The Long History of Contemporary Consumer Society. Chronologies, Practices, and Politics in Modern Europe

Archiv fur Sozialgeschichte

Volumn 49, Issue , 2009, Pages

  Trentmann, Frank ^a  

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EID: 77950983933     PISSN: 00666505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (173)

1. The literature on this subject now includes several thousand publications and has spawned a range of dedicated journals. For a short, critical point of entry from a sociological perspective, see Alan Warde, Changing Conceptions of Consumption, in: Steven Miles/Alison Anderson/Kevin Meethan (eds.), The Changing Consumer. Markets and Meanings, London 2002, pp. 10-24
2. see further Daniel Miller (ed.), Acknowledging Consumption. A Review of New Studies, London 1995
3. Don Slater, Consumer Culture and Modernity, Cambridge 1997
4. Roberta Sassatelli, Consumo, cultura e società, Bologna 2004
5. John Brewer/Frank Trentmann (eds.), Consuming Cultures, Global Perspectives, Oxford 2006
6. and the first issue of the Journal of Consumer Culture 1, 2001, no. 1
7. For a bibliography, see URL: 〈http://www.consume.bbk.ac.uk/ publications.html#bibliography.〉 [17.2.2009]. The article is also a welcome opportunity to thank once more the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung for an international studentship 20 years ago
8. See the critical discussion in Daniel Miller, The Poverty of Morality, in: Journal of Consumer Culture 1, 2001, pp. 225-243
9. and the historical perspectives in Daniel Horowitz, The Anxieties of Affluence. Critiques of American Consumer Culture, 1939-1979, Amherst, MA 2004
10. and Frank Trentmann, Beyond Consumerism. New Historical Perspectives on Consumption, in: JCH 39, 2004, pp. 373-401
11. Zygmunt Bauman, Consuming Life, Cambridge/Malden 2007
12. Nikolas Rose, Powers of Freedom. Reframing Political Thought, Cambridge 1999
13. Special Issue »Contesting Affluence«, in: Contemporary British History 22, 2008, no. 4
14. T. W. Chan/J. H. Goldthorpe, Is There a Status Order in Contemporary British Society?, in: European Sociological Review 20, 2004, pp. 383-401
15. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic. The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, New York 2003
16. Frank Trentmann, Free Trade Nation. Commerce, Consumption, and Civil Society in Modern Britain, Oxford 2008
17. Soper/Trentmann, Citizenship and Consumption
18. Matthew Hilton, Prosperity for All. Consumer Activism in an Era of Globalization, Ithaca/New York 2009
19. Jukka Gronow/Alan Warde (eds.), Ordinary Consumption, London 2001
20. Frank Trentmann, The Modern Genealogy of the Consumer. Meanings, Knowledge, and Identities, in: Brewer/Trentmann, Consuming Cultures, Global Perspectives, pp. 19-69
21. For a different reading, see Ulrich Wyrwa, Consumption and Consumer Society. A Contribution to the History of Ideas, in: Susan Strasser/Charles McGovern/Matthias Judt (eds.), Getting and Spending. European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge 1998, pp. 431-448
22. Christian Pfister (ed.), Das 1950er Syndrom. Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995
23. Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire. America's Advance through 20th-century Europe, Cambridge, MA 2005
24. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Konsum und Handel. Europa im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Göttingen 2002
25. For the tensions between these narratives, see also Hannes Siegrist/Hartmut Kaelble/Jürgen Kocka (eds.), Europäische Konsumgeschichte. Zur Gesellschafts- und Kulturgeschichte des Konsums, 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt 1997
26. Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, London/New York 1989 (1st published 1724), Remark (L), pp. 136 f
27. For example, the model of 〉consumer society〈 needlessly frames the otherwise useful studies of German consumption in the 1950s and 1960s by Michael Wildt and Detlef Siegfried. Yet 〉consumer society〈 was a social theory, coloured by a strong moralistic critique, not an empirical portrayal of how people consumed at the time. Wildt follows Katona's ideal-typical contrast between a future-oriented mass consumption society of the United States and a traditional, grounded Germany: »Whereas in the United States, expanding the horizon of consumption and steadily increasing the standard of living became a mentality, and the satisfaction with what had been achieved engendered new needs and desires for new consumer goods, in Germany the values of solidity and durability were still in place«. Michael Wildt, Continuities and Discontinuities of Consumer Mentality in West Germany in the 1950s, in: Richard Bessel/Dirk Schumann (eds.), Life after Death. Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s, Cambridge 2003, 211-230, here: p. 226. Such contrasts are debatable for both the United States and Germany. American working-class families in the late 1950s did not share the future-oriented optimism nor the outer-directed conformity implied by the model of 〉consumer society〈
28. See, e.g., Lee Rainwater/Richard P. Coleman/Gerald Handel, Workingman's Wife. Her Personality, World and Life Style, New York 1959. Similarly, German spending and saving behaviour was internally differentiated, with one third of Germans taking out a loan at the time
29. See also the 〉modernization〈 thesis in Arnold Sywottek, From Starvation to Excess? Trends in the Consumer Society from the 1940s to the 1970s, in: Bessel/Schumann, Life after Death, pp. 341-358
30. Michael Wildt, Vom Kleinen Wohlstand. Eine Konsumgeschichte der Fünfziger Jahre, Frankfurt 1996
31. Similarly, Siegfried's recent study needlessly takes the 1950s as an axiomatic starting point into inquiries into youth culture, leisure culture, and symbolic forms of consumption, Detlef Siegfried, Time Is on My Side. Konsum und Politik in der westdeutschen Jugendkultur der 60er Jahre, Göttingen 2006. For the longer history of the teenager, see references in notes 29 and 30 below
32. John Brewer, The Error of Our Ways. Historians and the Birth of Consumer Society, URL: 〈http://www.Consume.Bbk.Ac.uk〉 [12.6.2004], Working Paper No. 012
33. David Riesman/Nathan Glazer/Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd. A Study of the Changing American Character, New York 1953 (1st published 1950.)
34. Ernest Dichter, The Strategy of Desire, New York 1960
35. Neil McKendrick/John Brewer/John H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society. The Commercialization of Eighteenth- Century England, Bloomington 1982
36. Daniel M. Fox, The Discovery of Abundance. Simon N. Patten and the Transformation of Social Theory, Ithaca/New York 1967
37. Evelyn Welch, Shopping in the Renaissance. Consumer Cultures in Italy 1400-1600, New Haven, CT 2005
38. Craig Clunas, Modernity Global and Local. Consumption and the Rise of the West, in: AHR 104, 1999, pp. 1497-1509
39. Antonio Finnane, Changing Clothes in China, London 2007
40. Jeremy Presthold, On the Global Repercussions of East African Consumerism, in: AHR 109, 2004, pp. 755-781
41. Robert Batchelor, On the Movement of Porcelains. Rethinking the Birth of the Consumer Society as Interactions of Exchange Networks, China and Britain, 1600-1750, in: Brewer/Trentmann, Consuming Cultures, pp. 95-121
42. Maxine Berg, In Pursuit of Luxury. Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century, in: Past and Present 182, 2004, pp. 85-142
43. Prasannan Parthasarathi/Giorgio Riello (eds.), The Spinning World. A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200-1850, Oxford 2009
44. Sergio Aiolfi, Calicos und Gedrucktes Zeug. Die Entwicklung der englischen Textilveredelung und der Tuchhandel der East India Company 1650-1750 Stuttgart 1987, p. 217, tables 8 and 9
45. Paul D. Glennie/Nigel J. Thrift, Modernity, Urbanism, and Modern Consumption, in: Environment and Planning D 10, 1992, pp. 423-443
46. Natacha Coquery, Bijoutiers et tapissiers. Le luxe et le demi-luxe à Paris dans le seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, in: Stéphane Casteluccio (ed.), Le Commerce de luxe à Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Échanges nationaux et internationaux, Bern 2009
47. John Styles, The Dress of the People. Everyday Fashion in Eighteenth-Century England, New Haven, CT 2007
48. Daniel Roche, The Culture of Clothing. Dress and Fashion in the »Ancien Régime«, Cambridge 1994 (1st published 1989)
49. Beverly Lemire, Fashion's Favourite. The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660-1800, Oxford 1991
50. John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy, Boston 1834. That servants had begun to dress like their masters had been widely noted by English writers in the previous two centuries
51. e.g. Daniel Defoe, Great Law of Subordination Considered, s. l. 1724
52. Edward Young, Labor in Europe and in America, Washington 1875, p. 634
53. Sergej Prokopowitsch, Haushaltungsbudgets Petersburger Arbeiter, in: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 30, 1910, pp. 66-99
54. Carle C. Zimmerman, Consumption and Standards of Living, London 1936, p. 26
55. Corey Ross, Media and the Making of Modern Germany. Mass Communication, Society, and Politics from the Empire to the Third Reich, Oxford, 2008
56. David Fowler, The First Teenagers. The Lifestyle of Young Wage-Earners in Interwar Britain, London 1995
57. Selina Todd, Young Women, Work, and Leisure in Interwar England, in: Historical Journal 48, 2005, pp. 789-809
58. Detlev Peukert, Jugend Zwischen Krieg und Krise, Cologne 1987
59. Andrew Davies, The Gangs of Manchester, Preston 2008
60. Jon Savage, Teenage. The Creation of Youth Culture, New York 2007
61. Robert L. Frost, Machine Liberation. Inventing Housewives and Home Appliances in Interwar France, in: French Historical Studies 18, 1993, pp. 109-130
62. S. Jonathan Wiesen, Creating the Nazi Marketplace. Public Relations and Consumer Citizenship in the Third Reich, in: Geoff Eley/Jan Palmowski (eds.), Citizenship and National Identity in Twentieth-Century Germany, Stanford 2008
63. st Spanish edition 1930), p. 47
64. Heinz Umrath, The Problem of Ownership in Workers' Housing Policy in Western Europe, in: International Labor Review 2, 1955, pp. 105-127
65. Peter Scott, Residential Real Estate Marketing and the Creation of the Modern Working-Class Consumer in Interwar Britain, in: Business History, 50, 2008, pp. 4-25
66. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times. Soviet Russia in the 1930s, Oxford 1999
67. Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935-41, Cambridge 1988
68. Julie Hessler, A Social History of Soviet Trade. Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 1917-53, Princeton, NJ 2004
69. Jukka Gronow, Caviar with Champagne. Common Luxury and the Ideals of the Good Life in Stalin's Russia, Oxford/New York 2003
70. De Grazia, Irresistible Empire
71. For a critical discussion of this concept, see Roberta Sassatelli, Impero o mercato? Americanizzazione e regimi di consumo in europa, in: Stato e Mercato 2, 2007, pp. 300-316
72. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt/Paul Nolte, Konsum und Marktgesellschaft. Deutschland und die USA, in: Christof Mauch/Kiran Klaus Patel (eds.), Wettlauf um die Moderne. Die USA und Deutschland seit 1890, Munich 2008, pp. 187-223
73. For creolization effects, see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French. The Dilemma of Americanization, Berkeley, CA 1993
74. See further Alf Lüdtke/Inge Marssolek/Adelheid von Saldern (eds.), Amerikanisierung. Traum und Alptraum im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart 1996
75. Philipp Gassert, Amerikanismus, Antiamerikanismus, Amerikanisierung, in: AfS 39, 1999, pp. 531-561
76. Kristin Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies. Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture, Cambridge, MA 1996
77. Timothy Burke, Citebuoy Men, Lux Women: Commoditication, Consumption, and Cleanliness in Modern Zimbabwe, Durham, NC 1996
78. Trentmann, Free Trade Nation
79. Maren Möhring, Transnational Food Migration and the Internalization of Food Consumption. Ethnic Cuisine in West Germany, in: Alexander Nützenadel/Frank Trentmann (eds.), Food and Globalization. Consumption, Markets and Politics in the Modern World, Oxford 2008, pp. 129-152
80. Sonia Ashmore, Far Out and Way In. London as Fashion Cosmopolis 1945-1979, in: Christopher Breward/David Gilbert (eds.), Fashion's World Cities, Oxford/New York 2006, pp. 201-215
81. Pirjo Kukkonen, Tango Nostalgia, The Language of Love and Longing, Helsinki 1996
82. Jacob P. Mayer, British Cinemas and Their Audiences. Sociological Studies, London 1948, p. 116
83. Deborah Cohen, Household Gods. The British and Their Possessions, New Haven 2006, esp. pp. 24-29
84. Shahrooz Mohajeri, 100 Jahre Berliner Wasserversorgung und Abwasserentsorgung 1840-1940, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 71 f
85. From 4 KWH to 400 KWH per capita. Karl Ditt, Energiepolitik und Energiekonsum. Gas, Elektrizität und Haushaltstechnik in Großbritannien und Deutschland 1880-1939, in: AfS 46, 2006, pp. 107-152, here: pp. 147-149
86. White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, The Young Child in the Home. A Survey of Three Thousand American Families, New York 1936, p. 274
87. Robert S. Lynd/Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown. A Study in Modern American Culture, New York 1929, pp. 97 f
88. Edith Elmer Wood, Slums and Blighted Areas in the United States (Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, Housing Division Bulletin No. 1), Washington DC 1935, p. 7
89. Roy Wilkinson/Eric M. Sigsworth, A Survey of Slum Clearance Areas in Leeds, in: Yorkshire Bull of Econ and Soc Res 15, 1963, no. 1, pp. 25-47. Electrification did not automatically open the doors to new consumer durables. In the United States, providers were still preaching to farmers to use more electricity in the 1950s, because many farm households found new fridges unreliable or unnecessary or fell back on using a wood stove instead of an electric range. Only 22 percent in a 1945 Oregon study found electric ranges satisfactory
90. see Ronald R. Kline, Consumers in the Country. Technology and Social Change in Rural America, Baltimore, MD 2000, p. 256
91. Eurostat data cited in Frank Trentmann, Consumption, in: John Merriman / Jay Winter (eds.), Europe since 1914. Encyclopaedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction, Vol. 2, Detroit 2006, p. 708
92. Christopher A. Bayly, 〉Archaic〈 and 〉Modern〈 Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850, in: Anthony G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization in World History, London 2002, pp. 45-72, here: p. 52
93. Russell W. Belk, Collecting in a Consumer Society, London/New York 2001
94. Bennet M. Berger, Working-Class Suburb. A Study of Auto Workers in Suburbia, Berkeley, CA 1960
95. Rainwater/Coleman/Handel, Workingman's Wife, p. 177
96. John M. Mogey, Family and Neighborhood. Two Studies in Oxford, Oxford 1956
97. Ferdynand Zweig, The Worker in an Affluent Society, London 1961
98. John H. Goldthorpe/David Lockwood/Frank Bechhofer, The Affluent Worker. Industrial Attitudes and Behaviour, Cambridge 1968
99. John H. Goldthorpe et al., The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure, Cambridge 1971
100. Compare the discussion in Frank Mort, Democratic Subjects and Consuming Subjects, in: Frank Trentmann (ed.), The Making of the Consumer. Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World, Oxford/New York 2006, pp. 225-248
101. Fiona Devine, Affluent Workers Revisited. Privatism and the Working Class, Edinburgh 1992
102. st published 1966), pp. 66-68
103. Dorothea-Luise Scharmann, Konsumverhalten von Jugendlichen, Munich 1965, p. 48 (for lottery), p. 45 (for trousseau). Saving for marriage was less pronounced amongst youths from higher educational and social backgrounds; for trends of rising disposable income and saving behaviour
104. see Siegfried, Time is on My Side, pp. 43 ff
105. The best recent study that focuses on the myopic effects of affluence is Avner Offer, The Challenge of Affluence. Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain since 1950, Oxford 2006
106. Quoted in Reinhold Berger, Dimensionen der Wunsch- und Erlebniswelt Jugendlicher, in: Ludwig von Friedeburg (ed.), Jugend in der modernen Gesellschaft, Cologne 1965, pp. 519 f. (my translation)
107. Women's respective share fell from 13 to 4 percent, Gilbert Dooghe, The Ageing of the Population in Europe. Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Elderly Population, Brussels 1992, p. 191
108. Bernard Casey/ Atsuhiro Yamada, Getting Older, Getting Poorer? A Study of the Earnings, Pensions, Assets and Living Arrangements of Older People in Nine Countries, OECD, Paris 2002, table 2.3
109. Ian Rees Jones/David Ekerdt/Paul Higgs (eds.), Consumption and Generational Change. The Rise of Consumer Lifestyles, Edison, NJ 2008
110. Joachim Vogel, Ageing and Living Conditions of the Elderly. Sweden 1980-1998, in: Social Indicators Research 59, 2004, pp. 1-34
111. Cited in Fünfter Bericht zur Lage der älteren Generation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Potenziale des Alters in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Berlin 2005, p. 242
112. Rare exceptions and starting points are: Gary Cross, Time and Money. The Making of Consumer Culture, London 1993
113. Wildt, Vom Kleinen Wohlstand, esp. chapters 5 and 7
114. Paul Ginsborg, The Politics of Everyday Life. Making Choices, Changing Lives, New Haven/London 2005
115. Eurostat data, cited Jukka Gronow/Dale Southerton, Consumption and Leisure in Europe, in: Göran Therborn/Stefan Immerfall (eds.), Handbook of European Societies, London (forthcoming), table 4
116. Kaspar Maase, Lebensweise der Lohnarbeiter in der Freizeit, Frankfurt 1984
117. Informationsbericht des Instituts für Marxistische Studien und Forschungen 1984, no. 38, p. 76
118. Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung, Freizeit und Freizeitnutzung junger Arbeiter und Schüler in der Wartburgstadt Eisenach, Leipzig 1977, p. 65
119. st published 1961)
120. st published 1974)
121. Elizabeth Shove, Everyday Practice and the Production and Consumption of Time, in: Elizabeth Shove/Frank Trentmann/Richard Wilk (eds.), Time, Consumption, and Everyday Life, Oxford 2009
122. Amy Hewes, Electrical Appliances in the Home, in: Social Forces 2, 1930, December, pp. 235-242
123. Ruth Palter, Radio's Attraction for Housewives, in: Hollywood Quarterly 3, 1948, pp. 248-257
124. Lynda Lueb, Die Freizeit der Textilarbeiterinnen, Münster 1927
125. Alan Warde/Shu-Li Cheng/Wendy Olsen et al., Changes in the Practice of Eating. A Comparative Analysis of Time-Use, in: Acta Sociologica 50, 2007, pp. 363-385
126. From the large literature in this vein, see, for example, Bauman, Consuming Life
127. Bauman, Michael Sandel, Democracy's Discontent. America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Cambridge, MA 1996
128. David Marquand, Decline of the Public. The Hollowing-out of Citizenship, Cambridge 2004
129. This narrative does considerable injustice to the social ethics of economists like Marshall and to the continuities between Marshall and an earlier generation in their defence of consumer interests, see Donald Winch, The Problematic Status of the Consumer in Orthodox Economic Thought, in: Trentmann, The Making of the Consumer, pp. 31-52
130. Lizabeth Cohen, The Class Experience of Mass Consumption, in: Richard W. Fox/T. J. Jackson Lears (eds.), The Power of Culture, Chicago 1993, pp. 135-162
131. Cohen, A Consumer's Republic
132. John Clarke/Janet Newmann/Nick Smith et al., Creating Citizen-Consumers. Changing Publics and Changing Public Services, London 2007
133. Johnston Birchall/Richard Simmons, User Power. The Participation of Users in Public Services, London 2004
134. Trentmann, The Modern Genealogy of the Consumer
135. Marie-Emmanuelle Chessel, Catholicisme social et éducation du consommateurs. La ligue sociale d'acheteurs au cœur des débats (1908-1910), in: Catholicisme et modernisation de la société française (1890-1960) (Cahiers du Centre Pierre Léon d'histoire économique et sociale, No. 2), ed. by Marie-Emmanuelle Chessel/Bruno Dumons, Lyon 2003, pp. 19-39
136. e siècle, Paris 2004
137. Trentmann, The Making of the Consumer
138. Frank Trentmann, Before »Fair Trade«. Empire, Free Trade, and the Moral Economies of Food in the Modern World, in: Environment and Planning D 25, 2007, pp. 1079-1102
139. Matthew Hilton, Prosperity for All? Consumer Activism in an Era of Globalization, Ithaca/New York 2009
140. Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier, La consommation engagée, Paris 2009
141. Bernhard Wanders, Zwischen Dienstleistungsunternehmen und politischer Basisbewegung. Mieterorganisation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Untersuchung zur politischen Organisation wohnungsbezogener Verbraucherinteressen in Mietervereinen und Deutschem Mieterbund sowie in Mieterinitiativen, Munich 1984
142. Peter Shapely, The Politics of Housing. Power, Consumers and Urban Culture, Manchester 2007
143. Cited in Rhona Rapoport/Robert N. Rapoport, Leisure and the Family Life Cycle, London 1975, p. 10
144. Nick Couldry/Sonia Livingstone/Tim Markham, Media Consumption and Public Engagement. Beyond the Presumption of Attention, Basingstoke 2007
145. Michelle Micheletti/Dietlind Stolle/Marc Hoogh, Zwischen Markt und Zivilgesellschaft. Politischer Konsum als bürgerliches Engagement, in: Dieter Gosewinkel/Dieter Rucht/Wolfgang von Daele et al. (eds.), Zivilgesellschaft - national und transnational, Berlin 2003, p. 151-171
146. For further discussion, see Frank Trentmann, Disruption is Normal. Blackouts, Breakdowns and the Elasticity of Everyday Life, in: Shove/Trentmann/Wilk, Time, Consumption, and Everyday Life, pp. 67-84
147. Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde (BArch), 01 C/450a, Institut für Marktforschung, Untersuchungen zur Spartätigkeit in ausgewählten RGW-Mitgliedsländern, Bericht Nr. 7; vertrauliche Dienstsache, 30.6.1975, table 4. For consumption in socialist Europe, see: Ina Merkel, Utopie und Bedürfnis. Die Geschichte der Konsumkultur in der DDR, Cologne 1999
148. Katherine Pence, You as a Woman Will Understand. Consumption, Gender and the Relationship between State and Citizenry in the GDR's Crisis of 17 June 1953, in: German History 19, 2001, pp. 218-252
149. Susan E. Reid/David Crowley, Style and Socialism. Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe, London 2000
150. Victor Buchli, An Archaeology of Socialism, Oxford/New York 1999
151. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism
152. Nicky Gregson/Louise Crewe, Second-Hand Cultures, Oxford/New York 2003
153. Alison Clarke, Mother Swapping. The Trafficking of Second Hand Baby Wear in North London, in: Peter Jackson/Michelle Lowe/Daniel Miller et al. (eds.), Commercial Cultures. Economies, Practices, Spaces, Oxford 2000
154. Elizabeth Shove/Mathew Watson/Martin Hand et al., The Design of Everyday Life, Oxford 2007
155. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution. Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics, Princeton, NJ 1977
156. Ronald Inglehart, idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton, NJ 1997
157. For critical discussion, see Russell Belk, Materialism. Trait Aspects of Living in the Material World, in: Journal of Consumer Research 12, 1985, pp. 265-280
158. Harold D. Clarke/Nitish Dutt/Jonathan Rapkin et al., The Effect of Economic Priorities on the Measurement of Value Change. New Experimental Evidence, in: American Political Science Review 93, 1999, pp. 637-647
159. Richard A. Easterlin/Eileen M. Crimmins, Private Materialism, Personal Self-Fulfillment, Family Life, and Public Interest. The Nature, Effects and Causes of Recent Changes in the Values of American Youth, in: Public Opinion Quarterly 55, 1991, pp. 499-533
160. Wolf Oschlies, Jugend in Osteuropa II: Polens Jugend, Cologne 1982, here: p. 180
161. See also: Katherine Verdery, National Ideology under Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceausescu's Romania, Berkeley, CA 1991
162. Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiment, 1759, Edinburgh 1808, pp. 433-444
163. Recent discussions are Jonathan Zatlin, The Currency of Socialism, Cambridge 2007
164. and Mary Fulbrook, The People's State. East German Society from Hitler to Honecker, New Haven, CT 2005, although the benign features of the petitioning system should not be exaggerated
165. For complaints, see also Ina Merkel (ed.), Wir sind doch nicht die Mecker-Ecke der Nation, Köln 1998
166. and comparatively Frank Trentmann, Kurze Unterbrechung - Wir Entschuldigen die Störung. Zusammenbruch, Zäsur, und Zeitlichkeit im alltäglichen Konsum, in: Christina Benninghaus/Sven Oliver Müller/Jörg Requate et al. (eds.), Unterwegs in Europa - Beiträge zu einer pluralen europäischen Geschichte, Frankfurt/New York 2008, pp. 219-245, here: pp. 224-234
167. Alan Warde, Consumption and Theories of Practice, in: Journal of Consumer Culture 5, 2005, pp. 131-153
168. Daniel Miller (ed.), Material Cultures. Why Some Things Matter, London 1998
169. Shove/Watson/Hand, Design of Everyday Life
170. Wim M.J. van Binsbergen/Peter L. Geschiere (eds.), Commodification. Things, Agency, and Identities. The Social Life of Things Revisited, Münster 2005
171. Frank Trentmann, Materiality in the Future of History. Things, Practices, and Politics, in: Journal of British Studies 48, 2009, no. 4
172. Bernard Lahire, La culture des individus, Paris 2004
173. see also the special issue in: Poetics 36, 2008