Psychoanalytic theory as a unifying framework for 21st century personality aSsessment

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 133-152

  Bornstein, Robert F ^a  

^a ADELPHI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Personality assessment; Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic; Rorschach; Self report

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; COGNITION; DEFENSE MECHANISM; INTROSPECTION; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; PSYCHODYNAMICS; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 77952898213     PISSN: 07369735     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0015486     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Allison J., Blatt S.J., Zimet C.N. The interpretation of psychological tests 1968, Harper & Row, New York.
2. Archer R.P., Krishnamurthy R. Combining the Rorschach and MMPI in the assessment of adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment 1993, 60:132-140.
3. Archer R.P., Krishnamurthy R. A review of MMPI and Rorschach interrelationships in adult samples. Journal of Personality Assessment 1993, 61:277-293.
4. Bargh J.A. The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficacy, and control in social cognition. Handbook of social cognition 1994, 1:1-40. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. R.S. Wyer, T.K. Srull (Eds.).
5. Bargh J.A., Morsella E. The unconscious mind. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2008, 3:73-79.
6. Beck A.T., Steer R.A. Beck Depression Inventory manual 1993, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
7. Beebe B., Lachmann F.M. Infant research and adult treatment: Co-constructing interactions 2002, Analytic Press, London, United Kingdom.
8. Bornstein R.F. Implicit perception, implicit memory, and the recovery of unconscious material in psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993, 181:337-344.
9. Bornstein R.F. Sex differences in objective and projective dependency tests: A meta-analytic review. Assessment 1995, 2:319-331.
10. Bornstein R.F. Implicit and self-attributed dependency needs in dependent and histrionic personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment 1998, 71:1-14.
11. Bornstein R.F. Source amnesia, misattribution, and the power of unconscious perceptions and memories. Psychoanalytic Psychology 1999, 16:155-178.
12. Bornstein R.F. Has psychology become the science of questionnaires? A survey of research outcome measures at the close of the 20th century. The General Psychologist 2001, 36:36-40.
13. Bornstein R.F. The impending death of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2001, 18:3-20.
14. Bornstein R.F. A process dissociation approach to objective-projective test score interrelationships. Journal of Personality Assessment 2002, 78:47-68.
15. Bornstein R.F. Behaviorally referenced experimentation and symptom validation: A paradigm for 21st century personality disorder research. Journal of Personality Disorders 2003, 17:1-18.
16. Bornstein R.F. Reconnecting psychoanalysis to mainstream psychology: Challenges and opportunities. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2005, 22:323-340.
17. Bornstein R.F. Might the Rorschach be a projective test after all? Social projection of an undesired trait alters Rorschach Oral Dependency scores. Journal of Personality Assessment 2007, 88:354-367.
18. Bornstein R.F. Nomothetic psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2007, 24:590-602.
19. Bornstein R.F. Toward a process-based framework for classifying personality tests: Comment on Meyer and Kurtz 2006. Journal of Personality Assessment 2007, 89:202-207.
20. Bornstein R.F., Bowers K.S., Bonner S. Effects of induced mood states on objective and projective dependency scores. Journal of Personality Assessment 1996, 67:342-350.
21. Bornstein R.F., Bowers K.S., Bonner S. Relationships of objective and projective dependency scores to sex role orientation in college student subjects. Journal of Personality Assessment 1996, 66:555-568.
22. Bornstein R.F., Masling J.M. Scoring the Rorschach: Seven validated systems 2005, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
23. Bornstein R.F., Rossner S.C., Hill E.L., Stepanian M.L. Face validity and fakability of objective and projective measures of dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment 1994, 63:363-386.
24. Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1955). Studies in hysteria. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2). London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1896).
25. Bucci W. Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: A multiple code theory 1997, Guilford Press, New York.
26. Bucci W. The need for a " psychoanalytic psychology" in the cognitive science field. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2000, 17:203-224.
27. Cadbury S. The concept of dependence as developed by Birtchnell: A critique. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1991, 64:237-251.
28. Campanella S., Belin P. Integrating face and voice in person perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007, 11:635-643.
29. Campbell D.T., Fiske D. Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin 1959, 56:81-105.
30. Carr A.C., Goldstein E.G. Approaches to the diagnosis of borderline conditions by the use of psychological tests. Journal of Personality Assessment 1981, 45:563-574.
31. Cattell J.M. Mental tests and measurements. Mind 1890, 15:373-381.
32. Childs R.A., Eyde L.D. Assessment training in clinical psychology doctoral programs. Journal of Personality Assessment 2002, 78:130-144.
33. Coen S.J. The misuse of persons: Analyzing pathological dependency 1992, Analytic Press, Hillsdale, NJ.
34. Cogswell A. Explicitly rejecting an implicit dichotomy: Integrating two approaches to assessing dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment 2008, 90:26-35.
35. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
36. Craig J.A., Koestner R., Zuroff D.C. Implicit and self-attributed intimacy motivation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1994, 11:491-507.
37. Cramer P. Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Mechanisms for adaptation. American Psychologist 2000, 55:637-646.
38. Cramer P. Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action 2006, Guilford Press, New York.
39. Epstein S. Cognitive-experiential self theory: A dual process personality theory with implications for diagnosis and psychotherapy. Empirical perspectives on the psychoanalytic unconscious 1998, 99-140. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.F. Bornstein, J.M. Masling (Eds.).
40. Erdelyi M.H. Psychoanalysis: Freud's cognitive psychology 1985, Freeman, New York.
41. Erdelyi M.H. Subliminal perception and its cognates: Theory, indeterminacy, and time. Consciousness and Cognition 2004, 13:73-91.
42. Erdelyi M.H. The unified theory of repression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2006, 29:499-511.
43. Exner J.E. Searching for projection in the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment 1989, 53:520-536.
44. Exner J.E. The Rorschach: A comprehensive system 1991, 2. Wiley, New York. 2nd ed.
45. Freud, S. (1955). Totem and taboo. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 3, pp. 159-188). London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1913).
46. Freud. S. (1953). The interpretation of dreams. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vols. 4 and 5). London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1900).
47. Fuerstein L.A. Some hypotheses about gender differences in coping with oral dependency conflicts. Psychoanalytic Review 1989, 76:163-184.
48. Gabbard G.O. Psychodynamic psychotherapy in clinical practice 2000, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC. 3rd ed.
49. Galatzer-Levy R.M., Cohler B.J. The essential other: A developmental psychology of the self 1993, Basic Books, New York.
50. Gallo D.A., Kensinger E.A., Schacter D.L. Prefrontal activity and diagnostic monitoring of memory retrieval: FMRI of the Criterial Recollection Task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2006, 18:135-148.
51. Gilbert L.A. Male and female emotional dependency and its implications for the therapist-client relationship. Professional Psychology 1987, 18:555-561.
52. Goffman E. The presentation of the self in everyday life 1959, University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
53. Greenberg J.R., Mitchell S.M. Object relations in psychoanalytic theory 1983, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
54. Groth-Marnat G. Current status and future directions of psychological assessment. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1999, 55:781-785.
55. Handler L., Hilsenroth M.J. Teaching and learning personality assessment 1998, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
56. Handler L., Meyer G.J. The importance of teaching and learning psychological assessment. Teaching and learning personality assessment 1998, 3-30. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. L. Handler, M.J. Hilsenroth (Eds.).
57. Hartmann H. Essays on ego psychology 1964, International Universities Press, New York.
58. Higgins E.T., King G.A. Accessibility of social constructs: Information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. Personality, cognition, and social interaction 1981, 69-122. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. N. Cantor, J.F. Kihlstrom (Eds.).
59. Higgins E.T., Pittman T.S. Motives of the human animal: Comprehending, managing, and sharing inner states. Annual Review of Psychology 2008, 59:361-385.
60. Hirschfeld R.M.A., Klerman G.L., Gough H.G., Barrett J., Korchin S.J., Chodoff P. A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment 1977, 41:610-618.
61. Holt R.R. Measuring libidinal and aggressive motives and their controls by means of the Rorschach test. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1966, 1-47. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. D. Levine (Ed.).
62. Huprich S.K. Psychodynamic therapy: Conceptual and empirical foundations 2009, Taylor & Francis, New York.
63. Jacoby L.L., Kelley C.M. Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity. The neuropsychology of consciousness 1991, 201-233. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom. D. Milner, M. Rugg (Eds.).
64. Kammrath L.K., Mendoza-Denton R., Mischel W. Incorporating if-then personality signatures into person perception: Beyond the person-situation dichotomy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:605-618.
65. Klopfer W.G. The psychological report: Use and communication of psychological findings 1960, Grune & Stratton, Oxford, United Kingdom.
66. Koestner R., Weinberger J., McClelland D.C. Task-intrinsic and social-extrinsic sources of arousal for motives assessed in fantasy and self-report. Journal of Personality 1991, 59:57-82.
67. Kohut H. The analysis of the self 1971, International Universities Press, New York.
68. Laplanche J., Pontalis J.B. The language of psycho-analysis 1974, Norton, New York.
69. Lerner H.E. Female dependency in context: Some theoretical and technical considerations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1983, 53:697-705.
70. Lerner P.M. Defense and its assessment: The Lerner Defense Scale. Scoring the Rorschach: Seven validated systems 2005, 237-269. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R.F. Bornstein, J.M. Masling (Eds.).
71. Luborsky L., Crits-Christoph P. Understanding transference: The Core Conflictual Relational Theme method 1990, Basic Books, New York.
72. Maner J.K., Kendrick D.T., Becker D.V., Robertson T.E., Hofer B., Neuberg S.L., et al. Functional projection: How fundamental social motives can bias interpersonal perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:63-78.
73. Masling J.M. Preface. Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories 1990, 3:v-xv. Analytic Press, Hillsdale, NJ. J.M. Masling (Ed.).
74. Mayman M. Style, focus, language, and content of an ideal psychological test report. Journal of Projective Techniques 1959, 23:453-458.
75. McClelland D.C., Koestner R., Weinberger J. How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?. Psychological Review 1989, 96:690-702.
76. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T. Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist 1997, 52:509-516.
77. Messick S. Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning. American Psychologist 1995, 50:741-749.
78. Meyer G.J. The Rorschach and MMPI: Toward a more scientific understanding of cross-method assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment 1996, 67:558-578.
79. Meyer G.J. On the integration of personality assessment methods: The Rorschach and MMPI. Journal of Personality Assessment 1997, 68:297-330.
80. Meyer G.J., Finn S.E., Eyde L.D., Kay G.G., Moreland K.L., Dies R.R., et al. Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist 2001, 56:128-165.
81. Meyer G.J., Kurtz J.E. Advancing personality assessment terminology: Time to retire " objective" and " projective" as personality test descriptors. Journal of Personality Assessment 2006, 87:223-225.
82. Morey L.C. Essentials of PAI assessment 2003, Wiley, New York.
83. Murstein B.I. The projection of hostility on the Rorschach as a result of ego-threat. Journal of Projective Techniques 1956, 20:418-428.
84. Murstein B.I., Wolf S.R. Empirical test of the " levels" hypothesis with five projective techniques. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1970, 75:38-44.
85. Newman L.S., Duff K.J., Baumeister R.F. A new look at defensive projection: Thought suppression, accessibility, and biased person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997, 72:980-1001.
86. Piotrowski C., Belter R.W. Internship training in psychological assessment: Has managed care had an impact?. Assessment 1999, 6:381-389.
87. Porcelli P., Meyer G.J. Construct validity of Rorschach variables for alexithymia. Psychosomatics 2002, 43:360-369.
88. Pyszczynski T., Greenberg J., Solomon S. Proximal and distal defense: A new perspective on unconscious motivation. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2000, 9:156-160.
89. Rapaport D., Gill M.M., Schafer R. Diagnostic psychological testing 1945, Yearbook Publishers, Chicago.
90. Rapaport D., Gill M.M., Schafer R. Diagnostic psychological testing 1968, International Universities Press, New York. rev. ed.
91. Russ S.W. Psychoanalytic theory and creativity: Cognition and affect revisited. Psychoanalytic perspectives on developmental psychology 1996, 69-103. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.F. Bornstein, J.M. Masling (Eds.).
92. Schacter D.L. Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1987, 13:501-518.
93. Schafer R. Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing 1954, Grune & Stratton, New York.
94. Schimel J., Greenberg J., Martens A. Evidence that projection of a feared trait can serve a defensive function. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:969-979.
95. Silverstein M.L. Disorders of the self: A personality guided approach 2007, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
96. Sperling M.B., Sack A., Field C.L. Psychodynamic practice in a managed care environment 2000, Guilford Press, New York.
97. Stedman J.M., Hatch J.P., Schoenfeld L.S. Internship directors' valuation of pre-internship preparation in test-based assessment and psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 2001, 32:421-424.
98. Stern D. The present moment in psychotherapy and everyday life 2004, Norton, New York.
99. Sugarman A. Where's the beef? Putting personality back into personality assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment 1991, 56:130-144.
100. Sugarman A. A psychoanalytic approach to the inference process in diagnostic testing. British Journal of Projective Psychology 1992, 37:34-49.
101. Sugarman A., Kanner K. The contribution of psychoanalytic theory to psychological testing. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2000, 17:3-23.
102. Wachtel P.L. Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: Toward an integration 1977, Basic Books, NY.
103. Wachtel P.L. Psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, and the relational world 1997, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
104. Wegner D.M., Erber R. The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 63:903-912.
105. Weinberger J., McClelland D.C. Cognitive versus traditional motivational models: Irreconcilable or complementary?. Handbook of motivation and cognition 1990, 562-597. Academic Press, New York. R. Sorrentino, E.T. Higgins (Eds.).
106. Weiner I.B. Rorschach Inkblot Method. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment 2004, 553-588. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. 3rd ed. M.E. Maruish (Ed.).
107. Weiner I.B., Bornstein R.F. Principles of psychotherapy 2009, Wiley, New York. 3rd ed.
108. Westen D. The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin 1998, 124:333-371.