Macro networks, collectives, and business processes: An integrated approach to organized crime

European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 185-215

  Spapens, Toine ^a  

^a TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 77951575661     PISSN: 09289569     EISSN: 15718174     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157181710X12659830399653     Document Type: Article

References (136)

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29. What does not help either is that there is no methodological account of the data sources used.
30. P. Williams and R. Godson, 2002, "Anticipating Organized and Transnational Crime", Crime, Law & Social Change 37: 311-355.
31. Cf. R. Naylor, 1997, "Mafias, Myths, and Markets: On the Theory and Practice of Enterprise Crime", Transnational Organized Crime, Vol.3, No 3: 1-45.
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33. Cited in P. Williams en R. Godson, 2002, Organized Crime: International Strategies, Report of the International Seminar on Policies and Strategies to Combat Organized Crime held under the auspices of the United Nations and the University of New Mexico op. cit.
34. P. Reuter, 1983, Organized Crime: International Strategies, Report of the International Seminar on Policies and Strategies to Combat Organized Crime held under the auspices of the United Nations and the University of New Mexico op. cit.
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39. L. Paoli "Märkte der Kriminalität", in D. Oberwittler en S. Karstedt (eds.), Soziologie der Kriminalität. (Wiesbaden. 2004) VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften: 356-383.
40. L. Paoli, V. Greenfield and P. Reuter, The World Heroin Market: Can Policy Reduce Supply? (New York, 2009).
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42. Cf. D. Cressey, 1969, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit.;
43. C. Fijnaut et al., 1996, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit.;
44. H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime 3rd Edition. (Chicago, 1994).
45. Cf. T. Spapens and C. Fijnaut, Criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving in de Euregio Maas-Rijn Deel 1 (Antwerp/Oxford, 2005) Intersentia;
46. T. Spapens, Interactie tussen criminaliteit en opsporing. (Antwerp/ Oxford, 2006);
47. T. Spapens, H. van de Bunt and L. Rastovac, De wereld achter de wietteelt. (Den Haag, 2007) Boom Juridische Uitgevers ;
48. W. Huisman, H. Huikeshoven, H. van de Bunt, J. Van Wijk, A. Meijer, G. Boelens, M. Jagt and J. Spijkerman, De zwakste schakel. (Amsterdam, 2003) VU Amsterdam/Politie Amsterdam-Amstelland.
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50. U. Sieber and R. Bögel, Logistik der Organisierte Kriminalität. (Wiesbaden, 1993) Bundes-kriminalamt.
51. T. Spapens, 2006, Logistik der Organisierte Kriminalität op. cit.
52. This research was started in the 1950s in the United States, based on the work of the German sociologist Georg Simmel. See: G. Simmel, Soziologie. (Leipzig, 1908).
53. An overview of studies of different types of social networks can be found in K. Faust and J. Skvoretz, 2002, "Comparing Networks Across Space and Time, Size and Species", Sociological Methodology, Vol.32: 267-299.
54. See for instance M. Castells, The Rise of the Network Society. (Oxford, 1996).
55. M. Sparrow, 1991, "The Application of Network Analysis to Criminal Intelligence: An Assessment of the Prospects", Social Networks 13: 251-274.
56. E. Kleemans et al, 1998, Social Networks op. cit.
57. P. Klerks, 2000, Social Networks op. cit.;
58. P. Klerks, 2001: Social Networks op. cit.
59. N. Dorn, M. Levi, L. King, M. Defruytier, F. Van der Laenen, N. Lalam, L. Boellinger, P. Monzini, I. Germán and X. Arana, Literature Review on Upper Level Drug Trafcking. Home Office Online Report 22/05 (London, 2005).
60. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2002, Literature Review on Upper Level Drug Trafcking. Home Office Online Report 22/05 op. cit., p. 41.
61. N. Dorn et al., 2005, Literature Review on Upper Level Drug Trafcking. Home Office Online Report 22/05 op. cit., p. 9
62. J. McIllwain, 1999, "Organized Crime: a Social Network Approach." Crime, Law and Social Change 32: 301 -323;
63. A. Heber, 2009, "The Networks of Drug Ofenders." Trends in Organized Crime 12: 1-20.
64. C. Morselli, 2009, Trends in Organized Crime op. cit.
65. P. Klerks, 2001, Trends in Organized Crime op. cit.
66. M. Granovetter, 1973, "The Strength of Weak Ties", The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.78, No.6: 1360-1380
67. M. Sageman, 2008, The American Journal of Sociology op. cit.
68. M. den Boer and T. Spapens (eds.) Investigating Organised Crime in European Border Regions (Tilburg, 2002) IVA;
69. T. Spapens and M. Bruinsma, Illegale vuurwapens in Nederland: smokkel en handel (Zeist, 2004) Uitgeverij Kerckebosch;
70. T. Spapens and C. Fijnaut, 2005, Illegale vuurwapens in Nederland: smokkel en handel op cit.;
71. T. Spapens, 2006, Illegale vuurwapens in Nederland: smokkel en handel op. cit.;
72. T. Spapens et al., 2007, Illegale vuurwapens in Nederland: smokkel en handel op. cit.;
73. T. Spapens, Georganiseerde misdaad en strafrechtelijke samenwerking in de Nederlandse grensgebieden (Antwerp/Oxford, 2008) Intersentia.
74. J. McIllwain, 1999, Georganiseerde misdaad en strafrechtelijke samenwerking in de Nederlandse grensgebieden op. cit., p. 319.
75. R. Swedberg and M. Granovetter, "Introduction to the Second Edition", in M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg Eds., The Sociology of Economic Life (Boulder CO, 2001), Westview: 1-28, p. 11.
76. Cf. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds.), The Handbook of Economic Sociology. (Princeton, NJ, 1994).
77. M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg (eds.). The Sociology of Economic Life (Boulder, CO, 2001), Westview;
78. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds.), The Handbook of Economic Sociology 2nd Edition. (Princeton NJ, 2005).
79. In this field, the work of in particular Mark Granovetter and Ronald Burt has been highly influential. Cf. M. Granovetter, 1973, The Handbook of Economic Sociology op cit.;
80. M. Granovetter, 1985, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness", The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.91, November 1985: 481-510;
81. R. Burt, Structural Holes. (Cambridge, 1992).
82. This person was interviewed in prison in 2001 in the course of a study of illegal frearms smuggling into the Netherlands. T. Spapens and M. Bruinsma, Vuurwapens gezocht. Vuurwapengebruik, -bezit en -handel in Nederland 1998-2000. (Tilburg, 2002) IVA.
83. T. Spapens, 2006, Vuurwapens gezocht. Vuurwapengebruik, -bezit en -handel in Nederland 1998-2000. op. cit., p. 215.
84. Vuurwapens gezocht. Vuurwapengebruik, -bezit en -handel in Nederland 1998-2000. Ibid., pp. 334-335.
85. Toine Spapens "Case Report on the Rhein-Waal Euroregion", in M. den Boer and T. Spapens (eds.) Investigating Organised Crime in European Border Regions (Tilburg,2002) IVA: 73-92.
86. Toine Spapens, 2006, Investigating Organised Crime in European Border Regions op. cit.
87. J. Bruggeman, Social Networks. An Introduction. (London/New York, 2008).
88. L. Hamill and N. Gilbert, Social Circles: A Simple Structure for Agent-Based Social Network Models, University of Surrey, The Centre for Research in Social Simulation.
89. Of course, members of the criminal macro network may also enjoy their relation as such.
90. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule. In densely populated European border areas, for instance, criminal relations may be highly integrated across the national borders. The same may be the case with regard to criminal relations between members of the criminal macro network who emigrated abroad and fellow countrymen who stayed or migrated to other countries. Cf. T. Spapens, "Policing a European Border Region. The Case of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion", in E. Guild and F. Geyer (eds.) Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union (Aldershot, 2008): 225-241.
91. Kleemans et al., 1998 Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union op. cit.;
92. P. van Duyne, 1995, Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union op. cit.;
93. C. Fijnaut et al., 1996, Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union op. cit.;
94. E. Kleemans, M. Brienen and H. van de Bunt, Georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland. Tweede rapportage op basis van de WODC-monitor. (The Hague, 2002) Ministerie van Justitie/WODC.
95. T. Spapens, 2006, Georganiseerde criminaliteit in Nederland. Tweede rapportage op basis van de WODC-monitor op. cit, pp. 192-196.
96. T. Spapens, Interaction between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: the Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands (forthcoming).
97. T. Spapens et al., 2007, Interaction between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: the Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit.;
98. T. Spapens, 2008, Interaction between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: the Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit.
99. T. Spapens, 2006, Interaction between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: the Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit. p. 183.
100. S. MacAuley, 1963, "Non-Contractual Relations in Business: a Preliminary Study", American Sociological Review, Vol.28, No.1: 55-67.
101. S. MacAuley, 1963, American Sociological Review op. cit.
102. Y. Ben-Porath, 1980, "The F-connection: Families, Friends and Firms and the Organization of Exchange", Population and Development Review, Vol.6, No.1: 1- 30, p. 6.
103. T. Spapens, 2006, Population and Development Review op. cit., p. 200.
104. P. Reuter and J. Haaga, The Organizations of High Level Drug Markets: An Exploratory Study (Santa Monica, Calif. 1989) RAND;
105. G. Pearson and D. Hobbs, Middle Market Drug Distribution (London, 2001) Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Department;
106. E. Kleemans et al., 1998, Middle Market Drug Distribution op. cit.
107. T. Spapens, 2006, Middle Market Drug Distribution op. cit, p. 202;
108. G. Pearson and D. Hobbs, 2003, "King Pin? A Case Study of a Middle Market Drug Broker", The Howard Journal, Vol.42, No.4: 335-347
109. T. Spapens, 2006, The Howard Journal, op. cit., p. 215.
110. W. Ouchi, 1980, "Markets, Bureaucracies and Clans", Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.25, No.1 (March 1980): 129-141, p. 130.
111. B. McEvily, V. Perrone and A. Zaheer, 2003, "Trust as an Organizing Principle", Organization Science, Vol.14, No.1, Jan-Feb 2003: 91-103.
112. J. Podolny and K. Page, 1998, "Network Forms of Organization", Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.24: 57-76, p. 58.
113. W. Ouchi, 1980, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit.;
114. B. McEvily, V. Perrone en A. Zaheer, 2003, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit.
115. T. Spapens, 2006, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit., p. 65-66.
116. T. Spapens, 2006, Annual Review of Sociology op. cit., p. 271.
117. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Results of a Pilot Survey on Forty Selected Organized Criminal Groups in Sixteen Countries (Vienna, 2002), p. 4.
118. T. Spapens, 2006, Results of a Pilot Survey on Forty Selected Organized Criminal Groups in Sixteen Countries op. cit., p. 208.
119. MDMA is the active ingredient in the pills. An ecstasy pill usually contains 80 or 100 milligrams of MDMA and also a harmless filler.
120. T. Spapens, 2006, loc. cit.
121. Ibid., p. 209.
122. Cf. T. Spapens, 2008, op. cit.
123. T. Spapens, 2006, op. cit., p. 250-251.
124. Ibid., p. 198.
125. U. Sieber and M. Bögel, 1993, op. cit.
126. T. Spapens, 2006, op. cit., pp. 57-61.
127. T. Spapens et al., 2007, op. cit.
128. T. Spapens, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: the Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands (forthcoming).
129. Kleemans et al., 1998, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit., p. 167.
130. D. Cressey, 1969, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit., p. 1.
131. P. Reuter, 1983, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit.
132. L. Paoli et al., 2009, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit.
133. D. Cressey, 1969, Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands op. cit., p. 113.
134. Interaction Between Criminal Groups and Law Enforcement: The Case of Ecstasy in the Netherlands Ibid., p. 57.
135. Europol, European Union Organized Crime Report (Luxembourg, 2003) Office for Ofcial Publications of the European Communities, p. 8.
136. D. Cressey, 1969, European Union Organized Crime Report op. cit., p. x.