Benign cardiac tumors and tumorlike conditions

Annals of Diagnostic Pathology

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 215-230

  Jain, Deepali ^a   Maleszewski, Joseph J ^b   Halushka, Marc K ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Heart neoplasms; Myxoma; Papillary fibroelastoma; Rhabdomyoma

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; STEROID;

ANGIOSARCOMA; AUTOPSY; CALCIFIED AMORPHOUS TUMOR OF THE HEART; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CYSTIC TUMOR OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; FIBROELASTOMA; FIBROMA; GENE MUTATION; HAMARTOMA; HEART FAILURE; HEART MYXOMA; HEART TRANSPLANTATION; HEART TUMOR; HEMANGIOMA; HISTIOCYTOID CARDIOMYOPATHY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIPOMA; LIPOMATOUS HYPERTROPHY OF INTERATRIAL SEPTUM; LIPOSARCOMA; MESOTHELIAL MONOCYTIC INCIDENTAL CARDIAC EXCRESCENSES; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MURAL THROMBI; MURAL THROMBUS; MYXOSARCOMA; PARAGANGLIOMA; PLASMA CELL GRANULOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOMA; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VALVE LIPOMA;

FEMALE; FIBROMA; HEART DISEASES; HEART NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MALE; MYXOMA; RHABDOMYOMA;

EID: 77952108586     PISSN: 10929134     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2009.12.010     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Boikos S.A., and Stratakis C.A. Carney complex: the first 20 years. Curr Opin Oncol 19 (2007) 24-29
2. Wilkes D., Charitakis K., and Basson C.T. Inherited disposition to cardiac myxoma development. Nat Rev Cancer 6 (2006) 157-165
3. Curatolo P., Bombardieri R., and Jozwiak S. Tuberous sclerosis. Lancet 372 (2008) 57-668
4. Lo Muzio L. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). Orphanet J Rare Dis 3 (2008) 32
5. Burke A.P., Rosado-de-Christenson M., Templeton P.A., et al. Cardiac fibroma: clinicopathologic correlates and surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 108 (1994) 862-870
6. Callender G.G., Rich T.A., and Perrier N.D. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Surg Clin North Am 88 (2008) 863-895
7. Ku C.F., Lo C.Y., Chan W.F., et al. Resection of pheochromocytoma extending into the right atrium in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Hong Kong Med J 11 (2005) 59-62
8. Shehata B.M., Patterson K., Thomas J.E., et al. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy: three new cases and a review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1 (1998) 56-69
9. Finsterer J. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy: a mitochondrial disorder. Clin Cardiol 31 (2008) 225-227
10. Reynen K. Frequency of primary tumors of the heart. Am J Cardiol 77 (1996) 107
11. Burke A.P., and Virmani R. Cardiac myxoma. In: Rosai J., and Sobin L.H. (Eds). Tumors of the heart and great vessels. 3rd ed. (1996), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington (DC) 21-47
12. Chopra P., Ray R., Airan B., et al. Appraisal of histogenesis of cardiac myxoma: our experience of 78 cases and review of literature. Indian Heart J 51 (1999) 69-74
13. Kodama H., Hirotani T., Suzuki Y., et al. Cardiomyogenic differentiation in cardiac myxoma expressing lineage-specific transcription factors. Am J Pathol 161 (2002) 381-389
14. Carney J.A. Differences between nonfamilial and familial cardiac myxoma. Am J Surg Pathol 9 (1985) 53-55
15. Carney J.A., Gordon H., Carpenter P.C., et al. The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity. Medicine 64 (1985) 270-283
16. Matyakhina L., Pack S., Kirschner L.S., et al. Chromosome 2 (2p16) abnormalities in Carney complex tumors. J Med Genet 40 (2003) 268-277
17. Karga H., Papaioannou P., Karayianni M., et al. Ras oncogenes and p53 tumor suppressor gene analysis in cardiac myxomas. Pathol Res Pract 196 (2000) 601-605
18. Li Y., Pan Z., Ji Y., et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection associated with atrial myxoma. Am J Pathol 163 (2003) 2407-2412
19. Reyen K. Cardiac myxomas. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 1610-1617
20. Bjessmo S., and Ivert T. Cardiac myxoma: 40 years' experience in 63 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 63 (1997) 697-700
21. Yokomuro H., Yoshihara K., Watanabe Y., et al. The variations in the immunologic features and interleukin-6 levels for the surgical treatment of cardiac myxomas. Surg Today 37 (2007) 750-753
22. Blanchard D.G., and DeMaria A.N. Cardiac and extracardiac masses: echocardiographic evaluation. In: Skorton D.J. (Ed). Marcus cardiac imaging: a companion to Braunwald's heart disease. 2nd ed (1996), Saunders, Philadelphia (Pa) 452-480
23. Engberding R., Daniel W.G., Erbel R., et al. Diagnosis of heart tumours by transoesophageal echocardiography: a multicentre study in 154 patients. European Cooperative Study Group. Eur Heart J 14 (1993) 1223-1228
24. Burke A.P., and Virmani R. Cardiac myxoma: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Clin Pathol 100 (1993) 671-680
25. Martìn-Suàrez S., Botta L., Dell'Amore A., et al. Mitral valve myxoma involving both leaflets. Cardiovasc Pathol 16 (2007) 189-190
26. Sakamoto H., Sakamaki T., Kanda T., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for cardiac myxoma cells. Circ J 68 (2004) 488-493
27. Vaideeswar P., and Butany J.W. Benign cardiac tumors of the pluripotent mesenchyme. Semin Diagn Pathol 25 (2008) 20-28
28. Miller D.V., Tazelaar H.D., Handy J.R., et al. Thymoma arising within cardiac myxoma. Am J Surg Pathol 29 (2005) 1208-1213
29. Hemachandran M., Kakkar N., and Khandelwal N. Giant-cell-rich myxoma of right atrium. An ultrastructural analysis. Cardiovasc Pathol 12 (2003) 287-289
30. Kusumi T., Minakawa M., Fukui K., et al. Cardiac tumor comprising two components including typical myxoma and atypical hypercellularity suggesting a malignant change. Cardiovasc Pathol 18 (2009) 369-374
31. Acebo E., Val-Bernal J.F., and Gomez-Roman J.J. Thrombomodulin, calretinin and c-kit (CD117) expression in cardiac myxoma. Histol Histopathol 16 (2001) 1031-1036
32. Deshpande A., Venugopal P., Kumar A.S., et al. Phenotypic characterization of cellular components of cardiac myxoma: a light microscopy and immunohistochemistry study. Hum Pathol 27 (1996) 1056-1059
33. Miller D.V., and Edwards W.D. Cardiovascular tumor-like conditions. Semin Diagn Pathol 25 1 (2008 Feb) 54-64
34. Burke A., Jeudy Jr. J., and Virmani R. Cardiac tumours: an update: cardiac tumours. Heart 94 (2008) 117-123
35. Fang B.R., Chang C.P., Cheng C.W., et al. Total detachment of cardiac myxoma causing saddle embolization and mimicking aortic dissection. Jpn Heart J 45 (2004) 359-363
36. Ashalatha R., Moosa A., Gupta A.K., et al. Cerebral aneurysms in atrial myxoma: a delayed, rare manifestation. Neurol India 53 (2005) 216-218
37. Shahian D.M., Labib S.B., and Chang G. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma. Ann Thorac Surg 59 (1995) 538-541
38. Le Tourneau T., Pouwels S., Gal B., et al. Assessment of papillary fibroelastomas with live three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Echocardiogr 25 (2008) 489-495
39. Al-Mohammad A., Pambakian H., and Young C. Fibroelastoma: case report and review of the literature. Heart 79 (1998) 301-304
40. Khair T., Mazidi P., and Laos L.F. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: case report and review of the literature. Int J Cardiol 139 (2010) 102-104
41. Kurup A.N., Tazelaar H.D., Edwards W.D., et al. Iatrogenic cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: a study of 12 cases (1990 to 2000). Hum Pathol 33 (2002) 1165-1169
42. Okamoto Y., Matsumoto M., Inoue H., et al. Aortic valve papillary fibroelastoma that developed rapidly after open-heart surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 7 (2008) 1134-1136
43. Gegouskov V., Kadner A., Engelberger L., et al. Papillary fibroelastoma of the heart. Heart Surg Forum 11 (2008) E333-E339
44. Edwards F.H., Hale D., Cohen A., et al. Primary cardiac valve tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 52 (1991) 1127-1131
45. Burke A.P., Tazelaar H., Gomez-Roman J.J., et al. Benign tumours of pluripotent mesenchyme. In: Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Muller-Hermelink H.K., and Harris C.C. (Eds). Tumors of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. Pathology and genetics. World Health Organization International Classification of Tumors (2004), IARC Press, Lyon 260-265
46. DiLorenzo W.R., Donohue T.J., and Ghantous A.E. Papillary fibroelastoma arising from the pulmonary valve associated with pulmonary embolization. Conn Med 72 (2008) 143-146
47. Totsugawa T., Kuinose M., Yoshitaka H., et al. Papillary fibroelastoma of the tricuspid valve chordae. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 54 (2006) 547-549
48. Idahosa O., Mallavarapu V., and Kostacos E. Papillary fibroelastoma arising from the left atrial free wall. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20 (2007) 1010.e1-1010.e2
49. Jablonski-Cohen M., Ohsie L., Bhatti T., et al. Unusual left atrial appendage mass: atypical presentation of papillary fibroelastoma. Echocardiogr 25 (2008) 514-516
50. Coskun O., Coskun T., Arusoglu L., et al. Papillary fibroelastoma of the ascending aorta presenting with cardiogenic shock. Minerva Cardioangiol 54 (2006) 783-787
51. Palecek T., Lindner J., Vitkova I., et al. Papillary fibroelastoma arising from the left ventricular apex associated with nonspecific systemic symptoms. Echocardiogr 25 (2008) 526-528
52. Grandmougin D., Fayad G., Moukassa D., et al. Cardiac valve papillary fibroelastomas: clinical, histological and immunohistochemical studies and a physiopathogenic hypothesis. J Heart Valve Dis 9 (2000) 832-841
53. Grinda J.M., Couetil J.P., Chauvaud S., et al. Cardiac valve papillary fibroelastoma: surgical excision for revealed or potential embolization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (1999) 106-110
54. Hort W., and Horskotte D. Fibroelastoma and Lambl's excrescences: localization, morphology and pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and infection. J Heart Valve Dis 15 (2006) 591-593
55. Mutlu H., Demir I.E., Leppo J., et al. Nonsurgical management of a left ventricular pedunculated papillary fibroelastoma: a case report. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008) 877.e4-877.e7
56. Beghetti M., Gow R.M., Haney I., et al. Pediatric primary benign cardiac tumors: a 15-year review. Am Heart J 134 (1997) 1107-1114
57. Aktoz M., Tatli{dotless} E., Ege T., et al. Cardiac rhabdomyoma in an adult patient presenting with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Int J Cardiol 28 (2008) e105-e107
58. Yu G.H., Kussmaul W.G., DiSesa V.J., et al. Adult intracardiac rhabdomyoma resembling the extracardiac variant. Hum Pathol 24 (1993) 448-451
59. Burke A.P., Gatto-Weis C., Griego J.E., et al. Adult cellular rhabdomyoma of the heart: a report of 3 cases. Hum Pathol 33 (2002) 1092-1097
60. Jozwiak J., Sahin M., Jozwiak S., et al. Cardiac rhabdomyoma in tuberous sclerosis: hyperactive Erk signaling. Int J Cardiol 132 (2009) 145-147
61. Uzun O., Wilson D.G., Vujanic G.M., et al. Cardiac tumours in children. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2 (2007) 11
62. Chao A.S., Chao A., Wang T.H., et al. Outcome of antenatally diagnosed cardiac rhabdomyoma: case series and a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 31 (2008) 289-295
63. Wu S.S., Collins M.H., and de Chadarévian J.P. Study of the regression process in cardiac rhabdomyomas. Pediatr Dev Pathol 5 (2002) 29-36
64. Burke A.P., Tazelaar H., Patel C.R., et al. Benign tumours with myocyte differentiation. In: Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Muller-Hermelink H.K., and Harris C.C. (Eds). Tumors of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. Pathology and genetics. World Health Organization International Classification of Tumors (2004), IARC Press, Lyon 254-259
65. Günther T., Schreiber C., Noebauer C., et al. Treatment strategies for pediatric patients with primary cardiac and pericardial tumors: a 30-year review. Pediatr Cardiol 29 (2008) 1071-1076
66. Scanlan D., Radio S.J., Nelson M., et al. Loss of the PTCH1 gene locus in cardiac fibroma. Cardiovasc Pathol 17 (2008) 93-97
67. Ferguson H.L., Hawkins E.P., and Cooley L.D. Infant cardiac fibroma with clonal t(1;9)(q32;q22) and review of benign fibrous tissue cytogenetics. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 87 (1996) 34-37
68. Viswanathan S., Gibbs J.L., and Roberts P. Clonal translocation in a cardiac fibroma presenting with incessant ventricular tachycardia in childhood. Cardiol Young 13 (2003) 101-102
69. Miller D.V., Wang H., Wang H., et al. Beta-catenin mutations do not contribute to cardiac fibroma pathogenesis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 11 (2008) 291-294
70. Vidaillet H.J. Cardiac tumors associated with hereditary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 61 (1988) 1355
71. Soler-Soler J., and Romero-Gonzalez R. Calcified intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. Eur J Cardiol 3 (1975) 71-73
72. Iqbal M.B., Stavri G., Mittal T., et al. A calcified cardiac mass. Int J Cardiol 115 (2007) e126-128
73. Gotlieb A.I. Cardiac fibromas. Semin Diagn Pathol 25 (2008) 17-19
74. Valente M., Cocco P., Thiene G., et al. Cardiac fibroma and heart transplantation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg 106 (1993) 1208-1212
75. Centofanti P., Di Rosa E., Deorsola L., et al. Primary cardiac tumors: early and late results of surgical treatment in 91 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 68 (1999) 1236-1241
76. Cina S.J., Smialek J.E., Burke A.P., et al. Primary cardiac tumors causing sudden death: a review of the literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 17 (1996) 271-281
77. Burke A., Johns J.P., and Virmani R. Hemangiomas of the heart: a clinicopathologic study of ten cases. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 3 (1990) 283-290
78. Muzzi L., Davoli G., Specchia L., et al. Primary hemangioma of the mitral valve: an unusual presentation. J Heart Valve Dis 16 (2007) 209-211
79. De Filippo M., Corradi D., Nicolini F., et al. Hemangioma of the right atrium: imaging and pathology. Cardiovasc Pathol 19 (2010) 121-124
80. Palmer T.E., Tresch D.D., and Bonchek L.I. Spontaneous resolution of a large cavernous hemangioma of the heart. Am J Cardiol 58 (1986) 184-185
81. Smith M.A. Multiple synchronous atrial lipomas. Cardiovasc Pathol 16 (2007) 187-188
82. Bardakci H., Altintas G., Unal U., et al. Giant cardiac lipoma: report of a case. J Card Surg 23 (2008) 254-256
83. Burke A.P., Litovsky S., and Virmani R. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum presenting as a right atrial mass. Am J Surg Pathol 20 (1996) 678-685
84. Pederzolli C., Terrini A., Ricci A., et al. Pulmonary valve lipoma presenting as syncope. Ann Thorac Surg 73 (2002) 1305-1306
85. Tazelaar H.D., Locke T.J., and McGregor C.G. Pathology of surgically excised primary cardiac tumors. Mayo Clin Proc 67 (1992) 957-965
86. Veinot J.P. Cardiac tumors of adipocytes and cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node. Semin Diagn Pathol 25 (2008) 29-38
87. Xanthos T., Giannakopoulos N., and Papadimitriou L. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: a pathological and clinical approach. Int J Cardiol 121 (2007) 4-8
88. Benvenuti L.A., Mansur A.J., Lopes D.O., et al. Primary lipomatous tumors of the cardiac valves. South Med J 89 (1996) 1018-1020
89. Behnam R., Williams G., Gerlis L., et al. Lipoma of the mitral valve and papillary muscle. Am J Cardiol 51 (1983) 1459-1460
90. Crotty T.B., Edwards W.D., Oh J.K., et al. Lipomatous hamartoma of the tricuspid valve: echocardiographic-pathologic correlations. Clin Cardiol 14 (1991) 262-266
91. Prichard R.W. Tumors of the heart: review of the subject and report of 150 cases. AMA Arch Pathol 51 (1951) 98-128
92. Prior J.T. Lipomatous hypertrophy of cardiac interatrial septum. Arch Pathol 78 (1964) 11-15
93. Reyes C.V., and Jablokow V.R. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the cardiac interatrial septum: a report of 38 cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 72 (1979) 785-788
94. O'Connor S., Recavarren R., Nichols L.C., et al. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130 (2006) 397-399
95. Burke A., Li L., Kling E., et al. Cardiac inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a "benign" neoplasm that may result in syncope, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Am J Surg Pathol 31 (2007) 1115-1122
96. Butany J., Dixit V., Leong S.W., et al. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with valvular involvement: a case report and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 16 (2007) 359-364
97. Li L., Cerilli L.A., and Wick M.R. Inflammatory pseudotumor (myofibroblastic tumor) of the heart. Ann Diagn Pathol 6 (2002) 116-121
98. Das Narla L., Siddiqi N.H., and Hingsbergen E.A. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the right atrium. Pediatr Radiol 31 (2001) 351-353
99. Stark P., Sandbank J.C., Rudnicki C., et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the heart with vasculitis and venous thrombosis. Chest 102 (1992) 1884-1885
100. Pucci A., Valori A., Muscio M., et al. Asymptomatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the heart: immunohistochemical profile, differential diagnosis, and review of the literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 18 (2009) 187-190
101. Kelly S.J., Lambie N.K., and Singh H.P. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the left ventricle in an older adult. Ann Thorac Surg 75 (2003) 1971-1973
102. Murdison K.A., Septimus S., Garola R.E., et al. Intracardiac inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a unique presentation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 31 (2007) 750-752
103. Farrell D.J., Bulmer E., Angus B., et al. Immunohistochemical expression of endothelial markers in left atrial myxomas: a study of six cases. Histopathology 28 (1996) 147-152
104. Ferbend P., Abramson L.P., Backer C.L., et al. Cardiac plasma cell granulomas: response to oral steroid treatment. Pediatr Cardiol 25 (2004) 406-410
105. Reynolds C., Tazelaar H.D., and Edwards W.D. Calcified amorphous tumor of the heart (cardiac CAT). Hum Pathol 28 (1997) 601-606
106. Forman M.B., Virmani R., Robertson R.M., et al. Mitral annular calcification in chronic renal failure. Chest 85 (1984) 367-371
107. Morishima A., Sasahashi N., and Ueyama K. Calcified amorphous tumors with excision in hemodialysis patients: report of 2 cases. Kyobu Geka 59 (2006) 851-854
108. Fealey M.E., Edwards W.D., Reynolds C.A., et al. Recurrent cardiac calcific amorphous tumor: the CAT had a kitten. Cardiovasc Pathol 16 (2007) 115-118
109. Lewin M., Nazarian S., Marine J.E., et al. Fatal outcome of a calcified amorphous tumor of the heart (cardiac CAT). Cardiovasc Pathol 15 (2006) 299-302
110. Burke A.P., Anderson P.G., Virmani R., et al. Tumor of the atrioventricular nodal region. A clinical and immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 114 (1990) 1057-1062
111. Saito S., Kobayashi J., Tagusari O., et al. Successful excision of a cystic tumor of the atrioventricular nodal region. Circ J 69 (2005) 1293-1294
112. Cameselle-Teijeiro J., Abdulkader I., Soares P., et al. Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node of the heart appears to be the heart equivalent of the solid cell nests (ultimobranchial rests) of the thyroid. Am J Clin Pathol 123 (2005) 369-375
113. Wong J., and Ball R.Y. Endodermal heterotopia of the atrioventricular node associated with transposition of the great arteries. Cardiovasc Pathol 12 (2003) 159-162
114. Wolf P.L., and Bing R. The smallest tumor which causes sudden death. J Am Med Assoc 8 (1965) 204-205
115. Evans C.A., and Suvarna S.K. Cystic atrioventricular node tumour: not a mesothelioma. J Clin Pathol 58 (2005) 1232
116. Fine G., and Raju U. Congenital polycystic tumor of the atrioventricular node (endodermal heterotopia, mesothelioma): a histogenetic appraisal with evidence for its endodermal origin. Hum Pathol 18 (1987) 791-795
117. Tanimura A., Kato M., and Morimatsu M. Cardiac hamartoma. Acta Pathol Jpn 38 (1988) 1481-1484
118. Burke A.P., Ribe J.K., and Bajaj A.K. Hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes. Hum Pathol 29 (1998) 904-909
119. Sturtz C.L., Abt A.B., Leuenberger V.A., et al. Hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes: a case report. Mod Pathol 11 (1998) 496-499
120. Fealey M.E., Edwards W.D., Miller D.V., et al. Hamartomas of mature cardiac myocytes: report of 7 new cases and review of literature. Hum Pathol 39 (2008) 1064-1071
121. Martinez Quesada M., Trujillo Berraguero F., Almendro Delia M., et al. Cardiac hamartoma. Case report and literature review. Rev Esp Cardiol 58 (2005) 450-542
122. Voth D. Über die Arachnocytose des Herzmuskels. Frank Zschr Z Pathol 71 (1962) 646-656
123. Gilbert-Barness E. Review: metabolic cardiomyopathy and conduction system defects in children. Ann Clin Lab Sci 34 (2004) 15-34
124. Aksglaede L., Graem N., and Jacobsen J.R. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy: a rare cause of ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death in small children. Ugeskr Laeger 168 (2006) 61-62
125. Prahlow J.A., and Teot L.A. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy: case report and literature review. J Forensic Sci 38 (1993) 1427-1435
126. Edston E., and Perskvist N. Histiocytoid cardiomyopathy and ventricular non-compaction in a case of sudden death in a female infant. Int J Legal Med 123 (2009) 47-53
127. Ruszkiewicz A.R., and Vernon-Roberts E. Sudden death in an infant due to histiocytoid cardiomyopathy. A light-microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 16 (1993) 74-80
128. Lee J.H., Kang S.K., Lee C.W., et al. Giant left atrial ball thrombus in a patient with chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 85 (2008) 313-315
129. Mogulkoc N., Burgess M.I., and Bishop P.W. Intracardiac thrombus in Behcets disease: a systematic review. Chest 118 (2000) 479-487
130. Aguilar J.A., and Summerson C. Intracardiac thrombus in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 (2000) 873-875
131. Chartier L., Bera J., Delomez M., et al. Free-floating thrombi in the right heart: diagnosis, management, and prognostic indexes in 38 consecutive patients. Circulation 99 (1999) 2779-2783
132. Fontaine V., Touat Z., Mtairag el M., et al. Role of leukocyte elastase in preventing cellular re-colonization of the mural thrombus. Am J Pathol 164 (2004) 2077-2087
133. Araoz P.A., Mulvagh S.L., Tazelaar H.D., et al. CT and MR imaging of benign primary cardiac neoplasms with echocardiographic correlation. Radiographics 20 (2000) 1303-1319
134. Lack E.E. Tumors of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. In: Rosai J. (Ed). Atlas of tumor pathology. 3rd series. Fascicle 19 (1997), Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington (DC) 269-282
135. Jebara V.A., Uva M.S., Farge A., et al. Cardiac pheochromocytomas. Ann Thorac Surg 53 (1992) 356-361
136. Kennelly R., Aziz R., Toner M., et al. Right atrial paraganglioma: an unusual primary cardiac tumour. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33 (2008) 1150-1152
137. Maxey T.S., Grow P., Morris C.D., et al. Biatrial primary cardiac paraganglioma: a rare finding. Cardiovasc Pathol 16 (2007) 179-182
138. Turley A., Hunter S., and Stewart M. A cardiac paraganglioma presenting with atypical chest pain. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 28 (2005) 352-354
139. Cane M., Berrizbeitia L., Yang S., et al. Paraganglioma of the interatrial septum. Ann Thorac Surg 61 (1996) 1845-1847
140. Del Fante F.M., and Watkins E. Chemodectoma of the heart in a patient with multiple chemodectomas and familial history: case report and survey of the literature. Lahey Clin Found Bull 16 (1967) 224-229
141. Neumann H.P., Bausch B., McWhinney S.R., et al. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 1459-1466
142. Mandak J.S., Benoit C.H., Starkey R.H., et al. Echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac pheochromocytoma. Am Heart J 132 (1996) 1063-1066
143. Mikolaenko I., Galliani C.A., and Davis G.G. Pigmented cardiac paraganglioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125 (2001) 680-682
144. Luthringer D.J., Virmani R., Weiss S.W., et al. A distinctive cardiovascular lesion resembling histiocytoid (epithelioid) hemangioma: evidence suggesting mesothelial participation. Am J Surg Pathol 14 (1990) 993-1000
145. Pham T.T., Antons K., Shishido R., et al. A case of mesothelial/monocytic cardiac excrescence causing severe acute cardiopulmonary failure. Am J Surg Pathol 29 (2005) 564-567
146. Wu M., Anderson A., and Kahn L.B. A report of mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences and a literature review. Ann Diagn Pathol 4 (2000) 39-43
147. Argani P., Sternberg S.S., Burt M., et al. Metastatic adenocarcinoma involving a mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescence (cardiac MICE). Am J Surg Pathol 21 (1997) 970-974
148. Veinot J.P., Tazelaar H.D., Edwards W.D., et al. Mesothelial/monocytic incidental cardiac excrescences: cardiac MICE. Mod Pathol 7 (1994) 9-16
149. Natarajan S., Luthringer D.J., and Fishbein M.C. Adenomatoid tumor of the heart: report of a case. Am J Surg Pathol 21 (1997) 1378-1380
150. Kirma C., Izgi A., Yakut C., et al. Primary left ventricular angiomatosis: first description of a rare vascular tumor in the left heart. Int Heart J 47 (2006) 469-474
151. Shimizu M., Manabe T., Tazelaar H.D., et al. Intramyocardial angiomyolipoma. Am J Surg Pathol 18 (1994) 1164-1169
152. Jacob B., Haarhoff K., Neuen-Jacob E., et al. Unexpected infant death attributable to cardiac tumor or cardiomyopathy. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopical findings in three cases. Z Rechtsmed 103 (1990) 335-343
153. Fenoglio J.J., and McAllister H.A. Granular cell tumors of the heart. Arch Pathol Lab Med 100 (1976) 276-278
154. Kim S.J., Shin E.S., Kim S.W., et al. A case of cardiac lymphangioma presenting as a cystic mass in the right atrium. Yonsei Med J 48 (2007) 1043-1047
155. Novak P.M., Robbins T.O., and Winkelmann R.K. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with myocardial lesions and nodular transformation of the liver. Hum Pathol 23 (1992) 195-196
156. Sevimli S., Erkut B., Becit N., et al. Primary benign schwannoma of the left ventricle coursing under the left anterior descending artery. Echocardiogr 24 (2007) 1093-1095
157. Orlandi A., Ferlosio A., Ciucci A., et al. Unusual cardiac tumour with perivascular myoid differentiation: a case report. J Clin Pathol 57 (2004) 1338-1340
158. Patel A., Rigsby C., and Young L. Cardiac teratoma of the interventricular septum with congenital aortic stenosis in a newborn. Pediatr Cardiol 29 (2008) 1126-1128