Metals for joint replacement

Joint Replacement Technology

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 115-162

  Konttinen, Y T ^a   Milosev I ^b   Trebse R ^c   Rantanen, P ^d   Linden, R ^d   Tiainen, V M ^e   Virtanen, S ^f  

^a HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b JO EF STEFAN INSTITUTE   (Slovenia)

^c Orthopaedic Hospital Valdoltra   (Slovenia)

^d National Agency of Medicines   (Finland)

^e ORTON ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952850500     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845694807.2.115     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Agins H.J., Alcock N.W., Bansal M., Salvati E.A. Metallic wear in failed titaniumalloy total hip replacements. A histological and quantitative analysis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1988, 70-A:347-356.
2. Ahnfelt L., Herberts P., Malchau H., Anderson G.B.J. Prognosis of total hip replacement. A Swedish multicenter study of 4,664 revisions. Acta Orthop Scand 1990, 61(suppl. 238):1-25.
3. Amstutz H., Dorey F., Finerman G.A.M. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The cemented T28/TR28 prosthesis 1998, 55-63. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
4. Anttila A., Lappalainen R., Heinonen H., Santavirta S., Konttinen Y.T. Superiority of diamondlike carbon coating on articulating surfaces of artificial hip joints. New Diamond Frontier Carbon Technology 1999, 9:283-288.
5. Archibeck M.J., White R.E. Learning curve for the two-incision total hip replacement. Clin Orthop 2004, 429:232-238.
6. Archibeck M.J., Berger R.A., Jacobs J.J., Quigley L.R., Gitelis S., Rosenberg A.G., Galante J.O. Second-generation cementless total hip arthroplasty. Eight to eleven-year results. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2001, 83-A:1666-1673.
7. Bal B.S., Haltom D., Aleto T., Barrett M. Early complications of primary total hip replacement performed with two-incision minimally invasive technique. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005, 87-A:2432-2438.
8. Berger R.A. THA using the minimally invasive two incision approach. Clin Orthop 2003, 417:232-241.
9. Berger R.A. Rapid rehabilitation and recovery with minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 2004, 429:239-247.
10. Berry D.J., Berger R.A., Callaghan J.J., Dorr L.D., Duwelius P.J., Hartzband M.A., Lieberman J.R., Mears D.C. Minimally invasive THA: development early results, and critical analysis. Presented at Annual Meeting of the AOA, Charleston SC June 14, 2003. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2003, 85-A:2235-2246.
11. Berry D.J., Hamsen W.S. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The Charnley The Mayo Clinic. Total hip artroplasty outcomes 1998, 31-40. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
12. Bobyn J.D., Stackpool G.J., Hacking S.A., Tanzer M., Krygier J.J. Characteristics of bone ingrowth and interface mechanics of a new porous tantalum biomaterial. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1999, 81-B:907-914.
13. Modern Electrochemistry 2000, 2B. Kluwer Academics/Plenum Publishers, New York. 2nd edn. J.O. Bockris, A.K.N. Reddy (Eds.).
14. Bösch P., Legenstein R. Plus and Minus der Metall-Metall-Paarung' [German]. Orthopädie 2004, 5:16-19.
15. Bowditch M., Villar R. Is titanium so bad? Medium-term outcome of cemented titanium stems. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2001, 83-B:680-685.
16. Burke D.W., O'connor D.O., Zalenski E.B., Jasty M., Harris W.M. Micromotion of cemented and uncemented femoral components. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991, 73:33-37.
17. Callister W.D. Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction 2000, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York. 5th edn.
18. Carlsson L.V., Albrektsson B.E., Albrektsson B.G., Albrektsson T.O., Jacobsson C.M., Macdonald W., Regner L., Rostlund T., Weidenhielm L.R. Stepwise introduction of a bone-conserving osseointegrated hip arthroplasty using RSA and a randomized study: I. Preliminary investigation - 52 patients followed for 3 years. Acta Orthop 2006, 77:549-558.
19. Carlsson L.V., Albrektsson T., Albrektsson B.E., Jacobsson C.M., Macdonal W., Regner L., Weidenhielm L.R. Stepwise introduction of a bone-conserving osseointegrated hip arthroplasty using RSA and a randomized study. II. Clinical proof of concent - 40 patients followed for 2 years. Acta Orthop 2006, 77:559-566.
20. Collis D.K., Mohler C.G. Comparison of clinical outcomes in total hip arthroplasty using rough and polished cemented stems with essentially the same geometry. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002, 84-A:586-592.
21. Crowninshield R.D., Brand R.A., Johnston R.C., Milroy J.C. An analysis of femoral component stem design in total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980, 62-A:68-78.
22. Delaunay C.P. Metal-on-metal bearings in cementless primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(8 Suppl 3):35-40.
23. Dorr L.D., Wan Z. Comparative results of a distal modular sleeve, circumferential coating, and stiffness relief using the APR-II. J Arthroplasty 1996, 11:419-428.
24. Dorr L.D., Wan Z., Longjohn D.B., Dubois B., Murken R. Total hip arthroplasty withuse of the Metasul metal-on-metal articulation. Four to seven-year results. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2000, 82:789-798.
25. Eingartner C., Volkmann R., Winter E., Maurer F., Ihm A., Weller S., Weise K. Results of cemented titanium alloy straight femoral shaft prosthesis after 10 years of follow-up. Int Orthop 2001, 25:81-84.
26. Emerson R.H., Head W.C., Emerson C.B., Rosenfeldt W., Higgins L.L. A comparison of cemented and cementless titanium femoral components used for primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2002, 17:584-591.
27. Engelbrecht E., Kluber S.D. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The model St. George/Mark I/Mark II prosthesis 1998, 65-83. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
28. Engh C.A. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The anatomic medullary locking prosthesis 1998, 117-139. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
29. Firkins P.J., Tipper J.L., Saadatzadeh M.R., Ingham E., Stone M.H., Farrar R., Fisher J. Quantitative analysis of wear and wear debris from metal-on-metal hip prostheses tested in a physiological hip joint simulator. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 2001, 11:143-157.
30. Froimson M.I., Garino J., Machenaud A. Minimum 10-year results of tapered, titanium, hydroxyapatite-coated hip stem. Independent review. J Arthroplasty 2007, 22:1-7.
31. Grübl A., Chiari C., Gruber M., Kaider A., Gottsauner-Wolf F. Cementless total hip arthroplasty with a tapered, rectangular titanium stem and a threaded cup: a minimum ten-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2002, 84-A:425-431.
32. Hallab N., Merritt K., Jacobs J.J. Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2001, 83-A:428-436.
33. Hamadouche M., Boutin P., Daussange J., Bolander M.E., Sedel L. Alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty: a minimum of 18.5-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2002, 84-B:69-77.
34. Havelin L.I., Engesaeter L.B., Espehaug B., Furnes O., Lie S.A., Vollset S.E. The Norwegian Arthroplasty Register: 11 years and 73,000 arthroplasties. Acta Orthop Scand 2000, 71:337-353.
35. Head W.C., Bauk D.J., Emerson R.H. Titanium as the material of choice for cementless femoral components in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995, 311:85-90.
36. Hilton K.R., Dorr L.D., Wan Z., Mcpherson E.J. Contemporary total hip replacement with metal on metal articulation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996, 329(Suppl):S99-105.
37. Hodgson A.W.E., Kurz S., Virtanen S., Fervel V., Olsson C.-O.A., Mischler S. Passive and transpassive behavior of CoCrMo in simulated biological solutions. Electrochimica Acta 2004, 49:2167-2178.
38. Horne G., Berry N., Collis D. Isoelastic uncemented hip arthroplasty - early experience. Aust N Z J Surg 1987, 57:461-466.
39. Hozack W.J., Rothman R.J., Booth R.E., Balderston R.A., Cohn J.C., Pickens G.T. Survivorship analysis of 1041 Charnley total hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 1990, 5:41-47.
40. Huggler A.C., Jacob H.A. A new approach towards hip-prosthesis design. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1980, 97:141-144.
41. Huiskes R. Some fundamental aspects of human joint replacement. Analyses of stresses and heat conduction in bone-prosthesis structures. Acta Orthop Scand 1980, (Suppl 185):1-208.
42. Huiskes R., Weinans H., Van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992, 274:124-134.
43. Jacob H.A., Bereiter H.H., Buergi M.L. Design aspects and clinical performance of the thrust plate hip prosthesis. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 2007, 221:29-37.
44. Jacobs M., Gorab R., Mattingly D., Trick L., Southworth C. Three- to six-year results with the Ultima metal-on-metal hip articulation for primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(Suppl 2):48-53.
45. Jacobsson S.A., Ivarsson I., Djerf K., Wahlstrom O. Stem loosening more common with ITH than Lubinus prosthesis. Acta Orthop Scand 1995, 65:425-431.
46. Janssen D., Aquarius R., Stolk J., Verdonschot N. Finite-element analysis of failure of the Capital Hip designs. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2005, 87-B:1561-1567.
47. Jergesen H.E., Karlen J.W. Clinical outcome in total hip arthroplasty using a cemented titanium femoral prosthesis. J Arthroplasty 2002, 17:592-599.
48. Jessen N., Nickel A., Schikora K., Büttner-Janz K. Metal/metal - a new (old) hip bearing system in clinical evaluation. Prospective 7-year follow-up study. Orthopäde 2004, 33:594-602. [German], Erratum in Orthopäde, 33, 602.
49. Joshi A.B., Porter M.L., Trail I.A., Hunt L.P., Murphy J.C., Hardinge K. Long-term results of Charnley low friction arthroplasty in young patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1993, 75-B:616-623.
50. Kärrholm J., Frech W., Nivbrant B., Malchau H., Snorrason F., Herberts P. Fixation and metal release from the Tifit femoral stem prosthesis. Acta Orthop Scand 1998, 69:369-378.
51. Kawamura H., Dunbar M.J., Murray P., Bourne R.B., Rorabeck C.H. The porous coated anatomic total hip replacement. A ten to fourteen year follow-up study of a cementless total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2001, 83-A:1333-1338.
52. Kiuru M., Alakoski E., Tiainen V.-M., Lappalainen R., Anttila A. Tantalum as a buffer layer in diamond-like carbon coated artificial hip joints. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2002, 66B:425-428.
53. Kohn D.H., Ducheyne P. Materials for bone and joint replacement. Materials Science and Technology: Medical and Dental Materials 1992, 14:31-109. VCH, Weinheim. D.F. Williams (Ed.).
54. Korovessis P., Petsinis G., Repanti M. Zweymueller with metal-on-metal articulation: clinical, radiological and histological analysis of short-term results. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2003, 123:5-11.
55. Kovac S., Trebše R., Milošev I., Pavlovčič V., Pišot V. Long-term survival of the straight titanium stem. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2006, 88-B:1567-1573.
56. Kreusch-Brinker R., Schwetlick G., Sparmann M., Hoppe S. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The McKee-Farrar prosthesis 1998, 249-274. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
57. Laupacis A., Bourne R., Roarbeck C., Feeny D., Tugwell P., Wong C. Comparison of total hip arthroplasty performed with and without cement. A randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2002, 84-A:1823-1828.
58. Le Mouel S., Allain J., Goutallier D. Ten-year survival analysis of 156 alumina polyethylene total hip arthroplasties. Rev Chir Orthop 1998, 84:338-345.
59. Levine B.R., Sporer S., Poggie R.A., Della Valle C.J., Jacobs J.J. Experimental and clinical performance of porous tantalum in orthopedic surgery. Biomaterials 2006, 27:4671-4681.
60. Lewis J.L., Askew M.J., Wixson R.L., Kramer G.M., Tarr R.R. The influence of prosthetic stem stiffness and of a calcar collar on stresses in the proximal end of the femur with a cemented femoral component. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1984, 66-A:280-286.
61. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 2001, CRC Press, New York. 82nd edn. D.R. Lide (Ed.).
62. Lombardi A.V., Mallory T.H., Alexiades M.M., Cuckler J.M., Faris P.M., Jaffe K.A., Keating E.M., Nelson C.L., Ranawat C.S., Williams J., Wixson R., Hartman J.F., Capps S., Kefauver C.A. Short-term results of the M2a taper metal-on-metal articulation. J Arthroplasty 2001, 16(Suppl 1):122-128.
63. Lombardi A.V., Mallory T.H., Cuckler J.M., Williams J., Berend K.R., Smith T.M. Mid-term results of a polyethylene-free metal-on-metal articulation. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(7 Suppl 2):42-47.
64. Long W.T., Dorr L.D., Gendelman V. An American experience with metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties: a 7-year follow-up study. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(8 Suppl 3):29-34.
65. Macdonald S.J. Metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty: the concerns. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004, 429:86-93.
66. Malchau H., Herberts P., Ahnfelt L. Prognosis of total hip replacement in Sweden. Acta Orthop Scand 1993, 64:497-506.
67. Mallory T.H. Measurement of polyethylene wear in acetabular components inserted with and without cement. A randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1998, 80-A:766.
68. Mardones R., Pagnano M.W., Nemanich J.P., Trousdale R.T. The Hip Society Frank Stinchfield Award: muscle damage after total hip arthropalsty done with two-incision and mini-posterior techniques. Clin Orthop 2005, 441:63-67.
69. Massoud S.N., Hunter J.B., Holdsworth B.J., Wallace W.A., Juliusson R. Early femoral loosening in one design of cemented hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1997, 79-B:603-608.
70. Matson D.W., Mcclanahan U.E.D., Rice J.P., Lee S.L., Windover D. Effect of sputtering parameters on Ta coatings for gun bore applications. Surface Coatings Technol 2000, 133-134:411-416.
71. Maurer T.B., Ochsner P.E., Schwarzer G., Sumacher M. Increased loosening of cemented straight stem prostheses made from titanium alloys. An analysis and comparison with prostheses made of cobalt-chromium alloy. Int Orthop 2001, 25:77-80.
72. Mckellop H.A. Bearing surfaces in total hip replacement: state of the art and future developments. Instr Course Lecture 2001, 20:165-179.
73. Mckellop H.A., Clarke I. Wear of artificial joint materials in laboratory tests. Acta Orthop Scand 1988, 59:342-357.
74. Mckellop H.A., Sarmiento A., Schwinn C.P., Ebramzadeh E. In vivo wear of titanium alloy hip prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1990, 72-A:512-517.
75. Migaud H., Jobin A., Chantelot C., Giraud F., Laffargue P., Duquennoy A. Cementless metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty in patients less than 50 years of age: comparison with a matched control group using ceramic-on-polyethylene after a minimum 5-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(8 Suppl 3):23-28.
76. Milošev I., Strehblow H.-H. The behavior of stainless steels in physiological solution containing complexing agent studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Biomed Mater Res 2000, 52:404-412.
77. Milošev I., Strehblow H.-H. The composition of the surface passive film formed on CoCrMo alloy in simulated physiological solution. Electrochimica Acta 2003, 48:2767-2774.
78. Milošev I., Metikoš-Huković M., Strehblow H.-H. Passive film on orthopaedic TiAlV alloy formed in physiological solution investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Biomaterials 2000, 21:2103-2113.
79. Milošev I., Antolič V., Minovič A., CÖR A., Herman S., Pavlovčič V., Campbell P. Extensive metallosis and necrosis in failed prostheses with cemented titaniumalloy stems and ceramic heads. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2000, 82-B:352-357.
80. Milošev I., PišOt V., Campbell P. Serum levels of cobalt and chromium in patients with Sikomet metal-metal total hip replacements. J Orthop Res 2005, 23:526-535.
81. Milošev I., Trebše, Kovač S., Cor A., PišOt V. Survivorship and retrieval analysis of Sikomet metal-on-metal total hip replacements at a mean of seven years. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2006, 88:1173-1182.
82. NiinimÄKi T., Jalovaara P. Bone loss from the proximal femur after arthroplasty with an isoelastic femoral stem. BMD measurements in 25 patients after 9 years. Acta Orthop Scand 1995, 66:347-351.
83. Pagnano M.W., Leone J., Lewallen D.G., Hanssen A.D. Two incision THA had modest outcomes and some substantial complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005, 441:86-90.
84. Pagnano M.W., Trousdale R.T., Meneghini R.M., Hanssen A.D. Patients preferred a mini-posterior THA to a contralateral two-incision THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006, 453:156-159.
85. Park Y.-S., Moon Y.-W., Lim S.-J., Yang J.-M., Ahn G., Choi A.-L. Early osteolysis following second-generation metal-on-metal hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005, 87-A:1515-1521.
86. Paul J.P. Forces transmitted by joints in the human body. Proc Inst Mech Eng 1967, 181(3J):8-15.
87. Pellegrini V.D., Olcott C.W., Mccollister Evarts C. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The Tri-lock femoral systems 1998, 181-193. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
88. Pletcher D., Walsh F.C. Industrial Electrochemistry 1990, Chapman and Hall, London, New York. 2nd edn.
89. Rader C.P., Hendrich C., Löw S., Walther M., Eulert J. 5-bis 8-Jahres-Ergebnisse nach Hüfttotalendoprothese mit der Müller-Geradshaft-prothese (zementierter TiAlNb-Shaft). Unfallchirurg 2000, 103:846-852.
90. Randle R., Gordiev K. Metal-on-metal articulation in total hip arthroplasty: preliminary results in 57 cases. Aust N Z J Surg 1997, 67:634-636.
91. Rieker C.B., Köttig P. In vivo tribological performance of 231 metal-on-metal hip articulations. Hip International 2002, 12:73-76.
92. Rieker C.B., Schön R., Köttig P. Development and validation of second-generation metal-on-metal bearings. J Arthroplasty 2004, 19(Suppl 3):5-11.
93. Salvati E.A., Betts F., Doty S.B. Particulate metallic debris in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1993, 293:160-173.
94. Santavirta S. Compatibility of the totally replaced hip. Reduction of wear by amorphous diamond coating. Acta Orthop Scand 2003, (Suppl, 74):119.
95. Santori F., Albanese C., Rendine M., Duffy G., Learmonth I.D. Bone preservation with a conservative methaphyseal loading implant. Bone preservation with a conservative methaphyseal loading implant 2005.
96. Santori F., Manili M., Fredella N., Tonci Ottieri M., Santori N. Ultra-short stems with proximal load transfer: Clinical and radiographic results at five-year follow-up. Hip International 2006, 16(Suppl 3):S31.
97. Sarmiento A., Gruen T.A. Radiographic analysis of a low-modulus titanium-alloy femoral total hip component. Two to six year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1985, 67-A:48-56.
98. Sarmiento A., Ebramzadeh E., Normand P., Llinas A., Mckellop H.A. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The stainless-steel and titanium alloy femoral prosthesis 1998, 41-53. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
99. Sedel L., Kerboull L., Christel P., Meunier A., Witvoet J. Alumina-on-alumina hip replacement: results and survivorship in young patients. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1990, 72-B:658-663.
100. Shimmin A.J., Bare J., Back D.L. Complications associated with hip resurfacing arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am 2005, 36:187-193.
101. Siebold R., Scheller G., Schreiner U., Jani L. Long-term results with the cement-free Spotorna CLS shaft' (German). Orthopäde 2001, 30:317-322.
102. Sotereanos N., Engh C.A., Glassman A.H., et al. Cementless femoral components should be made of cobalt chrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995, 313:146-153.
103. Sporer S.M., Callaghan J.J., Olejniczak J.P., Goetz D.D., Johnston R.C. The effects of surface roughness and polymethylmethacrylate precoating on the radiographic and clinical results of the Iowa hip prosthesis. A study of patients less than fifty year old. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999, 81-A:481-492.
104. St John K.R., Zardiackas L.D., Poggie R.A. Wear evaluation of cobalt-chromium alloy for use in a metal-on-metal hip prostheses. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004, 68:1-14.
105. Tompkins G.S., Lachiewicz P.F., Demasi R. A prospective study of titanium femoral component for noncemented total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 1994, 9:623-630.
106. Traulsen F.C., Hassenpflug J., Hahne H.J. Long-term results with cement-free total hip prosthesis (Zweymuller)' (German). Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2001, 139:206-211.
107. Trebše R., Milošev I., Kovač S., Mikek M., PišOt V. Poor results from the isoleastic total hip replacement: 14-17-year follow-up of 149 cementless prostheses. Acta Orthop 2005, 76:169-176.
108. Wagner M., Wagner H. Medium-term results of a modern metal-on-metal system in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000, 379:123-133.
109. Weber B.G. Metal-metal THR: back to the future', [German]. Z Orthopädie 1992, 130:306-309.
110. Willert H.G., Semlitsch M., Buchhorn G., Kriete U. Materialverschleiss und Gewebereaktion bei kunstlichen Gelenken. Orthopäde 1978, 7:62-67.
111. Willert H.G., Broback L.G., Buchhorn G.H., Jensen P.H., Köster G., Lang I., Ochsner P., Schenk R. Crevice corrosion of cemented titanium alloy stems in total hip replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996, 333:51-75.
112. Willert H.G., Buchhorn G.H., Fayyazi A., Flury R., Windler M., Köster G., Lohmann C.H. Metal-on-metal bearings and hypersensitivity in patients with artificial hip joints. A clinical and histomorphological study. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2005, 87-A:28-36.
113. Witt J.D., Swann M. Metal wear and tissue response in failed titanium alloy total hip replacements. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1991, 73-B:559-563.
114. Wroblewski B.M. Fractured stem in total hip replacement. A clinical review of 120 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1982, 53:279-284.
115. Wroblewski B.M., Siney P.D., Fleming P.A. Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes. The Charnley LFA 'The Wrightington hospital 1998, 15-29. Churchill Livingstone, Kidlington. G.A.M. Finerman (Ed.).
116. Ziaee H., Daniel J., Datta A.K., Blunt S., Mcminn D.J.W. Transplacental transfer of cobalt and chromium in patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2007, 89-B:301-305.