Role of β-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1162-1173

  Artioli, Guilherme Giannini ^a   Gualano, Bruno ^a   Smith, Abbie ^b   Stout, Jeffrey ^b   Lancha, Antonio Herbert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

Buffer capacity; Fatigue; Physical capacity; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

BETA ALANINE; CARNOSINE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOG; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HORSE; HUMAN; LACTIC ACIDOSIS; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ACIDOSIS, LACTIC; ANIMALS; BETA-ALANINE; CARNOSINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOGS; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; HORSES; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE;

EID: 77952488535     PISSN: 01959131     EISSN: 15300315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c74e38     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Abe H. Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000;65(7):757-765
2. Ahlborg B, Bergstrom J, Ekelund LG, et al. Muscle metabolism during isometric exercise performed at constant force. J Appl Physiol. 1972;33(2):224-228
3. Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Impaired calcium release during fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(1):296-305.
4. Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2008;88(1):287-332.
5. Artioli GG, Gualano B, Coelho DF, Benatti FB, Gailey AW, Lancha AH Jr. Does sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performance? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17(2):206-217
6. Asatoor AM, Bandoh JK, Lant AF, Milne MD, Navab F. Intestinal absorption of carnosine and its constituent amino acids in man. Gut. 1970;11(3):250-254
7. Baguet A, Reyngoudt H, Pottier A, et al. Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(3): 837-842
8. Bakardjiev A, Bauer K. Transport of A-alanine and biosynthesis of carnosine by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Eur J Biochem. 1994;225(2):617-623
9. Bate-Smith CE. The buffering of muscle in rigor: protein, phosphate and carnosine. J Physiol. 1938;92:336-343
10. Bauer K, Schulz M. Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Eur J Biochem. 1994;219(1-2):43-47 (Pubitemid 24053615)
11. Bishop D, Claudius B. Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):759-767
12. Bishop D, Edge J, Davis C, Goodman C. Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):807-813
13. Boldyrev AA. Does carnosine possess direct antioxidant activity? Int J Biochem. 1993;25(8):1101-1107
14. Boning D, Maassen N. Last word on point:counterpoint: lactic acid is/is not the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(1):368.
15. Bouissou P, Defer G, Guezennec CY, Estrade PY, Serrurier B. Metabolic and blood catecholamine responses to exercise during alkalosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(3):228-232
16. + efflux in rat skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):494-503.
17. Cairns SP. Lactic acid and exercise performance: culprit or friend? Sports Med. 2006;36(4):279-291
18. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol. 2002;17(11): 833-837
19. 3. Int J Sports Med. 1984;5(5):228-231
20. Cuisinier C, Michotte De Welle J, Verbeeck RK, et al. Role of taurine in osmoregulation during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;87(6):489-495
21. Dawson MJ, Gadian DG, Wilkie DR. Muscular fatigue investigated by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature. 1978; 274(5674):861-866
22. Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, et al. A-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(5):1736-1743
23. Douroudos II, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, et al. Dose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(10):1746-1753
24. Dunnett M, Harris RC. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;688(1): 47-55.
25. Dunnett M, Harris RC. Influence of oral A-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999;30:499-504.
26. Dutka TL, Lamb GD. Effect of carnosine on excitation-contraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2004;25(3):203-213
27. Fitts RH. Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. 1994;74(1):49-94.
28. Fitts RH, Holloszy JO. Lactate and contractile force in frog muscle during development of fatigue and recovery. Am J Physiol. 1976;231(2):430-433
29. Fritzson P. The catabolism of C14-labeled uracil, dihydrouracil, and A-ureidopropionic acid in rat liver slices. J Biol Chem. 1957;226(1):223-228
30. Fritzson P, Pihl A. The catabolism of C14-labeled uracil, dihydrouracil, and A-ureidopropionic acid in the intact rat. J Biol Chem. 1957;226(1):229-235
31. Granier PL, Dubouchaud H, Mercier BM, Mercier JG, Ahmaidi S, Prefaut CG. Effect of NaHCO3 on lactate kinetics in forearm muscles during leg exercise in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996; 28(6):692-697
32. Hagar HH. The protective effect of taurine against cyclosporine A-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Lett. 2004;151(2):335-343
33. Harris RC, Glenys AJ, Hyo JK, Chang KK, Karen AP, Wise JA. Changes in muscle carnosine of subjects with 4 weeks supplementation with a controlled release formulation of A-alanine (Carnosyni), and for 6 weeks post (Abstract). FASEB J. 2009; 23:599.4.
34. Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M, Snow DH, Hultman E. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1990; 97(2):249-251
35. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied A-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids. 2006;30(3):279-289
36. Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. Influence of A-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids. 2007;32(2):225-233
37. Hipkiss AR. On the enigma of carnosine's anti-ageing actions. Exp Gerontol. 2008;44(4):237-242
38. Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett. 1995;371(1):81-85
39. Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, Mangine G, Faigenbaum A, Stout J. Effect of creatine and A-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(4):430-446
40. Hoffman J, Ratamess NA, Ross R, et al. A-Alanine and the hormonal response to exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(12):952-958
41. Hollidge-Horvat MG, Parolin ML, Wong D, Jones NL, Heigenhauser GJ. Effect of induced metabolic alkalosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;278(2):E316-29.
42. Horinishi H, Grillo M, Margolis FL. Purification and characterization of carnosine synthetase from mouse olfactory bulbs. J Neurochem. 1978;31(4):909-919
43. Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with A-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids. 2008;34(4):547-554
44. Kendrick IP, Kim HJ, Harris RC, et al. The effect of 4 weeks A-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in Type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(1):131-138
45. Kim HJ. Comparison of the carnosine and taurine contents of vastus lateralis of elderly Korean males, with impaired glucose tolerance, and young elite Korean swimmers. Amino Acids. 2009; 36(2):359-363
46. Kim JH, Kim CJ, Changkeun K, et al. Effect on muscle fibre type morphology and carnosine content after 12 days training of Korean speed skaters. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(5):S192.
47. Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJ. Last word on point:counterpoint: lactate is/is not the only physicochemical contributor to the acidosis of exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(1):369.
48. Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL. Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994;68(4):356-361
49. Matthews MM, Traut TW. Regulation of N-carbamoyl-A-alanine amidohydrolase, the terminal enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, by ligand-induced change in polymerization. J Biol Chem. 1987; 262(15):7232-7237
50. McNaughton LR. Bicarbonate ingestion: effects of dosage on 60 s cycle ergometry. J Sports Sci. 1992;10(5):415-423
51. McNaughton LR. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and its effects on anaerobic exercise of various durations. J Sports Sci. 1992;10(5): 425-435
52. McNaughton LR, Siegler J, Midgley A. Ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008;7(4):230-236
53. Ng RH, Marshall FD. Regional and subcellular distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the central nervous system of rats. J Neurochem. 1978;30(1):I87-90.
54. Parildar-Karpuzoglu H, Dogru-Abbasoglu S, Balkan J, Aykac-Toker G, Uysal M. Decreases in taurine levels induced by A-alanine treatment did not affect the susceptibility of tissues to lipid peroxidation. Amino Acids. 2007;32(1):115-119
55. Parkhouse WS, McKenzie DC, Hochachka PW, Ovalle WK. Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle. J Appl Physiol. 1985;58(1):14-17
56. Penafiel R, Ruzafa C, Monserrat F, Cremades A. Gender-related differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle. Amino Acids. 2004;26(1):53-58
57. Portington KJ, Pascoe DD, Webster MJ, Anderson LH, Rutland RR, Gladden LB. Effect of induced alkalosis on exhaustive leg press performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(4):523-528
58. Raymer GH, Marsh GD, Kowalchuk JM, Thompson RT. Metabolic effects of induced alkalosis during progressive forearm exercise to fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(6):2050-2056
59. Requena B, Zabala M, Padial P, Feriche B. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate: ergogenic aids? J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(1):213-224
60. Sahlin K. Muscle fatigue and lactic acid accumulation. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1986;556:83-91.
61. Sahlin K. Metabolic factors in fatigue. Sports Med. 1992;13(2): 99-107.
62. Sahlin K. Response to point: counterpoint on "lactic acid." J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(1):366.
63. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M. Estimation of the carnosine content of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse. J Physiol. 1992;455:447-453
64. Smith AE, Moon JR, Kendall KL, et al. The effects of A-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on neuro-muscular fatigue and muscle function. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009; 105(3):357-363
65. Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, et al. Effects of A-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009;11(6):5.
66. Stephens TJ, McKenna MJ, Canny BJ, Snow RJ, McConell GK. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on muscle metabolism during intense endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):614-621
67. Stout JR, Cramer JT, Mielke M, O'Kroy J, Torok DJ, Zoeller RF. Effects of twenty-eight days of A-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(4):928-931
68. Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, et al. Effects of A-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ven-tilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-386
69. Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K. High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002;52(2):199-205.
70. Suzuki Y, Ito O, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K. The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle carnosine in humans. Int J Sport Health Sci. 2004;2:105-110
71. Suzuki Y, Nakao T, Maemura H, et al. Carnosine and anserine ingestion enhances contribution of nonbicarbonate buffering. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(2):334-338
72. Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA. The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(4):725-729
73. Van Thienen R, Van Proeyen K, Vanden Eynde B, Puype J, Lefere T, Hespel P. A-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(4):898-903.
74. Webster MJ, Webster MN, Crawford RE, Gladden LB. Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exhaustive resistance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(8):960-965
75. Westerblad H, Allen DG, Lannergren J. Muscle fatigue: lactic acid or inorganic phosphate the major cause? News Physiol Sci. 2002;17:17-21.
76. Wijnen S, Verstappen F, Kuipers H. The influence of intravenous NaHCO3 administration on interval exercise: acid-base balance and endurance. Int J Sports Med. 1984;5:130-132
77. Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O'Kroy JA, Torok DJ, Mielke M. Effects of 28 days of A-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion. Amino Acids. 2007;33(3):505-510