The role of human body movements in mate selection

Evolutionary Psychology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 66-89

  Hugill, Nadine ^a   Fink, Bernhard ^a   Neave, Nick ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Body movement; Mate choice; Motion; Nonverbal communication; Perception

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952899093     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14747049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/147470491000800107     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. Albin, R.L., Young, A.B., and Penney, J.B. (1989). The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 12, 366-375.
2. Ambady, N., Hallahan, M., and Conner, B. (1999). Accuracy of judgments of sexual orientation from thin slices of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 538-547.
3. Argyle, M., Salter, V., Nicholson, H., Williams, M., and Burgess, P. (1970). The communication of inferior and superior attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 222-231.
4. Argyle, M., Alkema, F., and Gilmour, R. (1972). The communication of friendly and hostile attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 385-402.
5. Atkinson, A.P., Dittrich, W.H., Gemmell, W.H., and Young, A.W. (2004). Emotion perception from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays. Perception, 33, 717-746.
6. Barclay, C., Cutting, J., and Kozlowski, L. (1978). Temporal and spatial factors in gait perception that influence gender recognition. Perception and Psychophysics, 23, 145-152.
7. Barrett, H.C., Todd, P.M., Miller, G.F., and Blythe, P.W. (2005). Accurate judgments of intention from motion cues alone: A cross-cultural study. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 313-331.
8. Baume, N., Schumacher, Y.O., Sottas, P.E., Bagutti, C., Cauderay, M., Mangin, P., and Saugy, M. (2006). Effect of multiple oral doses of androgenic anabolic steroids on endurance performance and serum indices of physical stress in healthy male subjects. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 329-340.
9. Becker, J.B., Snyder, P.J., Miller, M.M., Westgate, S.A., and Jenuwine, M.J. (1987). The influence of estrous cycle and intrastriatal estradiol on sensorimotor performance in the female rat. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 27, 53-59.
10. Bertenthal, B.I., and Pinto, J. (1994). Global processing of biological motions. Psychological Science, 5, 221-225.
11. Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., and Phillips, J. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1-7.
12. Binkley, S. (1992). Wrist activity in a woman: Daily, weekly, menstrual, lunar, annual cycles? Physiology and Behavior, 52, 411-421.
13. p'Bitek, O. (1966). Song of Lawino. Nairobi: East African Publishing Home.
14. Blake, R. (1993). Cats perceive biological motion. Psychological Science, 4, 54-57.
15. Blake, R., and Shiffrar (2007). Perception of human motion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 47-73.
16. Bloj, M.G., Kersten, D., and Hurlbert, A.C. (1999). Perception of three-dimensional shape influences colour perception through mutual illumination. Nature, 402, 877-879.
17. Boas, F. (1944). Dance and music in the life of the northwest coast Indians of North America: The function of dance in human society. New York: Boas School.
18. Brown, W.M., Cronk, L., Grochow, K., Jacobson, A., Liu, C.K., and Popovic, Z. (2005). Dance reveals symmetry especially in young men. Nature, 438, 1148-1150.
19. Brownlow, S., Dixon, A.R., Egbert, C.A., and Radcliffe, R.D. (1997). Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance. The Psychological Record, 47, 411-421.
20. Bull, P., and Connelly, G. (1985). Body movement and emphasis in speech. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 169-187.
21. Bull, P. (1987). Posture and gesture. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
22. Bull, P. (2001). State of the art: Nonverbal communication. The Psychologist, 14, 644-647.
23. Bushey, S.R. (1966). Relationship of modern dance performance to agility, balance, flexibility, power, and strength. Research Quarterly, 37, 313-316.
24. Buss, D.M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
25. Buss, D.M. (1985). Human mate selection. American Scientist, 73, 47-51.
26. Buss, D.M. and Barnes (1986). Preferences in Human Mate Selection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 559-570.
27. Buss, D.M., and Schmitt, D.P. (1993). Sexual Strategies Theory: An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204-232.
28. Cardinale, M., and Stone, M.H. (2006). Is testosterone influencing explosive performance? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20, 103-107.
29. Chang, D.H.F., Troje, N.F. (2008). Perception of animacy and direction from local biological motion signals. Journal of Vision, 8, 1-10.
30. Chrisler, J.C., McCool, H.R. (1991). Activity level across the menstrual cycle. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 794.
31. Clark, D.L., and Morjan, C.L. (2001). Attracting female attention: the evolution of dimorphic courtship displays in the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Salticidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 268, 2461-2465.
32. Clarke, T.J., Bradshaw, M.F., Field, D.T., Hampson, S.E., and Rose, D. (2005). The perception of emotion from body movement in point-light displays of interpersonal dialogue. Perception, 34, 1171-1180.
33. Coleman, S.W., Patricelli, G.L., and Borgia, G. (2004). Variable female preferences drive complex male displays. Nature, 428, 742-745.
34. Cutting, J.E., and Kozlowski, L.T. (1977). Recognition of friends by their walk: gait perception without familiarity cues. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 353-356.
35. Cutting, J.E, Proffitt, D.R., and Kozlowski, L.T. (1978). A biomechanical invariant for gait perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 357-372.
36. Cutting, J.E. (1981). Coding theory adapted to gait perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 71-87.
37. Cutting, J.E., and Proffitt, D.R. (1981). Gait perception as an example of how we may perceived events. In R. Walk and H.L. Pick (Eds.). Intersensory perception and sensory integration (pp. 249-273). New York: Plenum.
38. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of men, and selection in relation to sex. Princeton: University Press.
39. Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions of man and animals. London: John Murray.
40. DePaulo, B.M. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203-243.
41. DeWeerth, C., and Kalma, A. (1995). Gender differences in awareness of courtship initiation tactics. Sex Roles, 32, 717-734.
42. Dittrich, W.H. (1993). Action categories and the perception of biological motion. Perception, 22, 15-22.
43. Dittrich, W.H., Troscianko, T., Lea, S.E.G., and Morgan, D. (1996). Perception of emotion from dynamic point-light displays represented in dance. Perception, 25, 727-738.
44. Dittrich, W.H., Lea S.E.G., Barrett, J., and Gurr, P.R. (1998). Categorization of natural movements by pigeons: visual concept discrimination and biological motion. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 70, 281-299.
45. Doyle, J.F. (2009). A woman's walk: Attractiveness in motion. Journal of Social Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 3, 81-92.
46. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1971). Love and hate. New York: Jolt, Rinehart and Winston.
47. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.). Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 207-283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
48. Ekman, P., and Friesen, W.V (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-12
49. Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V., O'Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., Krause, R., LeCompte, W.A., Pitcairn, T., Ricci-Bitti, P.E., Scherer, K., and Tomita, M. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 712-717.
50. Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 376-379.
51. Ellis, H. (1976). The art of dancing. In: H. Ellis (Eds.), The dance of life (pp.34-63) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
52. Ellison, P.T. (2001). On fertile ground: A natural history of human reproduction. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
53. Feingold, A. (1992). Gender differences in mate selection preferences: A test of the parental investment model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 125-139.
54. Fink, B., Thanzami, V., Seydel, H., and Manning, J.T. (2006). Digit ratio and hand-grip strength in German and Mizos men: Cross-cultural evidence for an organizing effect of prenatal testosterone on strength. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 776-782.
55. Fink, B., Seydel, H., Manning, J.T., and Kappeler, P.M. (2007). A preliminary investigation of the association between digit ratio and women's perception of men's dance. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 381-390.
56. Fink, B., Neave, N., and Seydel, H. (2007). Male facial appearance signals physical strength to women. American Journal of Human Biology, 19, 82-87.
57. Fitch, K.D. (2008). Androgenic-anabolic steroids and the Olympic Games. Asian Journal of Andrology, 10, 384-390.
58. Fitt, S.S. (1982). Conditioning for dancers: Investigating some assumptions. Dance Research Journal, 14, 32-38.
59. Fox, R., and McDaniel, C. (1982). The perception of biological motion by human infants. Science, 29, 486-487.
60. Friedenberg, J., and Silverman, G. (2006). Cognitive science: An introduction to the study of mind. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage.
61. Gangestad, S.W., and Scheyd, G.J. (2005). The evolution of human physical attractiveness. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34, 523-548.
62. Gangestad, S.W. and Thornhill, R. (1997). The evolutionary psychology of extra-pair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry. Evolution and Human Behavior, 18, 69-88.
63. Garland, T., and Freeman, P.W. (2005). Selective breeding for high endurance running increases hindlimb symmetry. Evolution, 59, 1851-1854.
64. Givens, D.B. (1978). The nonverbal basis of attraction: flirtation, courtship, and seduction. Psychiatry, 41, 346-359.
65. Goldin-Meadow, S. (1999). The role of gesture in communication and thinking. Trends in Cognitive Science, 3, 419-429.
66. Goodall, J. (1968). A preliminary report on expressive movement and communication in the Gombe Stream Chimpanzees. In P.C. Jay (Ed.), Primates: Studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 313-374). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
67. Graham, J.A., and Argyle, M. (1975). A cross-cultural study of the communication of extra-verbal meaning by gestures. International Journal of Psychology, 10, 57-67.
68. Grammer, K., Schiefenhovel, W., Schleidt, M., Lorenz, B., and Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1988). Patterns on the face: brow movements in a cross-cultural comparison. Ethology, 77, 279-299.
69. Grammer, K. (1989). Human courtship behaviour: Biological bases and cognitive processing. In A.E. Rasa, C. Vogel, E. Voland (Eds.). The sociobiology of sexual and reproductive strategies (pp. 147-169). Berlin: Springer.
70. Grammer, K. (1990). Strangers meet: Laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite-sex encounters. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 14, 209-236.
71. Grammer K., Fieder, M., and Filova, V. (1997). The communication paradox and a possible solution: Toward a radical empiricism. In A. Schmitt, K. Atzwanger, K. Grammer, K. Schäfer (Eds.). New aspects of human ethology (pp. 91-120). New York: Plenum.
72. Grammer, K., Juette, A., Schmitt, A., and Honda, M. (1999). Fuzziness of nonverbal courtship communication unblurred by motion energy detection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 487-508.
73. Grammer, K., Kruck, K., Juette, A., and Fink, B. (2000). Non-verbal behavior as courtship signals: the role of control and choice in selecting partners. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 371-390.
74. Grammer, K., Fink, B., and Renninger, L.A. (2002). Dynamic systems and inferential information processing in human communication. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 23, 15-22.
75. Grammer, K., Fink, B., Møller, A.P., and Thornhill, R. (2003). Darwinian aesthetics: Sexual selection and the biology of beauty. Biological Reviews, 78, 385-407.
76. Grammer, K., Kiel, V., Striebel, B., Atzmüller, M., and Fink, B. (2003). Bodies in motion: A window to the soul. In E. Voland, E.K. Grammer (Eds.), Evolutionary aesthetics. Berlin: Springer.
77. Grossman, E.D., and Blake, R. (1999). Perception of coherent motion, biological motion and form-form-motion under dim-light conditions. Vision Research, 39, 3721-3727.
78. Hagen, E.H., and Bryant, G.A. (2003). Music and dance as a coalition signaling system. Human Nature, 14, 21-51.
79. Hampson, E., and Kimura, D. (1988). Reciprocal effects of hormonal fluctuations on human motor and perceptual-spatial skills. Behavioral Neuroscience, 102, 456-459.
80. Hanna, J.L. (1987a). Dance, sex and gender: Signs of identity, dominance, defiance, and desire. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
81. Hanna, J.L. (1987b). To dance is human: A theory of nonverbal communication. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
82. Hanna, J.L. (1995). The Power of Dance: Health and Healing. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 1, 323-331.
83. Hartgens, F., and Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Medicine, 34, 513-554.
84. Hill, H., and Pollick, F.E. (2000). Exaggerating temporal differences enhances recognition of individuals from point-light displays. Psychological Science, 11, 223-228.
85. Hönekopp, J., Manning, J.T., and Müller, C. (2006). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness in males and females: Evidence for effects of prenatal androgens on sexually selected traits. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 545-549.
86. Hugill, N., Fink, B., Neave, N., and Seydel, H. (2009). Men's physical strength is associated with women's perceptions of their dancing ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 527-530.
87. Jennings, P.J., Janowsky, J.S., and Orwoll, E. (1998). Estrogen and sequential movement. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 154-159.
88. Johansson, G., von Hofsten, C., and Jansson, G. (1980). Event perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 27-63.
89. Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 201-211.
90. Johansson, G. (1976). Spatio-temporal differentiation and integration in visual motion perception: An experimental and theoretical analysis of calculus-like functions in visual data processing. Psychological Research, 38, 379-393.
91. Johnson, K.L., Gill, S., Reichman, V., and Tassinary, L.G. (2007). Swagger, sway, and sexuality: judging sexual orientation from body motion and morphology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 321-334.
92. Johnson, K.L., and Tassinary, L.G. (2005). Perceiving sex directly and indirectly. Psychological Science, 16, 890-897.
93. Jokisch, D., and Troje, N.F. (2003). Biological motion as a cue for the perception of size. Journal of Vision, 3, 252-264.
94. Kaeppler, A.L. (1978). Dance in anthropological perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology, 7, 31-49.
95. Kano, T. (1992). The last ape: Pygmy chimpanzee behavior and ecology. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
96. Kenrick, D.T., and Keefe, R.C. (1992). Age preferences in mates reflect sex human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 75-133.
97. Kleinke, C.L. (1986). Gaze and eye contact: A research review. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 78-100.
98. Knappmeyer, B., Thornton, I.M., Etcoff, N., and Bülthoff, H.H. (2002). The influence of facial motion on the perception of facial attractiveness. Second Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society Sarasota, Florida.
99. Koutedakis, Y., and Sharp, N.C. (1999). The fit and healthy dancer. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
100. Kozlowski, L.T., and Cutting, J.E. (1977). Recognizing the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580.
101. Kozlowski, L.T., and Cutting, J.E. (1978). Recognizing the gender of walkers from point-lights mounted on ankles: some second thoughts. Perception and Psychophysics, 23, 459.
102. König, A., Schölmerich, A., and Troje, N.F. (2008). Geschlechtsspezifische Entwicklung der Anatomie und Gangdynamik im Kindes-und Jugendalter. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 40, 32-39.
103. Krauss, R.M. (1998). Why do we gesture when we speak? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 54-60.
104. Kuhlmeier, V.A., Troje, N.F., and Lee, V. (in press). Young infants detect the direction of biological motion in point-light displays. Infancy.
105. Kurath, G.P. (1960). Panorama of dance ethnology. Current Anthropology, 1, 233-254.
106. Kuroda, S. (1984). Rocking gesture as communicative behavior in wild pygmy chimpanzees in Wamba. Journal of Ethology, 2, 127-137.
107. Lander, K., Christie, F., and Bruce, V. (1999). The role of movement in the recognition of famous faces. Memory and Cognition, 27, 974-985.
108. Langlois, J.H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A.J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., and Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423
109. Lebrun, C.M. (1993). Effect of the different phases of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on athletic performance. Sports Medicine, 16, 400-430.
110. Lemke, M.R., Wendorff, T., Mieth, B., Buhl, K., and Linnemann, M. (2000). Spatiotemporal gait patterns during over ground locomotion in major depression compared with healthy controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34, 277-283.
111. Livshits, G., and Kobyliansky, E. (1991). Fluctuating asymmetry as a possible measure of developmental homeostasis in humans: a review. Human Biology, 63, 145-153.
112. Loula, F., Prasad, S., Harber, K., and Shiffrar, M. (2005). Recognizing people from their movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 210-220.
113. Manning, J.T., and Ockenden, L. (1994). Fluctuating asymmetry in racehorses. Nature, 370, 185-186.
114. Manning, J.T., and Pickup, L.J. (1998). Symmetry and performance in middle distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 205-209.
115. Manning, J.T., and Taylor, R.P. (2001). Second to fourth digit ratio and male ability in sport: Implications for sexual selection in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 61-69.
116. Manning, J.T. (2002). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and performance in skiing. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42, 446-450.
117. Manning, J.T. and Hill, M.R. (2009). Digit ratio and sprinting speed in boys. American Journal of Human Biology, 21, 210-213.
118. Martin, J., López, P. (2001). Hindlimb asymmetry reduces escape performance in the lizard Psammodromus algirus. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 74, 619-624.
119. Mather, G., and West, S. (1993). Recognition of animal locomotion from dynamic point-light displays. Perception, 22, 759-766.
120. Mather, G., and Murdoch, L. (1994). Gender discrimination in biological motion displays based on dynamic cues. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 258, 273-279.
121. Mattes, S.J., Martin, P.E., and Royer, T.D. (2000). Walking symmetry and energy cost in persons with unilateral transtibial amputations: matching prosthetic and intact limb inertial Properties. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81, 561-568.
122. Maynard-Smith, J. (1956). Fertility, mating behaviour and sexual selection in Drosophila subobscura. Journal of Genetics, 54, 261-279.
123. Mehrabian, A., and Ferris, S.R. (1967). Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 248-252.
124. Møller, A.P., Sanotra, G.S., and Vestergaard, K.S. (1999). Developmental instability and light regime in chickens (Gallus gallus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 62, 57-71.
125. Montepare, J.M., and Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 547-556.
126. Moore, M.M. (1985). Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 237-247.
127. Moore, M.M., and Butler, D.L. (1989). Predictive aspects of nonverbal courtship behavior in women. Semiotica, 76, 205-215.
128. Moore, D.G., Goodwin, J.E., George, R., Axelsson, E.L., and Braddick, F.M.B. (2007). Infants perceive human point-light displays as solid forms. Cognition, 104, 377-396.
129. Morris, N.M., and Udry, J.R. (1970). Variations in pedometer activity during the menstrual cycle. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 35, 199-201.
130. Morrison, E.R., Gralewski, L., Campbell, N., and Penton-Voak, I.S. (2007). Facial movement varies by sex and is related to attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 186-192.
131. Muehlenhard, C.L., Koralewski, M.A., Amdrews. S.L., and Burdick, C.A. (1986). Verbal and nonverbal cues that convey interest in dating: Two studies. Behavior Therapy, 17, 404-419.
132. Murray, M.P., Drought, A.B. and Kory, R.C. (1964). Walking patterns of normal men. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 46, 335-360.
133. Murray, M.P. (1967). Gait as a total pattern of movement. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 46, 290-333.
134. Murray, M.P., Kory, R.C., and Sepic, S.B. (1970). Walking patterns of normal women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 51, 637-650
135. Nevinson, H.W. (1931). The joy of dancing. Music and Letters, 12, 109-115.
136. Neave, N., Laing, S., Fink, B., and Manning, J.T. (2003). Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived dominance. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 2167-2172.
137. Norman, J.F., Payton, S.M., Long, J.R., and Hawkes, L.M. (2004). Aging and perception of biological motion. Psychology and Aging, 19, 219-225.
138. Omori, E., and Watanabe, S. (1996). Discrimination of Johansson's stimuli in pigeons. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 9, 92.
139. Oram, M.W., and Perrett, D.I. (1994). Responses of anterior superior temporal polysensory (STPa) neurons to biological motion stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 99-116.
140. O'Toole, Edelman, S., and Bülthoff, H.H. (1998). Stimulus-specific effects in face recognition over changes in viewpoint. Vision Research, 38, 2351-2363.
141. Owens, J. (2003). How courtship behavior in salticid spiders can drive speciation. www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_2003/owens.pdf.
142. Patricelli, G.L., Uy, A.C., and Borgia, G. (2003). Multiple male traits interact: attractive bower decorations facilitate attractive behavioural displays in satin bowerbirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 2389-2395.
143. Pavlova, M., Krägeloh-Mann, I., Sokolov, A., and Birbaumer, N. (2001). Recognition of point-light biological motion displays by young children. Perception, 30, 925-933.
144. Pavlova, M., Krägeloh-Mann, I., Birbaumer, N., and Sokolov, A. (2002). Biological motion shown backwards: the apparent facing effect. Perception, 31, 435-443.
145. Pierson, W.R., and Lockhart, A. (1963). Effect of menstruation on simple reaction and movement time. British Medical Journal, 23, 796-797.
146. Piotrowski, A., Jakobson, L., and Troje, N.F. (2007). Biological motion perception in healthy elderly. Journal of Vision, 7, 486-487.
147. Pitcairn, T.K., and Schleidt, M. (1975). Dance and decision: An analysis of courtship dance of the Medlpa of New Guinea. Behaviour, 58, 298-316.
148. Pokrywka, L., Rachon, D., Suchecka-Rachon, K., and Bitel, L. (2005). The second to fourth digit ratio in elite and non-elite female athletes. American Journal of Human Biology, 17, 796-800.
149. Pollick, F.E., Paterson, H.M., Bruderlin, A., and Sanford, A.J. (2001). Perceiving affect from arm movement. Cognition, 82, B51-B61.
150. Provost, M.P., Quinsey, V.L., and Troje, N.F. (2008). Differences in gait across the menstrual cycle and their attractiveness to men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 598-604.
151. Provost, M.P., Troje, N.F., and Quinsey, V.L. (2008). Short-term mating strategies and attraction to masculinity in point-light walkers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 65-69.
152. Regolin, L., Tommasi, L., and Vallortigara, G. (2000). Visual perception of biological motion in newly hatched chicks as revealed by an imprinting procedure. Animal Cognition, 3, 53-60.
153. Riggio, R.E., Widaman, K.F., Tucker, J.S., and Salinas, C. (1991). Beauty is more than skin deep: components of attractiveness. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 423-439.
154. Rhodes, G., Simmons, L.W., and Peters, M. (2005). Attractiveness and sexual behavior: Does attractiveness enhance mating success? Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 186-201.
155. Roberts, S.C., Havlicek, J., Flegr, J., Hruskova, M., Little, A.C., Jones, B.C., Perrett, D.I., and Petrie, M. (2004). Female facial attractiveness increases during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 271, S270-272.
156. Rowland, W.J. (1995). Do female stickleback care about male courtship vigour? Manipulation of display tempo using video playback. Behaviour, 132, 951-961
157. Rubenstein, A.J. (2005). Variation in perceived attractiveness. differences between dynamic and static faces. Psychological Science, 16, 759-762.
158. Runeson, S., and Frykholm, G. (1983). Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational bias for person-and-action perception: expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 585-615.
159. Sadr, J., Troje, N.F., and Nakayama, K. (2006). A pedestrian courtship: attractiveness and symmetry of humans walking. Journal of Vision, 6, 797-798.
160. Saucier, D.M., and Kimura, D. (1998). Intrapersonal motor but not extrapersonal motor targeting skill is enhanced during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 385-398.
161. Scheflen, A.E. (1965). Quasi-courtship behavior in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 28, 245-257.
162. Schmitt, A., and Atzwanger, K. (1995). Walking fast-ranking high: a sociobiological perspective on pace. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 451-462.
163. Sell, A., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Sznycer, D., von Rueden, C., and Gurven, M. (2009). Human adaptations for the visual assessment of strength and fighting ability from the body and face. Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276, 575-84.
164. Shanker, S., and King, B.J. (2002). The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 25, 620-656.
165. Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2005). Man has always danced: Forays into the origins of an art largely forgotten by philosophers. Contemporary Aesthetics, 3, http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=273.
166. Siegel, J.A., Young, L.A., Neiss, M.B., Samuels, M.H., Roselli, C.E., and Janowsky, J.S. (2008). Estrogen, Testosterone, and Sequential Movement in Men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 122, 955-962.
167. Simion, F., Regolin, L., and Bulf, H. (2008). A predisposition for biological motion in the newborn baby. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 809-813.
168. Singer, F., Riechert, S.E., Xu, H., Morris, A.W., Becker, E., Hale, J.A., and Noureddine, M.A. (2000). Analysis of courtship success in the funnel-web spider Agelenopsis aperta. Behaviour, 137, 93-117.
169. Singh, D. (2002). Female mate value at a glance: relationship of waist-to-hip ratio to health, fecundity and attractiveness. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 23, 81-91.
170. Singh, D. (2006). Role of body fat and body shape on judgment of female health and attractiveness: An evolutionary perspective. Psychological Topics, 15, 331-350.
171. Sloman, L., Berridge, M., Homatidis, S., Hunter, D., and Duck, T. (1982). Gait patterns of depressed patients and normal subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 94-97.
172. Stenn, P.G., and Klinge, V. (1972). Relationship between the menstrual cycle and bodily activity in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 3, 297-305.
173. Stevenage, S.V., Nixon, M.S., and Vince, K. (1999). Visual analysis of gait as a cue to identity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, 513-526.
174. Sumi, S. (2000). Perception of point-light walker produced by eight lights attached to the back of the walker. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 59, 126-132.
175. Swaddle, J.P. (1997). Within-individual changes in developmental stability affect flight performance. Behavioral Ecology, 8, 601-604.
176. Swaddle, J.P., and Reierson, G.W. (2002). Testosterone increases perceived dominance but not attractiveness in human males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 269, 2285-2289.
177. Thornhill, R., and Møller, A.P. (1997). Developmental stability, disease and medicine. Biological Reviews, 72, 497-548.
178. Todd, J.T. (1983). Perception of gait. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 31-42.
179. Todt, D., and Fiebelkorn, A. (1980). Display, timing and function of wing movements accompanying duets of Cichladusa guttata. Behaviour, 72, 82-106.
180. Trainer, J., and McDonald, D.B. (1993). Vocal repertoire of the long-tailed manakin and its relation to male-male competition. Condor, 95, 769-781.
181. Troje, N.F. (2002). Decomposing biological motion: a framework for analysis and synthesis of human gait patterns. Journal of Vision, 2, 371-387.
182. Troje, N.F. (2003). Cat walk and western hero - motion is expressive. IGSN Report, 40-43.
183. Troje, N.F., Westhoff, C., and Lavrov, M. (2005). Person identification from biological motion: Effects of structural and kinematic cues. Perception and Psychophysics, 67, 667-675.
184. Vallortigara, G., Regolin, L., and Marconato, F. (2005). Visually inexperienced chicks exhibit spontaneous preference for biological motion patterns. PLoS Biology, 3, 1312-1316.
185. Walk, R.D., and Homan, C.P. (1984). Emotion and dance in dynamic light displays. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 437-440.
186. Waters, R.L., and Mulroy, S. (1999). The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait and Posture, 9, 207-231.
187. Westhoff, C., and Troje, N.F. (2007). Kinematic cues for person identification from biological motion. Perception and Psychophysics, 69, 241-253.
188. Williams, H. (2001). Choreography of song, dance and beak movements in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 3497-3506.
189. Yamasaki, M., Saki, T., and Torii, M. (1991). Sex difference in the pattern of lower limb movement during treadmill walking. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 62, 99-103.
190. Zebrowitz-McArthur, L., and Baron, R.M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90, 215-238.