Bad woman, Bad victim? Disentangling the effects of victim stereotypicality, gender stereotypicality and benevolent sexism on acquaintance rape victim blame

Sex Roles

Volumn 62, Issue 7-8, 2010, Pages 494-504

  Masser, Barbara ^a   Lee, Kate ^a   McKimmie, Blake M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acquaintance rape; Benevolent sexism; Gender stereotypes; Victim stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 77952425018     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-009-9648-y     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance and stranger rape: the role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 111-125.
2. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
3. Anderson, I., & Doherty, K. (2008). Accounting for rape: Psychology, feminism and discourse analysis in the study of sexual violence. Women and psychology. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group.
4. Bateman, E. (1991). The context of date rape. In B. Levy (Ed.), Dating violence: Young women in danger (pp. 94-99). Seattle, WA: Seal.
5. Bechhofer, L., & Parrot, A. (1991). What is acquaintance rape? In A. Parrot & L. Bechhofer (Eds.), Acquaintance rape: The hidden crime (pp. 9-25). New York: Wiley.
6. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Stereotype activation and inhibition. Advances in social cognition, 11 (pp. 1-52). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
7. Briody, M. (2002). The effects of DNA evidence on sexual offence cases in court. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 14, 159-181.
8. Buddie, A., & Miller, A. (2001). Beyond rape myths: a more complex view of perceptions of rape victims. Sex Roles, 45, 139-160.
9. Cook, B., David, F., & Grant, A. (2001). Sexual violence in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
10. Costin, F. (1985). Beliefs about rape and women's social roles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 319-325.
11. Dardenne, B., Dumont, M., & Bollier, T. (2007). Insidious dangers of benevolent sexism: consequences for women's performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 764-779.
12. DuMont, J., Miller, K., & Myhr, T. (2003). The role of "real rape" and "real victim" stereotypes in the police reporting practices of sexually assaulted women. Violence Against Women, 9, 466-486.
13. Fiske, S., & Neuberg, S. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individualting processes: influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-74.
14. Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., Hamm, N. R., & White, K. B. (2003). Perceptions of the woman who breastfeeds: the role of erotophobia, sexism, and attitudinal variables. Sex Roles, 49, 379-388.
15. Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G., & Siebler, F. (2007). The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 422-440.
16. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory; differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
17. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 119-135.
18. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.
19. Glick, P., Sakilli-Ugurlu, N., Ferreira, M. C., & de Souza, M. A. (2002). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward wife abuse in Turkey and Brazil. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 292-297.
20. Glick, P., Diebold, J., Bailey-Werner, B., & Zhu, L. (1997). The two faces of Adam: ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes toward women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1323-1334.
21. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B., et al. (2000). Beyond prejudice as a simply antipathy: hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763-775.
22. Gordon, M., & Reiger, S. (1991). The female fear: The social cost of rape. Chicago: University of Illinois.
23. Hebl, M. R., Kings, E. B., Glick, P., Singletary, S. L., & Kazama, S. (2007). Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1499-1511.
24. Herzog, S., & Oreg, S. (2008). Chivalry and the moderating effect of ambivalent sexism: individual differences in crime seriousness judgments. Law and Society Review, 42, 45-74.
25. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
26. Hofstede, G. (2000). Masculine and feminine cultures. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology, 5 (pp. 115-118). Washington: American Psychological Association.
27. Jaccard, J., Wan, C. K., & Turrisi, R. (1990). The detection and interpretation of interaction effects between continuous variables in multiple regression. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 467-478.
28. Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class and race relations. Berkley: University of California Press.
29. Johnson, K. K. (1995). Attributions about date rape: impact of clothing, sex, money spent, date type, and perceived similarity. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 23, 292-311.
30. Jordan, J. (2001). To believe or not to believe? Police responses to women rape complainants.
31. Jost, J. T., & Kay, A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498-509.
32. Kelly, L. (2002). A research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases. London: Her Majesty's Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate.
33. Kite, M. E., Deaux, K., & Haines, E. L. (2008). Gender stereotypes. In F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Psychology of Women: A handbook of issues and theories (2nd ed.). Westport: Praeger/Greenwood Publishing Group.
34. Krahé, B. (1988). Victim and observer characteristics as determinants of responsibility attributions to victims of rape. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 50-58.
35. Krahé, B. (1991). Social psychological issues in the study of rape. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp. 279-309). New York: Wiley.
36. Kunda, Z., & Sinclair, L. (1999). Motivated reasoning with stereotypes: activation, application, and inhibition. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 10-22.
37. Kunda, Z., & Spencer, S. J. (2003). When do stereotypes come to mind and when do they color judgment? A goal-based theoretical framework for stereotype activation and application. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 522-544.
38. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: a parallel constraint satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
39. Kunda, Z., Davies, P. G., Adams, B. D., & Spencer, S. J. (2002). The dynamic time course for stereotype activation: activation, dissipation, and resurrection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 283-299.
40. Kunda, Z., Davies, P. G., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Jordan, C. (2003). The impact of comprehension goals on the ebb and flow of stereotype activation during interaction. Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, 9, 1-20.
41. Lonsway, K., & Fitzgerald, L. (1994). Rape myths. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 133-164.
42. Marx, B. P., & Gross, A. M. (1995). Date rape: an analysis of two contextual variables. Behavior Modification, 19, 451-464.
43. Masser, B. M. (1998). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: A social psychological evaluation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Canterbury: University of Kent.
44. Masser, B. M., & Abrams, D. (2004). Reinforcing the glass ceiling: the consequences of hostile sexism for female managerial candidates. Sex Roles, 51, 609-615.
45. Moya, M., Glick, P., Exposito, F., de Lemus, S., & Hart, J. (2007). It's for your own good: benevolent sexism and women's reactions to protectively justified restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1421-1434.
46. Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1992). Explaining the evidence: tests of the story model for juror decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 189-206.
47. Sakalli-Ugurlu, N., & Glick, P. (2003). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward women who engage in premarital sex in Turkey. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 296-302.
48. Scronce, C., & Corcoran, K. (1995). The influence of the victim's consumption of alcohol on perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape. Violence Against Women, 1, 241-245.
49. Sibley, C. G., Overall, N. C., & Duckitt, J. (2007). When women become more hostilely sexist toward their gender: the system-justifying effect of benevolent sexism. Sex Roles, 56, 743-754.
50. Spohn, C., & Spears, J. (1996). The effect of offender and victim characteristics on sexual assault case processing decisions. Justice Quarterly, 13, 649-679.
51. Stewart, M. W., Dobbin, S. A., & Gatowski, S. I. (1996). "Real rapes" and "real victims": the shared reliance on common cultural definitions of rape. Feminist Legal Studies, 4, 159-177.
52. Vali, D., & Rizzo, N. (1991). Apparel as one factor in sex crimes against young females: professional opinions of U. S. psychiatrists. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 35, 167-181.
53. Viki, G. T. N., & Abrams, D. (2002). But she was unfaithful: benevolent sexism and reactions to rape victims who violate traditional gender role expectations. Sex Roles, 47, 289-293.
54. Viki, G. T., Abrams, D., & Masser, B. (2004). Evaluating stranger and acquaintance rape: the role of benevolent sexism in perpetrator blame and recommended sentence length. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 295-303.
55. Viki, G. T. N., Massey, K., & Masser, B. (2005). When chivalry backfires: benevolent sexism and attitudes toward Myra Hindley. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10, 109-120.
56. Wenger, A. A., & Bornstein, B. H. (2006). The effects of a victim's substance use and relationship closeness on mock jurors' judgments in an acquaintance rape case. Sex Roles, 54, 547-555.