Thermotherapy in dermatologic infections

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 62, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 909-927

  Badgwell Doherty, Christy ^a   Doherty, Sean D ^a   Rosen, Theodore ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

cryosurgery; cryotherapy; cutaneous infections; dermatologic infections; infections; thermotherapy

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN B; AZATHIOPRINE; AZITHROMYCIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CLOFAZIMINE; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ETHAMBUTOL; FLUCYTOSINE; FLUOROURACIL; IMIQUIMOD; ITRACONAZOLE; IVERMECTIN; KANAMYCIN; KETOCONAZOLE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MINOCYCLINE; PODOPHYLLIN; POTASSIUM IODIDE; PREDNISONE; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; TERBINAFINE; TETRACYCLINE; TIABENDAZOLE;

ACNE; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLASTOMYCOSIS; BURSITIS; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHROMOMYCOSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRYOTHERAPY; HEAT TREATMENT; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; KAPOSI SARCOMA; LEISHMANIASIS; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; MYCETOMA; MYCOBACTERIOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM CHELONEI; MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE AVIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM MARINUM; MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS; MYCOSIS; PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS; PHOTOTHERAPY; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYODERMA; RADIOFREQUENCY; REVIEW; SKIN INFECTION; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII; SPOROTRICHOSIS; SURGICAL INFECTION; SWEATING; VERRUCA VULGARIS; WOUND INFECTION;

CRYOTHERAPY; DERMATOMYCOSES; HOT TEMPERATURE; HUMANS; HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; SKIN DISEASES, BACTERIAL; SKIN DISEASES, INFECTIOUS; SKIN DISEASES, PARASITIC; SKIN DISEASES, VIRAL;

EID: 77951882241     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.055     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Rodbard D., Wachslicht-Rodbard H., and Rodbard S. Temperature: a critical factor determining localization and natural history of infectious, metabolic, and immunological diseases. Perspect Biol Med 23 (1980) 439-474
2. Roberts Jr. N.J. Temperature and host defense. Microbiol Rev 43 (1979) 241-259
3. Thomas C.C., Pierce H.E., and Labiner G.W. Sporotrichosis responding to fever therapy. J Am Acad Med 147 (1951) 1342-1343
4. Galiana J., and Conti-Diaz I.A. Healing effects of heat and a rubefacient on nine cases of sporotrichosis. Sabouraudia 3 (1963) 64-67
5. Laca E. Ulcerous sporotrichosis of the leg treated with heat. Torax 13 (1964) 229-231
6. Trejos A., and Ramirez O. Local heat in the treatment of sporotrichosis. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 30 (1966) 47-53
7. Lii S.L., Shigemi F., and Takeda K. Healing effect of local heat on sporotrichosis and three additional cases of Tokushima residence. Tokushima J Exp Med 20 (1973) 57-67
8. Tamachi H., Ozawa A., Matsuo I., Niizuma, Nakano M., and Ohkido M. Eight cases of sporotrichosis. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 5 (1980) 171-175
9. Sutherland G.E., Lauwasser M., McNeely D.J., and Shands Jr. J.W. Heat treatment for certain chronic granulomatous skin infections. South Med J 73 (1980) 1564-1565
10. Takahashi S., Masahashi T., and Maie O. Local thermotherapy in sporotrichosis. Hautartz 32 (1981) 525-528
11. Shinogi T., Misago N., and Narisawa Y. Cutaneous sporotrichosis with refractory and reinfectious lesions in a healthy female. J Dermatol 31 (2004) 492-496
12. Haruna K., Shikari Y., Hiruma M., Ikeda S., and Kawasaki M. A case of lymphangitic sporotrichosis occurring on both forearms with a published review of cases of bilateral sporotrichosis in Japan. J Dermatol 33 (2006) 364-367
13. Bonifaz A., Saul A., Paredes-Solis V., Fierro L., Rosales A., Palacios C., et al. Sporotrichosis in childhood: clinical and therapeutic experience in 25 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 24 (2007) 369-2
14. Hiruma M., and Kagawa S. The effects of heat on Sporothrix schenckii in vitro and in vivo. Mycopathologia 84 (1983) 21-30
15. Belknap B.S. Sporotrichosis. Dermatol Clin 7 (1989) 193-202
16. Hiruma M., and Kagawa S. Effects of hyperthermia on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Sporothrix schenckii by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mycopathologia 95 (1986) 93-100
17. Berman J.D., and Neva F.A. Effect of temperature on multiplication of Leishmania amastigotes within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30 (1981) 318-321
18. Sacks D.L., Barral A., and Neva F.A. Thermosensitivity patterns of Old vs. New World cutaneous strains of Leishmania growing within mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32 (1983) 300-304
19. Lobo I.M., Soares M.B., Correia T.M., de Freitas L.A., Oliveira M.I., Nakatani M., et al. Heat therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis elicits a systemic cytokine response similar to that of antimonial (Glucantime) therapy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 (2006) 642-649
20. Tagami H., Ginoza M., Imaizumi S., and Urano-Suehisa S. Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis with topical heat therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 10 (1984) 615-619
21. Lauwasser M., and Shands Jr. J.W. Depressed mitogen responsiveness of lymphocytes at skin temperature. Infect Immun 24 (1979) 454-459
22. Janiak M., and Szmigielski S. Alteration of the immune reactions by whole-body and local microwave hyperthermia in normal and tumour-bearing animals: review of own 1976-1980 experiments. Br J Cancer Suppl 5 (1982) 122-126
23. Rabkin J.M., and Hunt T.K. Local heat increases blood flow and oxygen tension in wounds. Arch Surg 122 (1987) 221-225
24. Ikeda T., Tayefeh F., Sessler D.I., Kurz A., Plattner O., Petschnigg B., et al. Local radiant heating increases subcutaneous oxygen tension. Am J Surg 175 (1998) 33-37
25. Jönsson K., Hunt T.K., and Mathes S.J. Oxygen as an isolated variable influences resistance to infection. Ann Surg 208 (1988) 783-787
26. Knighton D.R., Fiegel V.D., Halverson T., Schneider S., Brown T., and Wells C.L. Oxygen as an antibiotic. The effects of inspired oxygen on bacterial clearance. Arch Surg 125 (1990) 97-100
27. Nahas G.G., Tannieres M.L., and Lennon J.F. Direct measurement of leukocyte motility: effects of pH and temperature. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138 (1971) 350-352
28. Bryant R.E., DesPrez R.M., VanWay M.H., and Rogers D.E. Studies on human leukocyte motility. I. Effects of alterations in pH, electrolyte concentration, and phagocytosis on leukocyte migration, adhesiveness, and aggregation. J Exp Med 124 (1966) 483-499
29. Johansen K.S., Berger E.M., and Repine J.E. Effect of temperature on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 91 (1983) 355-359
30. Melling A.C., Ali B., Scott E.M., and Leaper D.J. Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358 (2001) 876-880
31. Ellis S.L., Finn P., Noone M., and Leaper D.J. Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pressure sores using warming therapy. Surg Infect 4 (2003) 53-55
32. Levine N., and Rothschild J.G. Treatment of Mycobacterium chelonae infection with controlled localized heating. J Am Acad Dermatol 24 (1991) 867-870
33. Willard R.J., Jeffcoat A.M., Benson P.M., and Walsh D.S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in soldiers from Fort Campbell, Kentucky returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom highlights diagnostic and therapeutic options. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 977-987
34. Tagami H., Ohi M., Aoshima T., Moriguchi M., Suzuki N., and Yamada M. Topical heat therapy for cutaneous chromomycosis. Arch Dermatol 115 (1979) 740-741
35. Neva F.A., Petersen E.A., Corsey R., Bogaert H., and Martinez D. Observations on local heat treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 (1984) 800-804
36. Yanase K., and Yamada M. 'Pocket-warmer' therapy of chromomycosis. Arch Dermatol 114 (1978) 1095
37. Soh Y., Ohgo N., Doi A., Matusda Y., and Toyazaki N. Chromomycosis: report of one case successfully treated with local heat therapy. Jpn J Med Mycol 22 (1981) 78-79
38. Kinbara T., Fukushiro R., and Eryu Y. Chromomycosis: report of two cases successfully treated with local heat therapy. Mykosen 25 (1982) 689-694
39. Hiruma M., Katoh T., Yamamoto I., and Kagawa S. Local hyperthermia in the treatment of sporotrichosis. Mykosen 30 (1987) 315-321
40. Ebihara T., Ogai M., Sugiura M., Masuda M., and Nishikawa T. Chromomycosis: a case with many fungal elements in the small nodule. Jpn J Med Mycol 32 (1991) 159-164
41. Hiruma M., Kawada A., Yoshida M., and Kouya M. Hyperthermic treatment of chromomycosis with disposable pocket warmers. Mycopathologia 122 (1993) 107-114
42. Hisamichi K., Hiruma M., Yamazaki M., Matsushita A., and Ogawa H. Efficacy of oral minocycline and hyperthermic treatment in a case of atypical mycobacterial skin infection by Mycobacterium marinum. J Dermatol 29 (2002) 810-811
43. Aetna Insurance clinical policy bulletin. Warm-Up therapy/noncontact normothermic wound therapy. Available at: http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/300_399/0372.html. Accessed February 16, 2009.
44. Meyers W.M., Shelly W.M., and Connor D.H. Heat treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections without surgical excision. Am J Trop Med Hyg 23 (1974) 924-929
45. Junaid A.J.N. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with infrared heat. Int J Dermatol 25 (1986) 470-472
46. Kent H. Warts and ultrasound. Arch Dermatol 100 (1969) 79-81
47. Aram H., and Leibovici V. Ultrasound-induced hyperthermia in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutis 40 (1987) 350-353
48. Duus B.R., Philipsen T., Christensen J.D., Lundvall F., and Søndergaard J. Refractory condylomata acuminata: a controlled clinical trial of carbon dioxide laser versus conventional surgical treatment. Genitourin Med 61 (1985) 59-61
49. 2 laser radiation. Rev Cubana Med Trop 42 (1990) 197-202
50. Street M.L., and Roenigk R.K. Recalcitrant periungual verrucae: the role of carbon dioxide laser vaporization. J Am Acad Dermatol 23 (1990) 115-120
51. Babajev K.B., Babajev O.G., and Korepanov V.I. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis using a carbon dioxide laser. Bull World Health Organ 69 (1991) 103-106
52. Lim J.T., and Goh C.L. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of periungual and subungual viral warts. Australas J Dermatol 33 (1992) 87-91
53. 2)-laser therapy cures macroscopic lesions, but viral genome is not eradicated in men with therapy-resistant HPV infection. Sex Transm Dis 21 (1994) 297-302
54. Sloan K., Haberman H., and Lynde C.W. Carbon dioxide laser-treatment of resistant verrucae vulgaris: retrospective analysis. J Cutan Med Surg 2 (1998) 142-145
55. Asilian A., Iraji F., Hedaiti H.R., Siadat A.H., and Enshaieh S. Carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL): a case series of 24 patients. Dermatol Online J 12 (2006) 3
56. Padilla-Ailhaud A. Carbon dioxide laser vaporization of condyloma acuminata. J Low Genit Tract Dis 10 (2006) 238-241
57. Pfau A., Abd-el-Raheem T.A., Bäumler W., Hohenleutner U., and Landthaler M. Nd:YAG laser hyperthermia in the treatment of recalcitrant verrucae vulgares (Regensburg's technique). Acta Derm Venereol 74 (1994) 212-214
58. El-Tonsy M.H., Anbar T.E., El-Domyati M., and Barakat M. Density of viral particles in pre and post Nd: YAG laser hyperthermia therapy and cryotherapy in plantar warts. Int J Dermatol 38 (1999) 393-398
59. Navin T.R., Arana B.A., Arana F.E., de Mérida A.M., Castillo A.L., and Pozuelos J.L. Placebo-controlled clinical trial of meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) vs. localized controlled heat in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 (1990) 43-50
60. Levine N. Cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with controlled localized heating. Arch Dermatol 128 (1992) 759-761
61. Velasco-Castrejon O., Walton B.C., Rivas-Sanchez B., Garcia M.F., Lazaro G.J., Hobart O., et al. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with localized current field (radio frequency) in Tabasco, Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 (1997) 309-312
62. Ruiz-Esparza J., and Gomez J.B. Nonablative radiofrequency for active acne vulgaris: the use of deep dermal heat in the treatment of moderate to severe active acne vulgaris (thermotherapy): a report of 22 patients. Dermatol Surg 29 (2003) 333-339
63. Reithinger R., Mohsen M., Wahid M., Bismullah M., Quinnell R.J., Davies C.R., et al. Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, Afghanistan: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1148-1155
64. Wortmann G. Boiling the boil. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005) 1156-1158
65. Prieto V.G., Zhang P.S., and Sadick N.S. Evaluation of pulsed light and radiofrequency combined for the treatment of acne vulgaris with histologic analysis of facial skin biopsies. J Cosmet Laser Ther 7 (2005) 63-68
66. Misra N.P., and Jain S.C. Larva migrans. J Indian Med Assoc 46 (1966) 253-255
67. Su O., Demirkesen C., and Onsun N. Localized blastomycosis-like pyoderma with good response to cotrimoxazol and cryotherapy. J Dermatol 43 (2004) 388-390
68. el Darouti M.A., and al Rubaie S.M. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Treatment with combined cryotherapy and intralesional stibogluconate injection. Int J Dermatol 29 (1990) 56-59
69. Strumìa R., and Virgili A. Cryotherapy in recurrent herpes simplex. Arch Dermatol 119 (1983) 188
70. Asilian A., Sadeghinia A., Faghihi G., and Momeni A. Comparative study of the efficacy of combined cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) vs. cryotherapy and intralesional meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) alone for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 281-283
71. Karp F.L., Neiman H.A., and Lerner C. Cryotherapy for ance vulgaris. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 39 (1939) 995-998
72. Taub A.F. Procedural treatments for acne vulgaris. Dermatol Surg 33 (2007) 1005-1026
73. Halpern A.V., and Heymann W.R. Bacterial diseases. In: Bolognia J.L., Jorizzo J.L., and Rapini R.P. (Eds). Dermatology (2008), Elsevier Limited, Spain 1075-1105
74. Ehrenhaus MP, Sturridge KA. Hordeolum. Emedicine. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1213080-overview. Accessed January 3, 2009.
75. Ginsberg M.B. Cellulitis: analysis of 101 cases and review of the literature. S Med J 74 (1981) 530-533
76. Lee E.S., Caldwell M.P., Talarico P.J., Kuskowski M.A., and Santilli S.M. Use of a noncontact radiant heat bandage and Staphylococcus aureus dermal infections in an ovine model. Wound Repair Regen 8 (2000) 562-566
77. Segal G., and Ron E.Z. Regulation of heat-shock response in bacteria. Ann N Y Acad Sci 851 (1998) 147-151
78. Bruce S, Conrad C, Peterson RD, Conrad R, Arambide LS, Thompson J, et al. Significant efficacy and safety of low intermittent heat in patients with mild to moderate acne. Zeno corporation website. Available at: http://www.myzeno.com/doc/zenowhite.pdf. Accessed January 17, 2009.
79. Kaminsky A. Less common methods to treat acne. Dermatology 206 (2003) 68-73
80. ThermaClear for acne. Med Lett Drugs Ther 49 (2007) 51-52
81. ThermaClear Website. ThermaClear clinical results. Available at: http://www.thermaclear.com/clinical-results.cfm. Accessed January 17, 2009.
82. Elman M., and Lask G. The role of pulsed light and heat energy (LHE) in acne clearance. J Cosmet Laser Ther 6 (2004) 91-95
83. Dobes W.L. A simplified method for cryotherapy in acne vulgaris. S Med J 44 (1951) 546-549
84. Goette D.K. Liquid nitrogen in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a comparative study. S Med J 66 (1973) 1131-1132
85. Groves R. Unusual cutaneous mycobacterial diseases. Clin Dermatol 13 (1995) 257-263
86. Jogi R., and Tyring S.K. Therapy of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Dermatol Ther 17 (2004) 491-498
87. Chauty A., Ardant M., Adeye A., Euverte H., Guedenon J.C., et al. Promising clinical efficacy of streptomycin-rifampin combination for treatment of Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 (2007) 4029-4035
88. Reid I.S. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a report of 13 cases at the Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua. Med J Aust 1 (1967) 427-431
89. Glynn PJ. The use of surgery and local temperature elevation in Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Aust N Z J Surg 41 (1972) 312-317
90. Kullavanijaya P. Atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infection. Clin Dermatol 17 (1999) 153-158
91. Wallace Jr. R.J., Swenson H.M., Silicox V.A., Good R.C., Tschen J.A., and Stone M.S. Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacterium. Rev Infect Dis 5 (1983) 657-679
92. Yoshida Y., Urabe K., Furue M., and Nakayama J. A case of cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection successfully treated with a combination of minocycline hydrochloride and thermotherapy. J Dermatol 31 (2004) 151-153
93. Kullavanijaya P., Rattana-Apiromyakij N., Sukonthapirom-Napattalung P., Sirimachand S., and Duangdeeden I. Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae cutaneous infection: recalcitrant to combined antibiotic therapy. J Dermatol 30 (2003) 485-491
94. Gluckman S.J. Mycobacterium marinum. Clin Dermatol 13 (1995) 273-276
95. Rallis E., and Koumantaki-Mathioudaki E. Treatment of Mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 8 (2007) 2965-2978
96. Aria H., Nakajima H., and Nagai R. Mycobacterium marinum infection of the skin in Japan. J Dermatol 11 (1984) 37-42
97. Holmes G.F., Harrington S.M., Romagnoli M.J., and Merz W.G. Recurrent, disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection caused by the same genotypically defined strain in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol 37 (1999) 3059-3061
98. Atkinson S.C., and Daniels Jr. F. Swimming pool granuloma: treatment with cryosurgery. Cutis 11 (1973) 818
99. Kakinuma H., and Suziki H. Mycobacterium avium complex infection limited to the skin in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 130 (1994) 785-790
100. Fan Y.M., Huang W.M., Li S.F., Wu G.F., Lai K., and Chen R.Y. Granulomatous skin infection caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a dog owner. Arch Dermatol 142 (2006) 1181-1184
101. Sobera J.O., and Elewski B.E. Fungal diseases. In: Bolognia J.L., Jorizzo J.L., and Rapini R.P. (Eds). Dermatology (2008), Elsevier Limited, Spain 1135-1163
102. Kamiya M., Noda T., Nakatani A., Yoneda K., Fujihiro M., and Udagawa S. A case of cutaneous pseudallescheriosis resembling sporotrichosis. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 31 (1998) 33-36
103. Bargman H. Successful treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with liquid nitrogen: report of three cases. Mycoses 38 (1995) 285-287
104. Hiruma M., Kawada A., Noguchi H., Ishibashi A., and Conti Diaz I.A. Hyperthermic treatment of sporotrichosis: experimental use of infrared and far infrared rays. Mycoses 35 (1992) 293-299
105. Romig D.A., Voth D.W., and Liu C. Facial sporotrichosis during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 130 (1972) 910-912
106. Agarwal S., Gopal K., Umesh, and Kumar B. Sporotrichosis in Uttarakhand (India): a report of nine cases. Int J Dermatol 47 (2008) 367-371
107. Beardmore G.L. Recalcitrant sporotrichosis: a report of a patient treated with various therapies including oral miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Aust J Dermatol 20 (1979) 10-12
108. Wortman P.D. Concurrent chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi and actinomycetoma caused by Nocardia brasiliensis. J Am Acad Dermatol 32 (1995) 390-392
109. Hira K., Yamada H., Takahashi Y., and Ogawa H. Successful treatment of chromomycosis using carbon dioxide laser associated with topical heat applications. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16 (2002) 273-275
110. Kikuchi Y., Kondo M., Yaguchi H., Hiruma M., and Ikeda S. A case of chromomycosis cased by Fonsecaea pedrosoi presenting as a small plaques on the left upper arm: a review of reported cases of dematiaceous fungal infection in Japan. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 48 (2007) 85-89
111. Silva M. The saprophytic phase of the fungi of chromomycosis. Effect of nutrients and temperature upon growth and morphology. Trans N Y Acad Sci 21 (1958) 46-57
112. Borelli D., and Reyes O. Chromomycosis in Iberia. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 4 (1976) 159-169
113. Borelli D. A clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of deep mycoses and leichmaniasis. Rev Infect Dis 9 suppl 1 (1987) S57-S63
114. Mayser P., Gründer K., Qadripur S., Köhn F.M., Schill W.B., and de Hoog G.S. Diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy of early chromoblastomycosis in a case example. Hautarzt 47 (1996) 693-700
115. Usuki K., Yotsumoto S., Hamada H., Shimada T., Fukumitsu K., and Kanzaki T. A case of chromomycosis with tumor-like growth. J Dermatol 23 (1996) 643-647
116. Bonifaz A., Paredes-Solis V., and Saul A. Treating chromoblastomycosis with systemic antifungals. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5 (2004) 247-254
117. Lubritz R.R., and Spence J.E. Chromoblastomycosis: cure by cryosurgery. Int J Dermatol 17 (1978) 830-832
118. Nobre G., Oliveira Ada S., Verde S.F., Martins O., and Picoto Ada S. Chromomycosis: report of a case and management by cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, and conventional surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 6 (1980) 576-578
119. de Souza Sittart J.A., and Valente N.Y. Treatment of chromomycosis with liquid nitrogen. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 14 (1986) 227-232
120. Pimentel E.R., Castro L.G., Cucé L.C., and Sampaio S.A. Treatment of chromomycosis by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen: a report on eleven cases. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 15 (1989) 72-77
121. Kullavanijaya P., and Rojanavanich V. Successful treatment of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi by the combination of itraconazole and cryotherapy. Int J Dermatol 34 (1995) 804-807
122. Bonifaz A., Martínez-Soto E., Carrasco-Gerard E., and Peniche J. Treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole, cryosurgery, and a combination of both. Int J Dermatol 36 (1997) 542-547
123. Bonifaz A., Carrasco-Gerard E., and Saúl A. Chromoblastomycosis: clinical and mycologic experience of 51 cases. Mycoses 44 (2001) 1-7
124. Castro L.G., Pimentel E.R., and Lacaz C.S. Treatment of chromomycosis by cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen: 15 years' experience. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 408-412
125. Bonduel M., Santos P., Figueroa Turienzo C., Chantada G., and Paganini H. Atypical skin lesions caused by Curvularia sp. and Pseudallescheria boydii in two patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 27 (2001) 1311-1313
126. Singal A., Pandhi D., Bhattacharya S.N., Das S., Aggarwal S., and Mishra K. Pheohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera: a rare occurrence. Int J Dermatol 47 (2008) 44-47
127. Zackheim H.S., Halde C., Goodman R.S., Marchasin S., and Buncke Jr. H.J. Phaeohyphomycotic cyst of the skin caused by Exophiala jeanselmei. J Am Acad Dermatol 12 (1985) 207-212
128. Torres-Rodríguez J.M., González M.P., Corominas J.M., and Pujol R.M. Successful thermotherapy for a subcutaneous infection due to Alternaria alternata in a renal transplant recipient. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 1171-1173
129. Gilmour T.K., Rytina E., O'Connell P.B., and Sterling J.C. Cutaneous alternariosis in a cardiac transplant recipient. Australas J Dermatol 42 (2001) 46-49
130. Erbagci Z., Tuncel A.A., Erkilic S., and Zer Y. Successful treatment of antifungal- and cryotherapy-resistant subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis in an immunocompetent case with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Mycopathologia 159 (2005) 521-526
131. Uchiyama N., Shindo Y., Mikoshiba H., and Saito H. Cutaneous infection caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum. J Dermatol 14 (1987) 471-475
132. Nakamura Y., Xu X., Saito Y., Tateishi T., Takahashi T., Kawachi Y., et al. Deep cutaneous infection by Fusarium solani in a healthy child: successful treatment with local heat therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 873-877
133. Kottapalli B., Wolf-Hall C.E., Schwarz P., Schwarz J., and Gillespie J. Evaluation of hot water and electron beam irradiation for reducing Fusarium infection in malting barley. J Food Prot 66 (2003) 1241-1246
134. Blaum J.M., and Omura E.F. Images in clinical medicine. Cutaneous larva migrans. N Engl J Med 338 (1998) 1733
135. Albanese G., Venturi C., and Galbiati G. Treatment of larva migrans cutanea (creeping eruption): a comparison between albendazole and traditional therapy. Int J Dermatol 40 (2001) 67-71
136. Chong H. Oriental sore. A look at trends in and approaches to the treatment of leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 25 (1986) 615-623
137. González U., Pinart M., Reveiz L., and Alvar J. Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2008) CD005067
138. Sharquie K.E., al-Hamamy H., and el-Yassin D. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by direct current electrotherapy: the Baghdadin device. J Dermatol 25 (1998) 234-237
139. Asilian A., Sharif A., Faghihi G., Enshaeieh S.H., Shariati F., and Siadat A.H. Evaluation of CO laser efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 43 (2004) 736-738
140. Sadeghian G., Nilfroushzadeh M.A., and Iraji F. Efficacy of local heat therapy by radiofrequency in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, compared with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate. Clin Exp Dermatol 32 (2007) 371-374
141. Bassiouny A., El Meshad M., Talaat M., Kutty K., and Metawaa B. Cryosurgery in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 107 (1982) 467-474
142. Faber W.R. Cryosurgery for cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 9 (1983) 354-356
143. Leibovici V., and Aram H. Cryotherapy in acute cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 25 (1986) 473-475
144. al-Majali O, Routh H.B., Abuloham O., Bhowmik K.R., Muhsen M., and Hebeheba H. A 2-year study of liquid nitrogen therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 36 (1997) 460-462
145. Xaidara A., Kakourou T., Klontza D., Flemetakis A., and Kanavakis E. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: response to cryotherapy treatment. Eur J Pediatr 158 (1999) 530
146. Panagiotopoulos A., Stavropoulos P.G., Hasapi V., Papakonstantinou A.M., Petridis A., and Katsambas A. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with cryosurgery. Int J Dermatol 44 (2005) 749-752
147. Al-Gindan Y., Kubba R., Omer A.H., and el-Hassan A.M. Cryosurgery in old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 118 (1988) 851-854
148. Uzun S., Uslular C., Yücel A., Acar M.A., Ozpoyraz M., and Memişoǧlu H.R. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: evaluation of 3,074 cases in the Cukurova region of Turkey. Br J Dermatol 140 (1999) 347-350
149. Mosleh I.M., Geith E., Natsheh L., Schönian G., Abotteen N., and Kharabsheh S. Efficacy of a weekly cryotherapy regimen to treat Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 58 (2008) 617-624
150. Nilfrousihzadeh M.A., Jaffray F., Reiszadeh M.R., and Ansari N. The therapeutic effect of combined cryotherapy, paramomycin, and intralesional meglumine antimoniate in treating lupoid leishmaniasis and chronic leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 45 (2006) 989-991
151. Stavropoulos P.G., Papakonstantinou A.M., Petropoulou H., Kontochristopoulos G., and Katsambas A. Cryotherapy as an adjunct to systemic antimonials for cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 (2006) 765-766
152. Salmanpour R., Razmavar M.R., and Abtahi N. Comparison of intralesional meglumine antimoniate, cryotherapy and their combination in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 45 (2006) 1115-1116
153. Gibbs S., and Harvey I. Topical treatments for cutaneous warts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2006) CD001781
154. Rowe R.J., and Gray J.M. Ultrasound therapy of plantar warts. Arch Dermatol 82 (1960) 1008-1009
155. Cherup N., Urben J., and Bender L.F. The treatment of plantar warts with ultrasound. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 44 (1963) 602-604
156. Stern P., and Levine N. Controlled localized heat therapy in cutaneous warts. Arch Dermatol 128 (1992) 945-948
157. Locricchio Jr. J., and Haserick J.R. Hot-water treatment for warts. Cleve Clin Q 29 (1962) 156-161
158. Kang S., and Fitzpatrick T.B. Debilitating verruca vulgaris in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Dramatic improvement with hyperthermia therapy. Arch Dermatol 130 (1994) 294-296
159. Dvoretzky I. Hyperthermia therapy for warts utilizing a self-administered exothermic patch. Review of two cases. Dermatol Surg 22 (1996) 1035-1038
160. Li X., Gao X.H., Jin L., Wang Y., Hong Y., McHepange U.O., et al. Local hyperthermia could induce migrational maturation of Langerhans cells in condyloma acuminatum. J Dermatol Sci 54 (2009) 121-123
161. Tosti A., and Piraccini B.M. Warts of the nail unit: surgical and nonsurgical approaches. Dermatol Surg 27 (2001) 235-239
162. Hansen J.G., and Schmidt H. Plantar warts. Occurrence and cryosurgical treatment. Ugeskr Laeger 148 (1986) 173-174
163. Berth-Jones J., Bourke J., Eglitis H., Harper C., Kirk P., Pavord S., et al. Value of a second freeze-thaw cycle in cryotherapy of common warts. Br J Dermatol 131 (1994) 883-886
164. Connolly M., Bazmi K., O'Connell M., Lyons J.F., and Bourke J.F. Cryotherapy of viral warts: a sustained 10-s freeze is more effective than the traditional method. Br J Dermatol 145 (2001) 554-557
165. Rivera A., and Tyring S.K. Therapy of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections. Dermatol Ther 17 (2004) 441-448
166. Scheinfeld N., and Lehman D.S. An evidence-based review of medical and surgical treatments of genital warts. Dermatol Online J 12 (2006) 5
167. Derickson J.L., Kraft G.H., Pierson F., and Johnson E.W. Treatment of herpes simplex with ultrasound: preliminary report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 50 (1969) 454-456
168. Fahim M., Brawner T., Millikan L., Nickell M., and Hall D. New treatment for herpes simplex virus type 2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea, and tannic acid ointment]. Part I-Male patients. J Med 9 (1978) 245-264
169. Fahim M.S., Brawner T.A., and Hall D.G. New treatment for herpes simplex virus type 2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea and tannic acid ointment]. Part II: Female patients. J Med 11 (1980) 143-167
170. King D.H. History, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology of acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol 18 (1988) 176-179
171. Krashen A.S. Cryotherapy of herpes of the mouth. J Am Dent Assoc 81 (1970) 1163-1165
172. Danziger S. Ice-packs for cold-sores. Lancet 1 (1978) 103
173. Selden S.T. Cryotherapy for herpes simplex infections. Arch Dermatol 117 (1981) 757-758
174. Strumìa R., and Virgili A. Cryotherapy in recurrent herpes simplex. Arch Dermatol 119 (1983) 188
175. Schwartz R.A., Micali G., Nasca M.R., and Scuderi L. Kaposi sarcoma: a continuing conundrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 59 (2008) 179-206
176. Kim J.H., Hahn E.W., Tokita N., and Nisce L.Z. Local tumor hyperthermia in combination with radiation therapy. 1. Malignant cutaneous lesions. Cancer 40 (1977) 161-169
177. Logan Jr. W.D., and Alonso K. Total body hyperthermia in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV positive patient. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 8 (1991) 45-47
178. Alonso K., Pontiggia P., Nardi C., Sabato A., and Cuppone Curto F. Systemic hyperthermia in the treatment of HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. A phase I study. Biomed Pharmacother 46 (1992) 21-24
179. Steinhart C.R., Ash S.R., Gingrich C., Sapir D., Keeling G.N., and Yatvin M.B. Effect of whole-body hyperthermia on AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma: a pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 11 (1996) 271-281
180. Alonso K., Pontiggia P., Sabato A., Calvi G., Curto F.C., de Bartolomei E., et al. Systemic hyperthermia in the treatment of HIV-related disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with low-flow extracorporeal perfusion hyperthermia. Am J Clin Oncol 17 (1994) 353-359
181. Tappero J.W., Berger T.G., Kaplan L.D., Volberding P.A., and Kahn J.O. Cryotherapy for cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a phase II trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4 (1991) 839-846