Are children's memory illusions created differently from those of adults? Evidence from levels-of-processing and divided attention paradigms

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

Volumn 107, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 31-49

  Wimmer, Marina C ^a   Howe, Mark L ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Automaticity; Divided attention; DRM paradigm; False memories; Levels of processing; Memory development

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AUTOMATISM; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; ILLUSION; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MEMORY; RECOGNITION; VISION;

ADULT; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; ATTENTION; AUTOMATISM; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; ILLUSIONS; MALE; MEMORY; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); REPRESSION; VISUAL PERCEPTION; VOCABULARY; REPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 77952885450     PISSN: 00220965     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.03.003     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Alexander K.W., Goodman G.S., Schaaf J.M., Edelstein R.S., Quas J.A., and Shaver P.R. The role of attachment and cognitive inhibition in children's memory and suggestibility for a stressful event. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 83 (2002) 262-290
2. Anastasi J.S., and Rhodes M.G. Examining differences in levels of false memories in children and adults using child-normed lists. Developmental Psychology 44 (2008) 889-894
3. Bjorklund D.F. Children's thinking: Developmental and individual differences. 4th ed. (2005), Wadsworth/Thomson, Belmont, CA
4. Bjorklund D.F., and Harnishfeger K. The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior. In: Dempster F.N., and Brainerd C.J. (Eds). Interference and inhibition in cognition (1995), Academic Press, San Diego 141-173
5. Brainerd C.J., Forrest T.J., Karibian D., and Reyna V.F. Development of the false-memory illusion. Developmental Psychology 42 (2006) 962-979
6. Brainerd C.J., and Reyna V.F. The science of false memory (2005), Oxford University Press, New York
7. Brainerd C.J., Reyna V.F., and Ceci S.J. Developmental reversals in false memory: A review of data and theory. Psychological Bulletin 134 (2008) 343-382
8. Carneiro P., Albuquerque P., Fernandez A., and Esteves F. Analyzing false memories in children with associative lists specific for their age. Child Development 78 (2007) 1171-1185
9. Collins A.M., and Loftus E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82 (1975) 407-428
10. Deese J. On the prediction of occurrence of certain verbal intrusions in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 58 (1959) 17-22
11. Dempster F.N. The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and ageing. Developmental Review 12 (1992) 45-75
12. Dewhurst S.A., Barry C., and Holmes S. Exploring the false recognition of category exemplars: Effects of divided attention and explicit generation. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 17 (2005) 803-819
13. Dewhurst S.A., Barry C., Swannell E.R., Holmes S.J., and Bathurst L. The effect of divided attention on false memory depends on how memory is tested. Memory & Cognition 35 (2007) 660-667
14. Dewhurst S.A., Pursglove R.C., and Lewis C. Story contexts increase susceptibility to the DRM illusion in 5-year-olds. Developmental Science 10 (2007) 374-378
15. Dewhurst S.A., and Robinson C.A. False memories in children: Evidence for a shift from phonological to semantic associations. Psychological Science 15 (2004) 782-786
16. Dodd M.D., and MacLeod C.M. False recognition without intentional learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 137-142
17. Gallo D.A. Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks (2006), Psychology Press, New York
18. Gallo D.A., Roberts M.J., and Seamon J.G. Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4 (1997) 271-276
19. Gallo D.A., Roediger III H.L., and McDermott K.B. Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (2001) 579-586
20. Gerstadt C.L., Hong Y.J., and Diamond A. The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 31/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition 53 (1994) 129-153
21. Harnishfeger K., and Bjorklund D.F. A developmental perspective on individual differences in inhibition. Learning and Individual Differences 6 (1994) 331-355
22. Howe M.L. Children (but not adults) can inhibit false memories. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 927-931
23. Howe M.L. Developmentally invariant dissociations in children's true and false memories: Not all relatedness is created equal. Child Development 77 (2006) 1112-1123
24. Howe M.L. Visual distinctiveness and the development of children's false memories. Child Development 79 (2008) 65-79
25. Howe, M. L., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (in press). Can maltreated children inhibit true and false memories for emotional information? Child Development.
26. Howe M.L., Wimmer M.C., and Blease K. The role of associative strength in children's false memory illusions. Memory 17 (2009) 8-16
27. Howe M.L., Wimmer M.C., Gagnon N., and Plumpton S. An associative activation theory of children's and adults' memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language 60 (2009) 229-251
28. Kimball D.R., and Bjork R.A. Influences of intentional and unintentional forgetting on false memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 131 (2002) 116-130
29. Kimball D.R., Smith T.A., and Kahana M.J. The fSAM model of false recall. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 954-993
30. Knott L.M., and Dewhurst S.A. The effects of divided attention at study and test on false recognition: A comparison of DRM and categorized lists. Memory & Cognition 35 (2007) 1954-1965
31. Landauer T.K., and Dumais S.T. A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and the representation of knowledge. Psychological Review 104 (1997) 211-240
32. Marche T.A., Brainerd C.J., Lane D.G., and Leohr J.D. Item-level directed forgetting diminished false-memory. Memory 13 (2005) 749-758
33. McDermott K.B. Priming on perceptual implicit memory tests can be achieved through presentation of associates. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4 (1997) 582-586
34. McDermott K.B., and Roediger III H.L. Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing. Journal of Memory and Language 39 (1998) 508-520
35. Metzger R.L., Warren A.R., Shelton J.T., Price J., Reed A.W., and Williams D. Do children "DRM" like adults? False memory production in children. Developmental Psychology 44 (2008) 169-181
36. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1999). Welcome to the University of South Florida free association norms. Available from: http://w3.usf.edu/FreeAssociation.
37. Pérez-Mata M.N., Read J.D., and Diges M. Effects of divided attention and word concreteness on correct recall and false memory reports. Memory 10 (2002) 161-177
38. Peters M.J.V., Jelicic M., Gorski B., Sijstermans K., Giesbrecht T., and Merckelback H. The corrective effects of warning on false memories in the DRM paradigm are limited to full attention conditions. Acta Psychologica 129 (2008) 308-314
39. Pezdek K., and Lam S. What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study "false memory", and what are the implications of these choices?. Consciousness and Cognition 16 (2007) 2-17
40. Platt R.D., Lacey S.C., Iobst A.D., and Finkelman D. Absorption, dissociation, and fantasy-proneness as predictors of memory distortion in autobiographical and laboratory-generated memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology 12 (1998) S77-S89
41. Read J.D. From a passing thought to a false memory in 2 minutes: Confusing real and illusory events. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 3 (1996) 105-111
42. Rhodes M.G., and Anastasi J.S. The effects of a levels-of-processing manipulation on false recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7 (2000) 158-162
43. Roberts K.P., and Powell M.B. The relation between inhibitory control and children's eyewitness memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology 19 (2005) 1003-1018
44. Roediger III H.L., and McDermott K.B. Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented on lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 803-814
45. Roediger III H.L., Watson J.M., McDermott K.B., and Gallo D.A. Factors that determine false recall: A multiple regression analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 8 (2001) 385-407
46. Schaaf J.M., Alexander K.W., and Goodman G.S. Children's false memory and true disclosure in the face of repeated questions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 100 (2008) 157-185
47. Seamon J.G., Goodkind M.S., Dumey A.D., Dick E., Aufseer M.S., Strickland S.E., et al. "If I didn't write it, why would I remember it?" Effects of encoding, attention, and practice on accurate and false memory. Memory & Cognition 31 (2003) 445-457
48. Seamon J.G., Luo C.R., and Gallo D.A. Creating false memories of words with or without recognition of list items: Evidence for nonconscious processes. Psychological Science 9 (1998) 20-26
49. Seamon J.G., Luo C.R., Shulman E.P., Toner S.K., and Caglar S. False memories are hard to inhibit: Differential effects of direct forgetting on accurate and false recall in the DRM procedure. Memory 10 (2002) 225-237
50. Simpson A., and Riggs K.J. Inhibitory and working memory demands of the Day-Night task in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 23 (2005) 471-486
51. Snodgrass J.G., and Corwin J. Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117 (1988) 34-50
52. Stroop J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (1935) 643-662
53. Stuart, M., Masterson, J., Dixon, M., & Quinlan, P. (1993-1996). Children's printed word database. Available from: http://www.essex.ac.uk/psychology/cpwd/.
54. Thapar A., and McDermott K.B. False recall and false recognition induced by presentation of associated words: Effects of retention interval and level of processing. Memory & Cognition 29 (2001) 424-432
55. Toglia M.P., Neuschatz J.S., and Goodwin K.A. Recall accuracy and illusory memories: When more is less. Memory 7 (1999) 233-256
56. Tussing A.A., and Greene R.L. False recognition of associates: How robust is the effect?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 4 (1997) 572-576
57. Unsworth N., and Brewer G.A. Individual differences in false recall: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Memory and Language 62 (2010) 19-34
58. Wimmer M.C., and Howe M.L. The development of automatic associative processes and children's false memories. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 104 (2009) 447-465