2665-2674 (1996).
68. Nishinakamura, R. et al. Hematopoiesis in mice lacking the entire granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor/interleukin-3/interleukin-5 functions. Blood 88, 2458-2464 (1996).
69. Lantz, C. S. et al. Role for interleukin-3 in mast-cell and basophil development and in immunity to parasites. Nature 392, 90-93 (1998).
70. Mach, N. et al. Involvement of interleukin-3 in delayed-type hypersensitivity. Blood 91, 778-783 (1998).
71. d mice. Leukemia 5, 75-77 (1991).
72. Metcalf, D. & Nicola, N. A. The clonal proliferation of normal mouse hematopoietic cells: enhancement and suppression by CSF combinations. Blood 79, 2861-2866 (1992).
73. Metcalf, D., Mifsud, S. & Di Rago, L. Murine megakaryocyte progenitor cells and their susceptibility to suppression by G-CSF. Stem Cells 23, 55-62 (2005).
74. Metcalf, D., Di Rago, L. & Mifsud, S. Synergistic and inhibitory interactions in the in vitro control of murine megakaryocyte colony formation. Stem Cells 20, 552-560 (2002).
75. Metcalf, D. et al. Murine hematopoietic blast colony-forming cells and their progeny have distinctive membrane marker profiles. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 19102-19107 (2009).
76. Molineux, G., Pojda, Z. & Dexter, T. M. A comparison of hematopoiesis in normal and splenectomized mice treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 75, 563-569 (1990).
77. Metcalf, D. et al. Hemopoietic responses in mice injected with purified recombinant murine GM-CSF. Exp. Hematol. 15, 1-9 (1987).
78. Metcalf, D. et al. Effects of purified bacterially synthesized murine multi-CSF (IL-3) on hematopoiesis in normal adult mice. Blood 68, 46-57 (1986). (Pubitemid 16041712)
79. Lord, B. I. et al. Myeloid cell kinetics in mice treated with recombinant interkeukin-3, granulocyte colony-stimulating (CSF), or granulocyte-macrophage CSF in vivo. Blood 77, 2154-2159 (1991).
80. Cairo, M. S. et al. Prophylactic or simultaneous administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the treatment of group B streptococcal sepsis in neonatal rats. Pediatr. Res. 27, 612-616 (1990).
81. Herbert, J. C., O'Reilly, M. & Gamelli, R. L. Protective effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor against pneumonococcal infections in splenectomized mice. Arch. Surg. 125, 1075-1078 (1990).
82. Matsumoto, M. et al. Protective effect of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on microbial infection in neutropenic mice. Infect. Immun. 55, 2715-2720 (1987).
83. Wakiyama, H. et al. Therapeutic effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and cephem antibiotics against experimental infections in neutropenic mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Clin.Exp. Immunol. 92, 218-224 (1993).
84. Yasuda, H. et al. Therapeutic efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone and in combination with antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in mice. Infect. Immun. 58, 2502-2509 (1990).
85. Lang, R. A. et al. Transgenic mice expressing a hemopoietic growth factor gene (GM-CSF) develop accumulations of macrophages, blindness and a fatal syndrome of tissue damage. Cell 51, 675-686 (1987).
86. Johnson, G. R., Gonda, T. J., Metcalf, D., Hariharan, I. K. & Cory, S. A lethal myeloproliferative syndrome in mice transplanted with bone marrow cells infected with a retrovirus expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. EMBO J. 8, 441-448 (1989).
87. Chang, J. M., Metcalf, D., Lang, R. A., Gonda, T. J. & Johnson, G. R. Non-neoplastic hematopoietic myeloproliferative syndrome induced by dysregulated multi-CSF (IL-3) expression. Blood 73, 1487-1497 (1989).
88. Chang, J. M., Metcalf, D., Gonda, T. J. & Johnson, G. R. Long-term exposure to retrovirally-expressed G-CSF induces a non-neoplastic granulocytic and progenitor cell hyperplasia without tissue damage in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 84, 1488-1496 (1989).
89. Hortner, M.,et al. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 is recruited to the activated granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor and modulates its signal transduction. J. Immunol. 169, 1219-1227 (2002).
90. Croker, B. A. et al. SOCS3 is a critical physiological negative regulator of G-CSF signaling and emergency granulopoiesis. Immunity 20, 153-165 (2004).
91. Moore, M. A. S., Williams, N. & Metcalf, D. In vitro colony formation by normal and leukemic human hematopoietic cells: interaction between colony-forming and colony-stimulating cells. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 50, 591-602 (1973).
92. Moore, M. A. S., Spitzer, G., Williams, N., Metcalf, D. & Buckley, J. Agar culture studies in 127 cases of untreated acute leukemia: the prognostic value of reclassification of leukemia according to in vitro growth characteristics. Blood 44, 1-18 (1974).
93. Miyauchi, J. et al. The effects of combinations of the recombinant growth factors GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-3 and CSF-1 on leukemic blast cells in suspension culture. Leukemia 2, 382-387 (1988).
94. Metcalf, D. & Moore, J. G. Divergent disease patterns in GM-CSF transgenic mice associated with differing transgene insertion sites. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 85, 7767-7771 (1988).
95. Rasko, J. E. J., Metcalf, D., Alexander, B., Strasser, A. & Begley, C. G. Establishment of multipotential and antigen presenting cell lines derived from myeloid leukemias in GM-CSF transgenic mice. Leukemia 11, 732-742 (1997).
96. Lang, R. A., Metcalf, D., Gough, N. M., Dunn, A. R. & Gonda, T. J. Expression of a hemopoietic growth factor cDNA in a factor-dependent cell line results in autonomous growth and tumorigenicity. Cell 43, 531-542 (1985).
97. Dührsen, U. & Metcalf, D. A model system for leukemic transformation of immortalized hemopoietic cells in irradiated recipient mice. Leukemia 2, 329-333 (1988).
98. Dührsen, U., Stahl, J. & Gough, N. M. In vivo transformation of factor-dependent hemopoietic cells: role of intracisternal A-particle transposition for growth factor gene activation. EMBO J. 9, 1087-1096 (1990).
99. Perkins, A., Kongsuwan, K., Visvader, J., Adams, J. M. & Cory, S. Homeobox gene expression plus autocrine growth factor production elicits myeloid leukemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8398-8402 (1990).
100. Moore, M. A. S. Converging pathways in leukemogenesis and stem cell self-renewal. Exp. Hematol. 33, 719-737 (2005).
101. Young, D. C., Wagner, K. & Griffin, J. D. Constitutive expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene in acute myeloblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Invest. 79, 100-106 (1987).
102. Jiang, X., Lopez, A., Holyoake, T., Eaves, A. & Eaves, C. Autocrine production and action of IL-3 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in chronic myeloid leukemia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12804-12809 (1999).
103. Gonda, T. J. & D'Andrea, R. J. Activating mutations in cytokine receptors: implications for receptor function and role in disease. Blood 89, 355-369 (1997).
104. Gabrilove, J. L. et al. Phase I study of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 82, 1454-1461 (1988).
105. Morstyn, G. et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lancet 331, 667-672 (1988). (Pubitemid 18083268)
106. Bonilla, M. A. et al. Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor on neutropenia in patients with congenital agranulocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 1574-1580 (1989).
107. Lieschke, G. J. et al. Effects of bacterially, synthesized recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with advanced malignancy. Ann. Intern. Med. 110, 357-364 (1989).
108. Hammond, W. P., Price, T. H., Souza, L. M. & Dale, D. C. Treatment of cyclic neutropenia with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 1306-1311 (1989).
109. Dale, D. C. et al. Randomized controlled Phase III trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) for treatment of severe chronic neutropenia. Blood 81, 2496-2502 (1993).
110. Cole, D. J. et al. Phase I trial of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor administered by continuous intravenous infusion in patients with metastatic cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 86, 39-45 (1994).
111. Postmus, R. E. et al. Effects of recombinant interleukin-3 in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy: a dose-finding study. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1131-1140 (1992).
112. Bodey, G. P., Buckley, M., Sathe, Y. S. & Freireich, E. J. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infections in patients with acute leukemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 64, 328-340 (1966).
113. Bronchud, M. H. et al. Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer 56, 809-813 (1987).
114. Crawford, J. et al. Reduction by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor of fever and neutropenia induced by chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 164-170 (1991).
115. Trillet-Lenoir, V. et al. Recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces the infectious complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer 29A, 319-324 (1993).
116. Gianni, A. M. et al. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor reduces hematologic toxicity and widens clinical applicability of high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment in breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 768-778 (1990).
117. Gerhartz, H. H., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as adjunct to induction treatment of high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Blood 82, 2329-2339 (1993).
118. Renwick, W., Pettengell, R. & Green, M. Use of filgrastim and pegfilgrastim to support delivery of chemotherapy: twenty years of clinical experience. BioDrugs 23, 175-186 (2009).
119. Nemunaitis, J. et al. Use of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in graft failure after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 76, 245-253 (1990).
120. Nemunaitis, J. et al. Use of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in autologous marrow transplantation for lymphoid malignancies. Blood 72, 834-836 (1988).
121. Schweizerhof, M. et al. Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors mediate tumor-nerve interactions and bone cancer pain. Nature Med. 15, 802-807 (2009).
122. Holmes, F. A. et al. Blinded, randomized multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage II or stage III/IV breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 20, 729-731 (2002).
123. Green, M. D. et al. A randomized double-blind multicenter Phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann. Oncol. 14, 29-35 (2003).
124. Klastersky, J., Awada, A., Aoun, M. & Paesmans, M. Should the indications for the use of myeloid growth factors for the prevention of febrile neutropenia in cancer patients be extended? Curr. Opin. Oncol. 21, 297-302 (2009).
125. Dale, D. C. Hematopoietic growth factors for the treatment of severe chronic neutropenia. Stem Cells 13, 94-100 (1995).
126. D'Souza, A., Jaiyesimi, I,. Trainor, L. & Venuturumili, P. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration: adverse events. Transfus Med. Rev. 22, 280-290 (2008).
127. Miyake, T., Kung, CK.-H. & Goldwasser, E. Purification of human erythropoietin. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 5558-5564 (1977).
128. Jacobs, K. et al. Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 313, 806-810 (1985).
129. Phrommintikul, A., Hass, S. J., Elsik, M. & Krum, H. Mortality and target haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease treated with erythropoietin: a meta-analysis. Lancet 369, 381-388 (2007).
130. Spivak, J. L., Gascón, P. & Ludwig, H. Anemia management in oncology and hematology. Oncologist 14, 43-56 (2009).
131. Dührsen, U. et al. Effects of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on hemopoietic progenitor cells in cancer patients Blood 72, 2074-2081 (1988).
132. Gianni, A. M. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to harvest circulating haemopoietic stem cells for autotransplantation. Lancet 2, 580-585 (1989).
133. Socinski, M. A. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expands the circulating haemopoietic progenitor cell compartment in man. Lancet 331, 1194-1198 (1988).
134. Molineux, G., Podja, Z., Hampson, I. N., Lord, B. I., & Dexter, T. M. Transplantation potential of peripheral blood stem cells induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 76, 2153 (1990).
135. Haas, R. et al. Successful autologous transplantation of blood stem cells mobilized with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Exp. Hematol. 18, 94-98 (1990).
136. Sheridan, W. P. et al. Effect of peripheral-blood progenitor cells mobilized by filgrastim (G-CSF) on platelet recovery after high-dose chemotherapy. Lancet 339, 640-644 (1992).
137. Van Hoef, M. E. Haematological recovery after high-dose consolidation chemotherapy with peripheral blood progenitor cell rescue: the effects of the mobilization regimen and post-transplant growth factors. Neth. J. Med. 52, 30-39 (1998).
138. Chao, N. J. et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor "mobilized" peripheral blood progenitor cells accelerate granulocyte and platelet recovery after high-dose chemotherapy. Blood 81, 2031-2035 (1993).
139. Richman, C. M., Weiner, R. S. & Yankee, R. A. Increase in circulating stem cells following chemotherapy in man. Blood 47, 1031-1039 (1976).
140. Quesenberry, P. J. et al. Stem cell engraftment strategies. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 938, 54-61 (2001).
141. Hölig, K. et al. Safety and efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell collection from mobilized peripheral blood in unrelated volunteers: 12 years of single-center experience in 3928 donors. Blood 11 4, 3757-3763 (2009).
142. Caux, C., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Schmitt, D. & Banchereau, J. GM-CSF and TNF-α cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells. Nature 360, 258-261 (1992).
143. Inaba, K. et al. Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1693-1702 (1992).
144. Sallusto, F. & Lanzavecchia, A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor α. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1109-1118 (1994).
145. Vremec, D. et al. The influence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on dendritic cell levels in mouse lymphoid organs. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 40-44 (1997).
146. Jinushi, M. & Tahara, H. Cytokine gene-mediated immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives. Cancer Sci. 100, 1389-1396 (2009).
147. Dranoff, G. et al. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 3539-3543 (1993).
148. Soiffer, R. et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 3343-3350 (2003).
149. Soiffer, R. et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor generates potent anti-tumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13141-13146 (1998).
150. Salgia, R. et al. Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol.21, 624-630 (2003).
151. Nemunaitis, J. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene-modified autologous tumor vaccines in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96, 326-331 (2004).
152. Simons, J. et al. Induction of immunity to prostate cancer antigens: results of a clinical trial of vaccination with irradiated autologous prostate tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer. Cancer Res. 59, 5160-5168 (1999).
153. Tani, K. et al. Phase I study of autologous tumor vaccines transduced with the GM-CSF gene in four patients with stage IV renal cell cancer in Japan: clinical and immunological findings. Mol. Ther. 10, 799-816 (2004).
154. Small, E. J. et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor\secreting allogeneic cellular immunotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 13, 3883-3891 (2007).
155. Kirkwood, J. M. et al. Immunogenicity and antitumor effects of vaccination with peptide vaccine +/-granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and/or IFN-α2b in advanced metastatic melanoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E1696. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 1443-1451 (2009).
156. Merad. M. & Manz, M. G. Dendritic cell homeostasis. Blood 11 3, 3418-3427 (2009).
157. Graf, T. & Enver, T. Forcing cells to change lineages. Nature 462, 587-594 (2009).
158. Grigg, A. P. et al. Optimizing dose and scheduling of filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) for mobilization and collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells in normal volunteers. Blood 86, 4437-4445 (1995).
159. Sheridan, W. P. et al. Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and neutrophil recovery after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 334, 891-895 (1989).