Recipes for medical education reform: Will different ingredients create better doctors? A commentary on Sales and Schlaff

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 70, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1672-1676

  Whitehead, Cynthia ^a  

^a WOMEN S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Health care reform; Medical education; Physicians; Quality of health care; Review; Training; USA

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL PRACTICE; CURRICULUM; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; LEARNING; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; NOTE; PHYSICIAN; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; PROFESSIONALISM; RESIDENCY EDUCATION; TEACHING;

CLINICAL COMPETENCE; CURRICULUM; DECISION MAKING; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HUMANS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; SOCIAL SCIENCES;

EID: 77952543801     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.017     Document Type: Note

References (41)

1. American Medical Association Initiative to transform medical education: Recommendations for change in the system of medical education 2007, American Medical Association.
2. Bereiter C., Scardamalia M. The need to understand expertise. Surpassing ourselves: An enquiry into the nature and implications of expertise 1993, 1-24. Open Court, Chicago, Ill.
3. Bordage G. Elaborated knowledge: a key to successful diagnostic thinking. Academic Medicine 1994, 69(11):883-885.
4. Borgerson K. Valuing evidence: bias and the evidence hierarchy of evidence-based medicine. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2009, 52(2):218-233.
5. Caraccio C., Wolfsthal S.D., Englander R., Ferentz K., Martin C. Shifting paradigms: from Flexner to competencies. Academic Medicine 2002, 77(5):361-367.
6. Cohen J.J., Cruess S., Davidson C. Alliance between society and medicine: the public's stake in medical professionalism. JAMA 2007, 298(6):670-673.
7. Colton D. Quality improvement in health care: conceptual and historical foundations. Evaluation & the Health Professions 2000, 23:7-42.
8. Cooke M., Irby D.M., Sullivan W., Ludmerer K.M. American medical education 100 years after the Flexner report. NEJM 2006, 355:1339-1344.
9. Coulehan J., Williams P. Vanquishing virtue: the impact of medical education. Academic Medicine 2001, 76(6):p.s. 598-604.
10. Drazen J.M., Epstein A.M. Rethinking medical training-the critical work ahead. NEJM 2002, 347:1271-1272.
11. Flexner, A. (1910). Medical Education in the United States and Canada. A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Bulletin Number Four, New York. p. 24.
12. Flexner A. Medical education: A comparative study 1925, The Macmillan Company, New York.
13. Frank J.R., Danoff D. The CanMEDS initiative: implementing an outcomes-based framework of physician competencies. Medical Teacher 2007, 29(7):642-647.
14. The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework. Better standards. Better physicians. Better care 2005, The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa. J. Frank (Ed.).
15. Frye N. Myth and metaphor 1990, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville/London.
16. General Medical Council Tomorrow's doctors 2009, General Medical Council, London.
17. Giacomi M. Theory-based Medicine and the Role of Evidence: why the emperor needs new clothes again. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2009, 52(2):234-251.
18. Goldenberg M. Iconoclast of creed? objectivism, pragmatism, and the hierarchy of evidence. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2009, 52(2):168-187.
19. Gupta M. Ethics and evidence in psychiatric practice. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2009, 52(2):276-288.
20. Hafferty F., Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching and the structure of medical education. Academic Medicine 1994, 69(11):861-871.
21. Hafferty F., Levinson D. Moving beyond Nostalgia and motives: towards a complexity science view of medical professionalism. Perspectives in Biology & Medicine 2008, 51(4):599-615.
22. Hafferty F.W. Professionalism and the socialization of medical students. Teaching medical professionalism 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R.L. Cruess, S.R. Cruess, Y. Steinart (Eds.).
23. Harden R.M. Developments in outcome-based education. Medical Teacher 2002, 24(2):117-120.
24. Hodges B.D. The objective structured clinical examination: A socio-history 2009, LAP Press, Berlin.
25. Kruger J., Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1999, 77:1121-1134.
26. Marjoribanks T., Lewis J. Reform and autonomy: perceptions of the Australian general practice community. Social Science & Medicine 2003, 56:2229-2239.
27. Martimianakis M.A., Maniate J., Hodges B.H. Sociological interpretations of professionalism. Medical Education 2009, 43(9):829-837.
28. Moulton C.E., Regehr G., Mylopoulos M., MacRae H.M. Slowing down when you should: a new model of expert judgement. Academic Medicine 2007, 82(10 Suppl.):S109-S116.
29. Norman G.R. Examining the assumptions of evidence-based medicine. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 1999, 5(2):139-147.
30. Pauli H.G., White K.L., McWhinney I.R. Medical education, research, and scientific thinking in the 21st century (part one of three). Education for Health 2000, 13(1):15-25.
31. Pauli H.G., White K.L., McWhinney I.R. Medical education, research, and scientific thinking in the 21st century (part two of three). Education for Health 2000, 13(2):165-172.
32. Pauli H.G., White K.L., McWhinney I.R. Medical education, research, and scientific thinking in the 21st century (part three of three). Education for Health 2000, 13(2):173-186.
33. Rappolt S.G. Clinical guidelines and the fate of medical autonomy in Ontario. Social Science & Medicine 1997, 44(7):977-987.
34. Sales C.S., Schlaff A. Reforming medical education: a review and synthesis of five critiques of medical practice. Social Science & Medicine 2010, 70:1665-1668.
35. Schmidt H.G., Norman G.R., Boshuizen H.P.A. A cognitive perspective on medical expertise: theory and implications. Academic Medicine 1990, 65(10):611-621.
36. Smith R. Doctors are not scientists. BMJ 2004, 328:7454.
37. Upshur R.E.G., Colak E. Argumentation and evidence. Theoretical Medicine 2003, 24:283-299.
38. Upshur R.E.G., Tracy S. Chronicity and complexity: is what's good for the diseases always good for the patients?. Canadian Family Physician 2008, 54:1655-1658.
39. Vevier C. Flexner: 75 years later. A current commentary on medical education 1987, University Press of America, Lanham/New York/London.
40. Wear D., Kucezewski M.G. The professionalism movement: can we pause?. The American Journal of Bioethics 2004, 4(2):1-10.
41. Zelenka M.H. The educational philosophy of Abraham Flexner: Creating cogency in medical education 2008, The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston.Queenston, Lampeter.