Hypothyroidism

Textbook of Endocrine Surgery

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 44-53

  Kuma, Kanji ^a   Fukata, Shuji ^a   Sugawara, Masahiro ^b,c  

^a KUMA HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952546137     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0139-7.50010-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:526.
2. 4, and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988-1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:489.
3. Cooper DS Subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:260.
4. Chu JW, Crapo LM The treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is seldom necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:4591.
5. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:270.
6. Bindels AJ, Westendorp RG, Frolich M, et al. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism at different total plasma cholesterol levels in middle aged men and women: A need for case-finding?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999, 50:217.
7. Lien EA, Nedrebo BG, Varhug JE, et al. Plasma total homocysteine levels during short-term iatrogenic hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:1049.
8. McDermott MT, Haugen BR, Lezotte DC, et al. Management practices among primary care physicians and thyroid specialists in the care of hypothyroid patients. Thyroid 2001, 11:757.
9. Kalderon AE, Bogaars HA Immune complex deposits in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Am J Med 1977, 63:729.
10. Weetman AP, Cohen SB, Oleesky DA, et al. Terminal complement complexes and C1/C1 inhibitor complexes in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1989, 77:25.
11. Weetman AP, Tandon N, Morgan BP Antithyroid drugs and release of inflammatory mediators by complement-attacked thyroid cells. Lancet 1992, 340:633.
12. Kagi D, Vignaux F, Ledermann B, et al. Fas and perforin pathways as major mechanisms of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Science 1994, 265:528.
13. Lowin B, Hahne M, Mattmann C, et al. T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin and Fas lytic pathways. Nature 1994, 370:650.
14. Giordano C, Stassi G, De Maria R, et al. Potential involvement of Fas and its ligand in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Science 1997, 275:960.
15. Baker JR The nature of apoptosis in the thyroid and the role it may play in autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 2001, 11:245.
16. Stassi G, De Maria R Autoimmune thyroid disease: New models of cell death in autoimmunity. Nature Rev Immunol 2002, 2:195.
17. Bretz JD, Rymaszewski M, Arscott PL, et al. Death pathway expression and induction in thyroid follicular cells. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:23627.
18. Abbas AK, Murphy KM, Sher A Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 1996, 383:787.
19. H2 cells with related peptide specificity: Relative roles of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. J Neuroimmunol 1993, 48:213.
20. Rago T, Chiovata L, Grasso L, et al. Thyroid ultrasonography as a tool for detecting thyroid autoimmune diseases and predicting thyroid dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2001, 24:763.
21. Premarwardhana LD, Parkes AB, Ammari F, et al. Postpartum thyroiditis and long-term thyroid status: Prognostic influence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and ultrasound echogenicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:71.
22. Bagis T, Gokcel A, Saygill ES Autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy and the postpartum period: Relationship to spontaneous abortion. Thyroid 2001, 11:1049.
23. Amino N, Tada H, Hidaka Y Postpartum autoimmune thyroid syndrome: A model of aggravation of autoimmune disease. Thyroid 1999, 9:705.
24. Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, et al. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid 2002, 12:63.
25. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:549.
26. Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, et al. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999, 50:149.
27. Fukata S, Kuma K, Sugawara M Relationship between cigarette smoking and hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 1996, 19:607.
28. Nystrom E, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, et al. Smoking-a risk factor for hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 1993, 16:129.
29. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Weeke J, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and autoimmune hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2002, 12:69.
30. Muller B, Zulewski H, Huber P, et al. Impaired action of thyroid hormone associated with smoking in women with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:964.
31. Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Vagenakis AG, et al. Enhanced susceptibility to iodide myxedema in patients with Hashimoto's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971, 32:515.
32. Tajiri J, Higashi K, Morita M, et al. Studies of hypothyroidism in patients with high iodine intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986, 63:412.
33. Franklyn JA, Sheppard MC Amiodarone and thyroid dysfunction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1993, 4:128.
34. Roti E, Minelli R, Gardini E, et al. Thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism in patients treated with amiodarone: A possible consequence of a destructive process in the thyroid. Arch Intern Med 1993, 153:886.
35. Bartalena L, Grasso L, Brogioni S, et al. Serum interleukin-6 in amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78:423.
36. Mori M, Tajima K, Oda Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of lithium on the release of thyroid hormones from thyrotropin-stimulated mouse thyroids in a perfusion system. Endocrinology. 1989, 124:1365.
37. Urabe M, Hershman JM, Pang XP, et al. Effect of lithium on function and growth of thyroid cells in vitro. Endocrinology 1991, 129:807.
38. Myers DH, Carter RA, Burns BH, et al. A prospective study of the effects of lithium on thyroid function and on the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Psychol Med 1985, 15:55.
39. Carella C, Mazziotti G, Morisco F et al. The addition of ribavirin to interferonα therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis does not modify the thyroid autoantibody pattern but increases the risk of developing hypothyroidism, Eur J Endocrinol, 202 (146) 743.
40. Dalgard O, Bioro K, Hellum K, et al. Thyroid dysfunction during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon α: No association with either interferon dosage or efficacy of therapy. J Intern Med 2002, 251:400.
41. Carella C, Mazziotti G, Morisco F, et al. Long-term outcome of interferonα-induced thyroid autoimmunity and prognostic influence of thyroid autoantibody pattern at the end of treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:1925.
42. Aozasa K, Inoue A, Tajima A, et al. Malignant lymphoma of thyroid gland: Analysis of 79 patients with emphasis on histologic prognostic factors. Cancer 1986, 58:100.
43. Matsuzuzka F, Miyauchi A, Katayama S, et al. Clinical aspects of thyroid lymphoma: Diagnosis and treatment based on our experience of 119 cases. Thyroid 1993, 3:93.
44. Nofal MM, Beierwaltes WH, Patno ME Treatment of hyperthyroidism with sodium. JAMA 1996, 197:605.
45. Cunnien AJ, Hay ID, Gorman CA, et al. Radioiodine-induced hypothyroidism in Graves' disease: Factors associated. J Nucl Med 1982, 23:978.
46. 131I therapy for Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 1984, 311:426.
47. Tell R, Sjodin H, Lundell G, et al. Hypothyroidism after external radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 39:303.
48. Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A, et al. Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin's disease: Data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:3227.
49. Mercado G, Adelstein DJ, Saxton JP, et al. Hypothyroidism: A frequent event after radiotherapy and after radiotherapy with chemotherapy for patients with head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 2001, 292:2892.
50. Little JB Cellular, molecular, and carcinogenic effects of radiation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993, 7:337.
51. Palit TK, Miller CC III, Miltenburg DM The efficacy of thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: A meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2000, 90:161.
52. Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Kobayashi A, et al. Natural course of Graves' disease after subtotal thyroidectomy and management of patients with postoperative thyroid dysfunction. Am J Med Sci 1991, 302:8.
53. Medeiros-Neto G Iodine deficiency disorders. Thyroid 1990, 1:73.
54. Boyages SC, Halpern JP Endemic cretinism: Toward a unifying hypothesis. Thyroid 1993, 3:59.
55. Markou K, Georgopoulos N, Kyriazopoulou V, et al. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2001, 11:501.
56. Sherman SI, Gopal J, Haugen BR, et al. Central hypothyroidism associated with retinoid X receptor-selective ligands. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1075.
57. Asteria C, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P Central hypothyroidism: Consequences in adult life. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001, 14(Suppl 5):1263.
58. Hanukoglu A, Perlman K, Shamis L, et al. Relationship of etiology to treatment in congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:186.
59. Huang SA, Tu HM, Harney JW, et al. Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:185.
60. Billewicz WZ, Chapman RS, Crooks J, et al. Statistical methods applied to the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Q J Med 1969, 38:255.
61. Zulewski H, Muller B, Exer P, et al. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: Evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:771.
62. Becker DV, Bigos ST, Gaitan E, et al. Optimal use of blood tests for thyroid function. JAMA 1993, 269:2736.
63. Persani L, Ferretti E, Borgato S, et al. Circulating thyrotropin bioactivity in sporadic central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:3631.
64. Wardle CA, Fraser WD, Squire CR Pitfalls in the use of thyrotropin concentration as a first-line thyroid-function test. Lancet 2001, 357:1013.
65. De Groot LJ Dangerous dogmas in medicine: The nonthyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:151.
66. Langton JE, Brent GA Nonthyroidal illness syndrome: Evaluation of thyroid function in sick patients. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002, 31:159.
67. Chopra IJ Clinical review 86: Euthyroid sick syndrome-is it a misnomer?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997, 82:329.
68. Wang R, Nelson JC, Weiss RM, et al. Accuracy of free thyroxine measurements across natural ranges of thyroxine binding to serum proteins. Thyroid 2000, 10:31.
69. Nicoloff JT, Spencer CA Clinical review 12: The use and misuse of the sensitive thyrotropin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 7:553.
70. Weinberg AD, Brennan MD, Gorman CA, et al. Outcome of anesthesia and surgery in hypothyroid patients. Arch Intern Med 1983, 143:893.
71. Ellyin FM, Kumar Y, Somberg JC Hypothyroidism complicated by angina pectoris: Therapeutic approaches. J Clin Pharmacol 1992, 32:843.
72. Grebe SK, Cooke RR, Ford HC, et al. Treatment of hypothyroidism with once-weekly thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:870.
73. Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, Zalinkevicius R, et al. Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:424.
74. Escobar-Morreale HF, del Rey FE, Obregon MJ, de Escobar GM Only the combined treatment with thyroxine and triiodothyronine ensures euthyroidism in all tissues of the thyroidectomized rat. Endocrinology 1996, 137:2490.
75. Ferretti E, Persani L, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Giambona S, et al. Evaluation of the adequacy of levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with central hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:924.
76. al-Adsani H, Hoffer LJ, Silva JE Resting energy expenditure is sensitive to small dose changes in patients on chronic thyroid hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:1118.
77. Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW, et al. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:91.
78. Arafah BM Increased need for thyroxine in women with hypothyroidism during estrogen therapy. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1743.
79. Mandel SJ, Brent GA, Larsen PR Levothyroxine therapy in patients with thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:492.
80. Singh N, Singh PN, Hershman JM Effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of levothyroxine. JAMA 2000, 283:2822.
81. Arafah BM Decreased levothyroxine requirement in women with hypothyroidism during androgen therapy for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med 1994, 121:247.
82. Magner J, Gerber P Urticaria due to blue dye in Synthroid tablets. Thyroid 1994, 4:341.
83. Britto JM, Fenton AJ, Holloway WR, Nicholson GC Osteoblasts mediate thyroid hormone stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption. Endocrinology 1994, 134:169.
84. Riggs BL, Melton LJ III Involutional osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:1676.
85. Jodar E, Martinez-Diaz-Guerra G, Azriel S, Hawkins F Bone mineral density in male patients with L-thyroxine suppressive therapy and Graves' disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2001, 69:84.
86. Nuzzo V, Lupoli G, Esposito Del, Puente A, et al. Bone mineral density in premenopausal women receiving levothyroxine suppressive therapy. Gynecol Endocrinol 1998, 12:333.
87. Quan ML, Pasieka JL, Rorstad O Bone mineral density in well-differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with suppressive thyroxine: A systematic overview of the literature. J Surg Oncol 2002, 79:62.
88. Ladenson PW, Levin AA, Ridgway EC, et al. Complications of surgery in hypothyroid patients. Am J Med 1984, 77:261.
89. Vora J, O'Malley BP, Petersen S, et al. Reversible abnormalities of myocardial relaxation in hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61:269.
90. Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:270.
91. Drucker DJ, Burrow GN Cardiovascular surgery in the hypothyroid patient. Arch Intern Med 1985, 145:1585.
92. Weinberg AD, Brennan MD, Gorman CA, et al. Outcome of anesthesia and surgery in hypothyroid patients. Arch Intern Med 1983, 143:89.
93. Finlayson DC, Kaplan JA Myxoedema and open heart surgery: Anaesthesia and intensive care unit experience. Can Anaesth Soc J 1982, 29:543.
94. Myerowitz PD, Kamienski RW, Swanson DK, et al. Diagnosis and management of the hypothyroid patient with chest pain. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983, 86:57.
95. Bennett-Guerrero E, Kramer DC, Schwinn DA Effect of chronic and acute thyroid hormone reduction on perioperative outcome. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:30.
96. Ojamaa K, Sabet A, Kenessey A, et al. Regulation of rat cardiac Kv1.5 gene expression by thyroid hormone is rapid and chamber specific. Endocrinology 1999, 140:3170.
97. Klein I, Ojamaa K Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:501.
98. Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, Fonarow GC, et al. Safety and hemodynamic effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in advanced congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:443.
99. Cimochowski GE, Harostock MD, Foldes PJ Minimal operative mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass with significant left ventricular dysfunction by maximization of metabolic and mechanical support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997, 113:655.
100. Klemperer JD, Klein IL, Ojamaa K, et al. Triiodothyronine therapy lowers the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61:1323.
101. Bettendorf M, Schmidt KG, Grulich-Henn J, et al. Tri-iodothyronine treatment in children after cardiac surgery: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2000, 356:529.
102. Portman MA, Fearneyhough C, Ning XH, et al. Triiodothyronine repletion in infants during cardiopulmonary bypass for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000, 120:604.
103. Klemperer JD, Klein IL, Ojamaa K, et al. Triiodothyronine therapy lowers the incidence of atrial fibrillation after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61:1323.
104. Moltz KC, Postellon DC Congenital hypothyroidism and mental development. Compr Ther 1994, 20:342.
105. UNICEF The State of the World's Children 1995, 12. Oxford University Press, London.
106. Patwardhan NA, Moront M, Rao S, et al. Surgery still has a role in Graves' hyperthyroidism. Surgery 1993, 114:1108.
107. Shimizu K, Kumita S, Kitamura Y, et al. Trial of autotransplantation of cryopreserved thyroid tissue for postoperative hypothyroidism in patients with Graves' disease. J Am Coll Surg 2002, 194:14.