Antithrombotic drugs in coronary artery disease: Risk benefit ratio and bleeding

Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 641-650

  Schulman, S ^a   Spencer, F A ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anticoagulant; Antiplatelet; Death; Hemorrhage; Myocardial infarction

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; ENOXAPARIN; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PLACEBO; PRASUGREL; RETEPLASE; THROMBOXANE A2; TICAGRELOR; TICLOPIDINE; TIROFIBAN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CATHETER THROMBOSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEFIBRILLATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SAFETY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PACEMAKER; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STENT THROMBOSIS; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOSIS; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ANGINA, UNSTABLE; ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; ANTICOAGULANTS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PATIENT SELECTION; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77952729148     PISSN: 15387933     EISSN: 15387836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03737.x     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Becker RC. Antithrombotic therapy after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1019-22.
2. Pfeffer MA, Jarcho JA. The charisma of subgroups and the subgroups of CHARISMA. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1744-6.
3. Serebruany VL. Aggressive antiplatelet strategies: time to reconsider? Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2183-4.
4. Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, Antman EM. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009, 373:723-31.
5. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, Mahaffey KW, Scirica BM, Skene A, Steg PG, Storey RF, Harrington RA, Freij A, Thorsen M. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1045-57.
6. Sabatine MS, Antman EM, Widimsky P, Ebrahim IO, Kiss RG, Saaiman A, Polasek R, Contant CF, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. Otamixaban for the treatment of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (SEPIA-ACS1 TIMI 42): a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2009, 374:787-95.
7. Mega JL, Braunwald E, Mohanavelu S, Burton P, Poulter R, Misselwitz F, Hricak V, Barnathan ES, Bordes P, Witkowski A, Markov V, Oppenheimer L, Gibson CM. Rivaroxaban versus placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46): a randomised, double-blind, phase II trial. Lancet 2009, 374:29-38.
8. Alexander JH, Becker RC, Bhatt DL, Cools F, Crea F, Dellborg M, Fox KA, Goodman SG, Harrington RA, Huber K, Husted S, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon J, Mohan P, Montalescot G, Ruda M, Ruzyllo W, Verheugt F, Wallentin L. Apixaban, an oral, direct, selective factor Xa inhibitor, in combination with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome: results of the Apixaban for Prevention of Acute Ischemic and Safety Events (APPRAISE) trial. Circulation 2009, 119:2877-85.
9. Wallentin L, Wilcox RG, Weaver WD, Emanuelsson H, Goodvin A, Nystrom P, Bylock A. Oral ximelagatran for secondary prophylaxis after myocardial infarction: the ESTEEM randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 362:789-97.
10. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1139-51.
11. Boersma E, Mercado N, Poldermans D, Gardien M, Vos J, Simoons ML. Acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2003, 361:847-58.
12. Schulman S, Kearon C. Definition of major bleeding in clinical investigations of antihemostatic medicinal products in non-surgical patients. J Thromb Haemost 2005, 3:692-4.
13. Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2006, 114:774-82.
14. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, Patrono C, Roncaglioni MC, Zanchetti A. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009, 373:1849-60.
15. Ridker PM, Cook NR, Lee IM, Gordon D, Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. A randomized trial of low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1293-304.
16. De Berardis G, Sacco M, Strippoli GF, Pellegrini F, Graziano G, Tognoni G, Nicolucci A. Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009, 339:b4531.
17. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, Flather MD, Haffner SM, Hamm CW, Hankey GJ, Johnston SC, Mak KH, Mas JL, Montalescot G, Pearson TA, Steg PG. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1706-17.
18. Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. Lancet 1998, 351:233-41.
19. Keller TT, Squizzato A, Middeldorp S. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, CD005158.
20. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:494-502.
21. Bowry AD, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin as compared to antiplatelet monotherapy for the prevention of vascular events. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:960-6.
22. Andreotti F, Testa L, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Crea F. Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients. Eur Heart J 2006, 27:519-26.
23. Effects of long-term, moderate-intensity oral anticoagulation in addition to aspirin in unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37:475-84.
24. Hurlen M, Abdelnoor M, Smith P, Erikssen J, Arnesen H. Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:969-74.
25. Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, Xiong J, Chamberlain D, Wieczorek I, Fox KA, Chesebro JH, Strain J, Keller C. Combination antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave infarction in nonprior aspirin users: Primary end points analysis from the ATACS trial. Circulation 1994, 89:81-8.
26. Eikelboom JW, Anand SS, Malmberg K, Weitz JI, Ginsberg JS, Yusuf S. Unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2000, 355:1936-42.
27. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1464-76.
28. Harrington RA, Becker RC, Cannon CP, Gutterman D, Lincoff AM, Popma JJ, Steg G, Guyatt GH, Goodman SG. Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008, 133:670S-707S.
29. Kong DF, Topol EJ, Bittl JA, White HD, Theroux P, Hasselblad V, Califf RM. Clinical outcomes of bivalirudin for ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1999, 100:2049-53.
30. Boersma E, Akkerhuis KM, Theroux P, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: early benefit during medical treatment only, with additional protection during percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 1999, 100:2045-8.
31. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988, 2:349-60.
32. Baigent C, Collins R, Appleby P, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto R. ISIS-2: 10 year survival among patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction in randomised comparison of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither. The ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. BMJ 1998, 316:1337-43.
33. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45 852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1607-21.
34. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, Claeys MJ, Cools F, Hill KA, Skene AM, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1179-89.
35. Collins R, MacMahon S, Flather M, Baigent C, Remvig L, Mortensen S, Appleby P, Godwin J, Yusuf S, Peto R. Clinical effects of anticoagulant therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of randomised trials. BMJ 1996, 313:652-9.
36. Eikelboom JW, Quinlan DJ, Mehta SR, Turpie AG, Menown IB, Yusuf S. Unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin as adjuncts to thrombolysis in aspirin-treated patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Circulation 2005, 112:3855-67.
37. Yusuf S. Effects of reviparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, on mortality, reinfarction, and strokes in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting with ST-segment elevation. JAMA 2005, 293:427-36.
38. Murphy SA, Gibson CM, Morrow DA, van de Werf F, Menown IB, Goodman SG, Mahaffey KW, Cohen M, McCabe CH, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Efficacy and safety of the low-molecular weight heparin enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin across the acute coronary syndrome spectrum: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:2077-86.
39. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, Dalby A, Pfisterer M, Duris T, Lopez-Sendon J, Murphy SA, Gao R, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction also treated with clopidogrel. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:2256-63.
40. Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA 2006, 295:1519-30.
41. Topol EJ. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet 2001, 357:1905-14.
42. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, Schatz RA, Savage MP, Penn I, Detre K, Veltri L, Ricci D, Nobuyoshi M, Cleman M, Heuser R, Almond D, Teirstein PS, Fish D, Colombo A, Brinker J, Moses J, Shaknovich A, Hirshfeld J. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:496-501.
43. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, Gordon PC, Cutlip DE, Ho KK, Giambartolomei A, Diver DJ, Lasorda DM, Williams DO, Pocock SJ, Kuntz RE. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1665-71.
44. Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H, Blasini R, Hadamitzky M, Walter H, Zitzmann-Roth EM, Richardt G, Alt E, Schmitt C, Ulm K. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1084-9.
45. Serruys PW, De Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G, Emanuelsson H, Marco J, Legrand V, Materne P, Belardi J, Sigwart U, Colombo A, Goy JJ, van den Heuvel P, Delcan J, Morel M-A. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:489-95.
46. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 2000, 102:624-9.
47. Bhatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB, L'Allier PL, Moussa I, Moses JW, Dangas G, Taniuchi M, Lasala JM, Holmes DR, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:9-14.
48. Muller C, Buttner HJ, Petersen J, Roskamm H. A randomized comparison of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents. Circulation 2000, 101:590-3.
49. Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, Guyon P, Lotan C, Schofer J, Seth A, Sousa JE, Wijns W, Berge C, Deme M, Stoll HP. Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. Circulation 2006, 113:1434-41.
50. Eisenstein EL, Anstrom KJ, Kong DF, Shaw LK, Tuttle RH, Mark DB, Kramer JM, Harrington RA, Matchar DB, Kandzari DE, Peterson ED, Schulman KA, Califf RM. Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA 2007, 297:159-68.
51. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, Riesmeyer J, Weerakkody G, Gibson CM, Antman EM. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2001-15.
52. Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, White H, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, De Torbal A, Armstrong PW, Wallentin LC, Wilcox RG, Simes J, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of all major randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2002, 359:189-98.
53. Singh S, Molnar J, Arora R. Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus heparins in reduction of cardiac outcomes in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary interventions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2007, 12:283-91.
54. Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, Ahmed WH, Meckel CR, Chaitman BR, Maraganore J, Deutsch E, Adelman B. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:764-9.
55. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, Bertrand ME, Lincoff AM, Moses JW, White HD, Pocock SJ, Ware JH, Feit F, Colombo A, Aylward PE, Cequier AR, Darius H, Desmet W, Ebrahimi R, Hamon M, Rasmussen LH, Rupprecht HJ, Hoekstra J. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2203-16.
56. Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, Dudek D, Kornowski R, Hartmann F, Gersh BJ, Pocock SJ, Dangas G, Wong SC, Kirtane AJ, Parise H, Mehran R. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2218-30.
57. Rubboli A, Halperin JL, Airaksinen KE, Buerke M, Eeckhout E, Freedman SB, Gershlick AH, Schlitt A, Tse HF, Verheugt FW, Lip GY. Antithrombotic therapy in patients treated with oral anticoagulation undergoing coronary artery stenting. An expert consensus document with focus on atrial fibrillation. Ann Med 2008, 40:428-36.
58. Karjalainen PP, Porela P, Ylitalo A, Vikman S, Nyman K, Vaittinen MA, Airaksinen TJ, Niemela M, Vahlberg T, Airaksinen KE. Safety and efficacy of combined antiplatelet-warfarin therapy after coronary stenting. Eur Heart J 2007, 28:726-32.
59. Lip GYH, Huber K, Andreotti F, Arnesen H, Airaksinen KJ, Cuisset T, Kirchhof P, Marín F. Management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention/stenting. Thromb Haemost 2010, 103:13-28.
60. Jamula E, Douketis JD, Schulman S. Perioperative anticoagulation in patients having implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator: a systematic review and practical management guide. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6:1615-21.
61. Robinson M, Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Schulman S, Morillo CA, Nair GM, Baranchuk A, Ribas S, Evans G, Connolly SJ, Turpie AG. Postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin bridging is associated with an increase in wound hematoma following surgery for pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009, 32:378-82.
62. Cheng M, Hua W, Chen K, Pu J, Ren X, Zhao X, Liu Z, Wang F, Chen X, Zhang S. Perioperative anticoagulation for patients with mechanic heart valve(s) undertaking pacemaker implantation. Europace 2009, 11:1183-7.