Federal trade commission regulation of food advertising to children: Possibilities for a reinvigorated role

Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 227-276

  Mello, Michelle M ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERTIZING; ARTICLE; CHILD; DECISION MAKING; FOOD INDUSTRY; GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; OBESITY; PARENT; UNITED STATES;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; CHILD; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; FOOD INDUSTRY; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; OBESITY; PARENTS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION;

EID: 77951157873     PISSN: 03616878     EISSN: 15271927     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/03616878-2009-051     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Alliance for a Healthier Generation. 2006a. Memorandum of Understanding. May 3. www.healthiergeneration.org/uploadedFiles/For-Schools/School-Beverage- Guidelines/Beverage%20MOU.pdf.
2. -. 2006b. Memorandum of Understanding, School Competetive Foods. Oct. 6. www.healthiergeneration.org/uploadedFiles/For-Schools/MOU-snack-food.pdf.
3. -. 2007. Memorandum of Understanding, School Milk Associations - Final. 2007. www.healthiergeneration.org/uploadedFiles/For-Schools/School-Beverage- Guidelines/FINAL%20milk%20MOU%20-%20associations.pdf (accessed December 3, 2009).
4. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Communications. 2006. Children, Adolescents, and Advertising. Pediatrics 118: 2563-2569.
5. American Youth Wielding More Household Buying Power. 2003. PR Newswire, October 29.
6. Arnold and Porter, LLP. 2009. FTC BCP Director David Vladeck: "Day 4 and Counting." Consumer Advertising Law Blog. June 22. www.consumeradvertisinglawblog.com/2009/06/ftc-bcp-director-david-vladeck-day-4- and-countin g.html.
7. Astrachan, J. B., D. Thomas, G. E. Rosden, and P. E. Rosden. 2008. The Law of Advertising. Vol.1. New York: Matthew Bender.
8. Batada, A., M. D. Seitz, M. G. Wootan, and M. Story. 2008. Nine out of 10 Food Advertisements Shown during Saturday Morning Children's Television Programming Are for Foods High in Fat, Sodium, or Added Sugars, or Low in Nutrients. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 108: 673-678.
9. Beales, J. H., III. 2003. The FTC's Use of Unfairness Authority: Its Rise, Fall, and Resurrection. Paper presented at the Marketing and Public Policy Conference, Washington, DC, May 30. www.ftc.gov/speeches/beales/unfair0603. shtm.
10. -. 2004. Advertising to Kids and the FTC: A Regulatory Retrospective That Advises the Present. George Mason Law Review 12: 873-894.
11. Buying Power of Kids Tops $18 Billion. 2006. PR Newswire, May 9.
12. Byrd-Bredbenner, C., and D. Grasso. 2000. Health, Medicine, and Food Messages in Television Commercials during 1992 and 1998. Journal of School Health 70: 61-65.
13. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2009. We Name Names! Nutrition Action Health Letter. www.cspinet.org/nah/10foods-bad.html (accessed December 3, 2009).
14. Chan, J. M., E. B. Rimm, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett. 1994. Obesity, Fat Distribution, and Weight Gain as Risk Factors for Clinical Diabetes in Men. Diabetes Care 17: 961-969.
15. Chernin, A. 2008. The Effects of Food Marketing on Children's Preferences: Testing the Moderating Roles of Age and Gender. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615: 101-118.
16. Children's Advertising Review Unit (CARU). 2009. Self-Regulatory Program for Children's Advertising. 9th ed. New York: Council of Better Business Bureaus. www.caru.org/guidelines/guidelines.pdf (accessed December 3, 2009).
17. Chou, A., I. Rashad, and M. Grossman. 2008. Fast-Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity. Journal of Law and Economics 51: 599-618.
18. Colditz, G. A., W. C. Willett, A. Rotnitzky, and J. E. Manson. 1995. Weight Gain as a Risk Factor for Clinical Diabetes Mellitus in Women. Annals of Internal Medicine 122: 481-486.
19. Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB). 2008. Changing the Landscape of Food and Beverage Advertising: The Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in Action. July. Arlington, VA: CBBB. www.us.bbb.org/WWWRoot/storage/ 16/documents/CFBAI/CFABI2008BBBreport.pdf (accessed December 1, 2009).
20. -. n.d. Company Pledges. www.us.bbb.org/WWWRoot/SitePage.aspx?site= 113&id=9a35a6f9-6768-4ad6-8b1d-9bb1039da8cd (accessed December 3, 2009).
21. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 1978. FTC Staff Report on Television Advertising to Children. Washington, DC: FTC.
22. -. 1981. In the Matter of Children's Advertising: FTC Final Staff Report and Recommendation. Washington, DC: FTC.
23. -. 1994. Enforcement Policy Statement on Food Advertising. May. Washington, DC: FTC. www.ftc.gov/bcp/policystmt/ad-food.shtm (accessed December 3, 2009).
24. -. 1996. 900 Numbers: FTC Rule Helps Consumers. Facts for Consumers. December. www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/telemarketing/tel04.shtm (accessed December 3, 2009).
25. -. 2001. Frequently Asked Advertising Questions: A Guide for Small Business. April. www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/business/adv/bus35.shtm (accessed December 3, 2009).
26. -. 2002. Comments of the Staff of the Bureau of Economics, the Bureau of Consumer Protection, and the Office of Policy Planning of the Federal Trade Commission in the Matter of Request for Comment on First Amendment Issues. Docket no. 02N-0209. September 13. Washington, DC: FTC. www.ftc.gov/os/2002/09/ fdatextversion.pdf.
27. -. 2004a. Complaint in the Matter of KFC Corp. No.0423033. www.ftc.gov/os/caselist/0423033/040603comp0423033.pdf (accessed December 3, 2009).
28. -. 2004b. In the Matter of KFC Corporation. Agreement Containing Consent Order. File no. 042-3033. www.ftc.gov/os/caselist/0423033/040603agree0423033.pdf (accessed December 3, 2009).
29. -. 2004c. KFC's Claims That Fried Chicken Is a Way to "Eat Better" Don't Fly. Press release, June 3. www.ftc.gov/opa/2004/06/kfccorp. shtm.
30. -. 2008a. A Brief Overview of the Federal Trade Commission's Investigative and Law Enforcement Authority. July. www.ftc.gov/ogc/brfovrvw. shtm.
31. -. 2008b. Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation. A Report to Congress. July. Washington, DC: FTC. www.ftc.gov/os/2008/07/P064504foodmktingreport. pdf(accessed December 3, 2009).
32. -. 2009. Prepared Statement of the Federal Trade Commission on "Consumer Credit and Debt: The Role of the Federal Trade Commission in Protecting the Public" before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection, United States House of Representatives. March 24. www.ftc.gov/os/2009/03/P064814consumercreditdebt. pdf.
33. Federal Trade Commission and Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. Perspectives on Marketing, Self-Regulation, and Childhood Obesity. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission and Department of Health and Human Services.
34. Federal Trade Commission and Federal Communications Commission. 1972. Liaison Agreement between the Federal Trade Commission and the Federal Communications Commission. Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH) 4: 9852.
35. Finkelstein, E. A., C. J. Ruhm, and K. M. Kosa. 2005. Economic Causes and Consequences of Obesity. Annual Review of Public Health 26: 239-257.
36. Finkelstein, E. A., J. G. Trogdon, J. W. Cohen, and W. Dietz. 2009. Annual Medical Spending Attributable to Obesity: Payer- and Service-Specific Estimates. Health Affairs Web Exclusive 28: W822-W831. July 27. content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/28/5/w822.
37. Food and Drug Administration. 1971. Memorandum of Understanding between the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration. www.ftc.gov/bcp/menus/resources/guidance/36FR18539.pdf (accessed December 3, 2009).
38. Fried, E. J. 2006. Assessing Effectiveness of Self-Regulation: A Case Study of the Children's Advertising Review Unit. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 39: 93-137.
39. Good Morning America. 2002. The Surprising Calorie Costs of Dining Out. ABC News. May 20. www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/Story?id=126092&page=2.
40. Graff, S. K. 2008. First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 615: 157-177.
41. Hammond, T. H., and J. H. Knott. 1996. Who Controls the Bureaucracy? Presidential Power, Congressional Dominance, Legal Constraints, and Bureaucratic Autonomy in a Model of Multi-Institutional Policy-Making. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12: 119-163.
42. Hardee's Food Systems, Inc. 2009. Nutritional Calculator. www.hardees.com/menu (accessed December 9, 2009).
43. Harrison, K. 2005. Is "Fat Free" Good for Me? A Panel Study of Television Viewing and Children's Nutritional Knowledge and Reasoning. Health Communication 17: 117-132.
44. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2004. The Role of Media in Childhood Obesity. February. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/The-Role-of-Media-in-Childhood-Obesity.pdf.
45. Hippsley, H. 2008. Remarks of Heather Hippsley at the Panel on Obesity and Marketing to Kids: A Moving Target. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Food Update Foundation, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, April 14.
46. James, J., P. Thomas, D. Cavan, and D. Kerr. 2004. Preventing Childhood Obesity by Reducing Consumption of Carbonated Drinks: Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. BMJ 328: 1237.
47. Kiewiet, D. R., and M. D. McCubbins. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
48. Koplan, J. P., C. T. Liverman, and V. I. Kraak. 2005. Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
49. Kunkel, D., B. L. Wilcox, J. Cantor, E. Palmer, S. Linn, and P. Dowrick. 2004. Report of the APA Task Force on Advertising and Children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
50. Leibowitz, J. 2008. Concurring Statement of Commissioner Jon Leibowitz. Marketing Food to Children and Adolescents: A Review of Industry Expenditures, Activities, and Self-Regulation. July 29. www.ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/ 080729foodmarketingtochildren.pdf.
51. Majoras, D. P. 2005. The FTC: Fostering Positive Market Initiatives to Combat Obesity.Paper presented at the Obesity Liability Conference, Chicago, May 11.
52. -. 2007. The Vital Role of Truthful Information in the Marketplace. Paper presented at the Roy H. Park Lecture, University of North Carolina School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Chapel Hill, October 11.
53. Malik, V. S., M. B. Schulze, and F. B. Hu. 2006. Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84: 274-288.
54. McGinnis, J. M., J. A. Gootman, and V. I. Kraak. 2006. Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
55. Mello, M. M. 2002. Policing Medicaid and Medicare Managed Care: The Role of Courts and Administrative Agencies. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 27: 465-494.
56. Moe, T. M. 1982. Regulatory Performance and Presidential Administration. American Journal of Political Science 26: 197-224.
57. National Advertising Review Council. 2007. The Advertising Industry's Process of Voluntary Self-Regulation. August 30. www.nadreview.org/07- Procedures.pdf.
58. Poirier, P., T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel. 2006. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 113: 898-918.
59. Pomeranz, J. L. Forthcoming. Federal Trade Commission's Authority to Regulate Marketing to Children: Deceptive v. Unfair Rulemaking. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 38.
60. Pomeranz, J. L., T. E. Mermin, and T. Le. 2009. Constitutional Barriers to Legislating Restrictions on Food Marketing to Children: The Aftermath of Lorillard v. Reilly. Working paper, Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University.
61. President Obama Appoints Jon Leibowitz Chairman of the FTC. 2009. Kelley Drye and Warren, LLP. Client Advisory, February 27. www.kelleydrye.com/resource- center/client-advisories/0434/-res/id=sa-File1/ Jon%20Leibowitz%20Named%20Chairman%20of%20the%20FTC-February%202009.pdf.
62. Raebel, M. A., D. C. Malone, D. A. Conner, S. Xu, J. A. Porter, and F. A. Lanty. 2004. Health Services Use and Health Care Costs of Obese and Nonobese Individuals. Archives of Internal Medicine 164: 2135-2140.
63. Ramsey, W. A. 2006. Rethinking Regulation of Advertising Aimed at Children. Federal Communications Law Journal 58: 361-392.
64. Schulze, M. B., J. E. Manson, D. S. Ludwig, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu. 2004. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women. Journal of the American Medical Association 292: 927-934.
65. Schwartz, P. M., and D. J. Solove. 2008. Protecting Children from Harmful Content and Marketing: Legal Frameworks, Policy Lessons, and Information Privacy. Working paper, on file with National Policy and Legal Analysis Network to Prevent Childhood Obesity, Public Health Law and Policy, Oakland, CA.
66. Schwimmer, J. B., T. M. Burwinkle, and J. W. Varni. 2003. Health-Related Quality of Life of Severely Obese Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association 289: 1813-1819.
67. Signorielli, N., and J. Staples. 1997. Television and Children's Conceptions of Nutrition. Health Communication 9: 289-301.
68. Smith, J. C. 2004. The Current Epidemic of Childhood Obesity and Its Implications for Future Coronary Heart Disease. Pediatric Clinics of North America 51: 1679-1695.
69. Stallings, V. A., and A. L. Yaktine. 2007. Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way toward Healthier Youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
70. TRU Projects Teens Will Spend $159 Billion in 2005. 2005. Teenage Reseach Unlimited, December 15.
71. Urken, R. K. 2008. FTC Commissioner Tackles Ads for Kids. Wall Street Journal, August 20.
72. U.S. House Committee on Rules. 2009. Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, Division D - Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2009. H.R. 1105. 111th Congress, 1st sess. www.rules.house.gov/111/LegText/omni/jes/ divdjes-111-hromni2009-jes.pdf (accessed December 9, 2009).
73. Wansink, B., and P. Chandon. 2006. Meal Size, Not Body Size, Explains Errors in Estimating the Calorie Content of Meals. Annals of Internal Medicine 145: 326-332.
74. Waterman, R. 1989. Presidential Influence and the Administrative State. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
75. Westen, T. 2006. Government Regulation of Food Marketing to Children: The Federal Trade Commission and the Kid-Vid Controversy. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 39: 79-91.
76. What the Candidates Had to Say. 2008. Washington Post online, May 18. www.washing tonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/18/AR2008051801391.html.
77. Wild, S. H., and C. D. Byrne. 2006. ABC of Obesity: Risk Factors for Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease. BMJ 333: 1009-1011.
78. Wildavsky, A. 1964. The Politics of the Budgetary Process. Boston: Little, Brown.
79. Willett, W. C., W. H. Dietz, and G. A. Colditz. 1999. Guidelines for Healthy Weight. New England Journal of Medicine 341: 427-434.
80. Wootan, M. 2007. Remarks of Margo Wootan. Paper presented at "Weighing In: Marketing, Regulation, and Childhood Obesity," a forum sponsored by the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Health and Human Services in Washington, DC, July 18.