Risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and prospects for screening

Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 246-254

  Decker, G Anton ^a   Batheja, Mashal J ^a   Collins, Joseph M ^a   Silva, Alvin C ^a   Mekeel, Kristin L ^a   Moss, Adyr A ^a   Nguyen, Cuong C ^a   Lake, Douglas F ^b   Miller, Laurence J ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Inherited risk factors; Noninherited risk factors; Pancreatic cancer; Screening

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SCREENING; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPY; FAMILIAL ATYPICAL MULTIPLE MOLE MELANOMA SYNDROME; FAMILIAL PANCREATIC CANCER; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS ADENOCARCINOMA; PANCREAS JUICE; PANCREATITIS; PEUTZ JEGHERS SYNDROME; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SERODIAGNOSIS; ULTRASOUND;

EID: 77952522968     PISSN: 15547914     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:106-130.
2. Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H, Bassi C, Dunn JA, et al. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1200-1210. (Pubitemid 38339364)
3. Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. 2004;363: 1049-1057.
4. Nakao A, Harada A, Nonami T, Kaneko T, Takagi H. Clinical significance of carcinoma invasion of the extrapancreatic nerve plexus in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 1996;12:357-361. (Pubitemid 26138628)
5. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, Sitzmann JV, Hruban RH, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer of the head of the pancreas. 201 patients. Ann Surg. 1995;221:721-731; discussion 731-733.
6. Millikan KW, Deziel DJ, Silverstein JC, Kanjo TM, Christein JD, et al. Prognostic factors associated with resectable adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Am Surg. 1999;65:618-623; discussion 623-624.
7. Ariyama J, Suyama M, Satoh K, Sai J. Imaging of small pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 1998;16:396-401. (Pubitemid 28158047)
8. Egawa S, Takeda K, Fukuyama S, Motoi F, Sunamura M, Matsuno S. Clinico-pathological aspects of small pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2004;28:235-240. (Pubitemid 38437315)
9. Tempera MA, Uchida E, Takasaki H, Burnett DA, Steplewski Z, Pour PM. Relationship of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and Lewis antigens in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 1987;47:5501-5503. (Pubitemid 17152971)
10. Steinberg W. The clinical utility of the CA 19-9 tumor-associated antigen. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:350-355. (Pubitemid 20140602)
11. Parra JL, Kaplan S, Barkin JS. Elevated CA 19-9 caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis: review of the benign causes of increased CA 19-9 level. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:694-695. (Pubitemid 40558463)
12. Chuang C-K, Liao S-K. Evaluation of CA19-9 as a tumor marker in urothelial malignancy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38:359-365. (Pubitemid 39551343)
13. 13- Mihmanli M, Dilege E, Demir U, Coskun H, Eroglu T, Uysalol MD. The use of tumor markers as predictors of prognosis in gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:1544-1547. (Pubitemid 38987526)
14. Fuszek P, Lakatos P, Tabak A, Papp J, Nagy Z, et al. Relationship between serum calcium and CA 19-9 levels in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1890-1892. (Pubitemid 39029286)
15. Pavai S, Yap SF. The clinical significance of elevated levels of serum CA 19-9. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:667-672. (Pubitemid 38480479)
16. Niederau C, Grendell JH. Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Imaging techniques and tumor markers [see comment]. Pancreas. 1992;7:66-86.
17. Kim JE, Lee KT, Lee JK, Paik SW, Rhee JC, Choi KW. Clinical usefulness of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 as a screening test for pancreatic cancer in an asymptomatic population [see comment]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19:182-186.
18. Locker GY, Hamilton S, Harris J, Jessup JM, Kemeny N, et al. ASCO 2006 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in gastrointestinal cancer [see comment]. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5313-5327.
19. Müller MF, Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Schaer R, Marincek B. Pancreatic tumors: evaluation with endoscopic US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994;190:745-751.
20. Hessel SJ, Siegelman SS, McNeil BJ, Sanders R, Adams DF, et al. A prospective evaluation of computed tomography and ultrasound of the pancreas. Radiology. 1982;143:129-133. (Pubitemid 12142187)
21. Saisho H, Yamaguchi T. Diagnostic imaging for pancreatic cancer computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Pancreas. 2004;28:273-278. (Pubitemid 38437322)
22. Schueller G, Schima W, Schueller-Weidekamm C, Weber M, Stift A, et al. Multidetector CT of pancreas: effects of contrast material flow rate and individualized scan delay on enhancement of pancreas and tumor contrast. Radiology. 2006;241:441-448. (Pubitemid 44632890)
23. Brennan DD, Zamboni GA, Raptopoulos VD, Kruskal JB. Comprehensive preoperative assessment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with 64-section volumetric CT. Radiographics. 2007;27:1653-1666.
24. Catalane C, Laghi A, Fraioli F, Pediconi F, Napoli A, et al. Pancreatic carcinoma: the role of high-resolution multislice spiral CT in the diagnosis and assessment of resectability. Eur Radiol. 2003;13:149-156. (Pubitemid 36790504)
25. Brügel M, Link TM, Rummeny EJ, Lange P, Theisen J, Dobritz M. Assessment of vascular invasion in pancreatic head cancer with multislice spiral CT: value of multiplanar reconstructions. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:1188-1195. (Pubitemid 38979211)
26. Fukushima H, Itoh S, Takada A, Mori Y, Suzuki K, et al. Diagnostic value of curved multiplanar reformatted images in multislice CT for the detection of resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1709-1718. (Pubitemid 44027372)
27. Vargas R, Nino-Murcia M, Trueblood W, Jeffrey RB Jr. MDCT in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: prediction of vascular invasion and resectability using a multiphasic technique with curved planar reformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:419-425. (Pubitemid 38116586)
28. Zhang J, Rath AM, Boyer JC, Dumas JL, Menu Y, Chevrel JP. Radioanatomic study of the gastrocolic venous trunk. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16:413-418.
29. Mori H, McGrath FP, Malone DE, Stevenson GW. The gastrocolic trunk and its tributaries: CT evaluation. Radiology. 1992;182:871-877.
30. Ibukuro K, Ishii R, Fukuda H, Abe S, Tsukiyama T. Collateral venous pathways in the transverse mesocolon and greater omentum in patients with pancreatic disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1187-1193. (Pubitemid 38525511)
31. Nishiharu T, Yamashita Y, Abe Y, Mitsuzaki K, Tsuchigame T, et al. Local extension of pancreatic carcinoma: assessment with thin-section helical CT versus with breath-hold fast MR imaging - ROC analysis. Radiology. 1999;212:445-452. (Pubitemid 29356565)
32. Sodickson A, Baeyens PF, Andriole KP, Prevedello LM, Nawfel RD, et al. Recurrent CT, cumulative radiation exposure, and associated radiation-induced cancer risks from CT of adults. Radiology. 2009;251:175-184.
33. Bipat S, Phoa SS, van Delden OM, Bossuyt PM, Gouma DJ, et al. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and determining resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:438-445. (Pubitemid 41060274)
34. Vachiranubhap B, Kim YH, Balci NC, Semelka RC. Magnetic resonance imaging of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2009; 20:3-9.
35. Park HS, Lee JM, Choi HK, Hong SH, Han JK, Choi BI. Preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography versus MDCT. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30:586-595.
36. Vellet AD, Romano W, Bach DB, Passi RB, Taves DH, Munk PL. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic ducts: comparative evaluation with CT and MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology. 1992;183:87-95.
37. Holalkere NS, Sahani DV, Blake MA, Halpern EF, Hahn PF, Mueller PR. Characterization of small liver lesions: added role of MR after MDCT. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:591-596.
38. Sahani DV, Shah ZK, Catalano OA, Boland GW, Brugge WR. Radiology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: current status of imaging. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:23-33. (Pubitemid 350265200)
39. Tsushima Y, Takano A, Taketomi-Takahashi A, Endo K. Body diffusion-weighted MR imaging using high b-value for malignant tumor scteening: usefulness and necessity of referring to T2-weighted images and creating fusion images. Acad Radiol. 2007;14:643-650. (Pubitemid 46898198)
40. DeWitt J, Devereaux B, Chriswell M, McGreevy K, Howard T, et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector computed tomography for detecting and staging pancreatic cancer [see comment] [summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:146]. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:753-763.
41. Gress FG, Hawes RH, Savides TJ, Ikenberry SO, Cummings O, et al. Role of EUS in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer: a large single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50:786-791.
42. Aliperti G. Complications related to diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1996;6: 379-407. (Pubitemid 26116047)
43. Rose DM, Delbeke D, Beauchamp RD, Chapman WC, Sandler MP, et al. 18Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the management of patients with suspected pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg. 1999;229:729-737; discussion 737-738. (Pubitemid 30187581)
44. Keogan MT, Tyler D, Clark L, Branch MS, McDermott VG, et al. Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: role of FDG PET. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171: 1565-1570. (Pubitemid 28531625)
45. Goh BK, Tan YM, Chung YF. Utility of fusion CT-PET in the diagnosis of small pancreatic carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3800-3802.
46. Alessio AM, Kinahan PE, Cheng PM, Vesselle H, Karp JS. PET/CT scanner instrumentation, challenges, and solutions. Radiol Clin North Am. 2004;42: 1017-1032.
47. Yan L, McFaul C, Howes N, Leslie J, Lancaster G, et al. Molecular analysis to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in high-risk groups. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:2124-2130. (Pubitemid 40824719)
48. Nakashima A, Murakami Y, Uemura K, Hayashidani Y, Sudo T, et al. Usefulness of human telomerase reverse transcriptase in pancreatic juice as a biomarker of pancreatic malignancy. Pancreas. 2009;38:527-533.
49. Comfort MW, Steinberg AG. Pedigree of a family with hereditary chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 1952;21:54-63.
50. Whitcomb DC, Gorry MC, Preston RA, Furey W, Sossenheimer MJ, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis is caused by a mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene [see comment]. Nat Genet. 1996;14:141-145. (Pubitemid 26338792)
51. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, DiMagno EP, Elitsur Y, Gates LK Jr, et al. Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group [see comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:442-446.
52. Lynch HT, Lanspa SJ, Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Smyrk T, Fitzsimmons ML, McClellan J. Familial pancreatic cancer (Part 1): Genetic pathology review. Nebr Med J. 1989;74:109-112.
53. Hruban RH, Petersen GM, Ha PK, Kern SE. Genetics of pancreatic cancer. From genes to families. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1998;7:1-23.
54. Klein AP, Brune KA, Petersen GM, Goggins M, Tersmette AC, et al. Prospective risk of pancreatic cancer in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2634-2638. (Pubitemid 38523922)
55. McFaul CD, Greenhalf W, Earl J, Howes N, Neoptolemos JP, et al. Anticipation in familial pancreatic cancer [see comment]. Gut. 2006;55:252-258.
56. Murphy KM, Brune KA, Griffin C, Sollenberger JE, Petersen GM, et al. Evaluation of candidate genes MAP2K4, MADH4, ACVR1B, and BRCA2 in familial pancreatic cancer: deleterious BRCA2 mutations in 17%. Cancer Res. 2002;62:3789-3793. (Pubitemid 34728862)
57. Neglia JP, FitzSimmons SC, Maisonneuve P, Schöni MH, Schöni-Affolter F, et al. The risk of cancer among patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis and Cancer Study Group [see comment). N Engl J Med. 1995;332:494-499.
58. Vitone LJ, Greenhalf W, McFaul CD, Ghaneh P, Neoptolemos JP. The inherited genetics of pancreatic cancer and prospects for secondary screening. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:253-283.
59. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, Avizienyte E, Roth S, et al. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature. 1998:391: 184-187. (Pubitemid 28092478)
60. Giardiello FM, Brensinger JD, Tersmette AC, Goodman SN, Petersen GM, et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1447-1453.
61. Vasen HF, Watson P, Mecklin JP, Lynch HT. New clinical criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome) proposed by the International Collaborative group on HNPCC. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1453-1456. (Pubitemid 29258894)
62. Lynch HT, Voorhees GJ, Lanspa SJ, McGreevy PS, Lynch JF. Pancreatic carcinoma and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: a family study. Br J Cancer. 1985;52:271-273. (Pubitemid 15229364)
63. Lynch HT, Lynch JF. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Semin Surg Oncol. 2000;18:305-313.
64. Landi S. Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: a review of the literature. Mutat Res. 2009:681:299-307.
65. Geary J, Sasieni P, Houlston R, Izatt L, Eeles R, et al. Gene-related cancer spectrum in families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Earn Cancer. 2008;7:163-172. (Pubitemid 351871910)
66. Park JG, Park YJ, Wijnen JT, Vasen HF. Gene-environment interaction in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer with implications for diagnosis and genetic testing. Int J Cancer. 1999;82:516-519. (Pubitemid 29343450)
67. Rulyak SJ, Brentnall TA, Lynch HT, Austin MA. Characterization of the neoplastic phenorype in the familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma-pancreatic carcinoma syndrome. Cancer. 2003;98:798-804.
68. Goldstein AM, Fraser MC, Struewing JP, Hussussian CJ, Ranade K, et al. Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in melanoma-prone kindreds with p16INK4 mutations [see comment]. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:970-974.
69. Whelan AJ, Bartsch D, Goodfellow PJ. Brief report: a familial syndrome of pancreatic cancer and melanoma with a mutation in the CDKN2 tumor-suppressor gene [see comment]. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:975-977.
70. Risch HA, McLaughlin JR, Cole DE, Rosen B, Bradley L, et al. Population BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation frequencies and cancer penetrances: a kincohort study in Ontario, Canada [see comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98: 1694-1706. (Pubitemid 44942707)
71. van Asperen CJ, Brohet RM, Meijers-Heijboer EJ, Hoogerbrugge N, Verhoef S, et al. Cancer risks in BRCA2 families: estimates for sites other than breast and ovary. J Med Genet. 2005:42:711-719. (Pubitemid 41306062)
72. Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:2255-2260. (Pubitemid 26361920)
73. Silverman DT, Dunn JA, Hoover RN, Schiffman M, Lillemoe KD, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreas cancer: a case-control study based on direct interviews. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:1510-1516. (Pubitemid 24330214)
74. Lin Y, Tamakoshi A, Kawamura T, Inaba Y, Kikuchi S, et al. A prospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer in Japan. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:249-254. (Pubitemid 34438234)
75. Everhart J, Wright D. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;273:1605-1609.
76. Stevens RJ, Roddam AW, Beral V. Pancreatic cancer in type 1 and young-onset diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:507-509. (Pubitemid 46215224)
77. Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington de González A, Barzi F, Woodward M. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:2076-2083. (Pubitemid 40897433)
78. Michaud DS. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Minerva Chir. 2004:59: 99-111.
79. Chari ST, Leibson CL, Rabe KG, Ransom J, de Andrade M, Petersen GM. Probability of pancreatic cancer following diabetes: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2005:129:504-511. (Pubitemid 41096638)
80. Etemad B, Whitcomb DC. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682-707. (Pubitemid 32171640)
81. Talamini G, Falconi M, Bassi C, Sartori N, Salvia R, et al. Incidence of cancer in the course of chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999:94:1253-1260. (Pubitemid 29214638)
82. Bansal P, Sonnenberg A. Pancreatitis is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer [see comment]. Gastroenterology. 1995;109:247-251.
83. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, Ammann RW, Lankisch PG, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group [sec comment]. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1433-1437.
84. Chari ST, Mohan V, Pitchumoni CS, Viswanathan M, Madanagopalan N, Lowenfels AB. Risk of pancreatic carcinoma in tropical calcifying pancreatitis: an epidemiologic study. Pancreas. 1994;9:62-66. (Pubitemid 24007351)
85. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1625-1638. (Pubitemid 36459468)
86. Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs CS. Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer [see comment]. JAMA. 2001;286:921-929.
87. Ji BT, Hatch MC, Chow WH, McLaughlin JK, Dai Q, et al. Anthropometric and reproductive factors and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control study in Shanghai, China. Int J Cancer. 1996;66:432-437. (Pubitemid 26178166)
88. Kloppel G, Solcia E, Longnecker DS, Capella C, Sobin LH. World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumours. Histological Typing of Tumours of the Exocrine Pancreas. Berlin, Germany, Springer: 1996.
89. Tanaka M, Chari S, Adsay V, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Falconi M, et al. International consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2006;6:17-32.
90. Moparty B, Brugge WR. Approach to pancreatic cystic lesions. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9:130-135.
91. Sahani DV, Lin DJ, Venkatesan AM, Sainani N, Mino-Kenudson M, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:259-269.
92. Sahani DV, Miller JC, del Castillo CF, Brugge WR, Thrall JH, Lee SI. Cystic pancreatic lesions: classification and management. J Am Coll Radiol. 2009;6:376-380.
93. Rulyak SJ, Kimmey MB, Veenstra DL, Brentnall TA. Cost-effectiveness of pancreatic cancer screening in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:23-29. (Pubitemid 36236794)
94. Rubenstein JH, Scheiman JM, Anderson MA. A clinical and economic evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound for patients at risk for familial pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology. 2007;7:514-525.
95. Gemmel C, Eickhoff A, Helmstädter L, Riemann JF. Pancreatic cancer screening: state of the art. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;3:89-96.
96. Brentnall TA, Bronner MP, Byrd DR, Haggitt RC, Kimmey MB. Early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic dysplasia in patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer [erratum appears in Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132:419]. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:247-255.
97. Kimmey MB, Bronner MP, Byrd DR, Brentnall TA. Screening and surveillance for hereditary pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(4 suppl): S82-86.
98. Canto MI, Goggins M, Hruban RH, Petersen GM, Giardiello FM, et al. Screening for early pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: a prospective controlled study [see comment]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:766-781; quiz 665. (Pubitemid 43825802)
99. Poley JW, Kluijt I, Gouma DJ, Harinck F, Wagner A, et al. The yield of first-time endoscopic ultrasonography in screening individuals at a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2175-2181.
100. Canto MI. Screening for pancreatic neoplasia in high-risk individuals: who, what, when, how? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(7 suppl 1):S46-48.
101. Antwi K, Hostetter G, Demeure MJ, Katchman BA, Decker GA, et al. Analysis of the plasma peptidome from pancreas cancer patients connects a peptide in plasma to overexpression of the parent protein in tumors. J Proteome Res. 2009;8:4722-4731.
102. Thompson D, Easton DF; Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Cancer incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers [see comment]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1358-1365.