Fractal analysis of retinal vessels suggests that a distinct vasculopathy causes lacunar stroke

Neurology

Volumn 74, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 1102-1107

  Doubal, F N ^a   MacGillivray, T J ^a   Patton, N ^b   Dhillon, B ^a   Dennis, M S ^a   Wardlaw, J M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE MARKER; EYE PHOTOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FRACTAL ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA BLOOD VESSEL; STROKE; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 77950974536     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: 1526632X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d7d8b4     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Wardlaw JM. What causes lacunar stroke? J Neurol Neu-rosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:617-619.
2. Thompson CS, Hakim AM. Living beyond our physiological means: small vessel disease of the brain is an expression of a systemic failure in arteriolar function: a unifying hypothesis. Stroke 2009;40:322-330.
3. Patton N, Aslam T, Macgillivray T, et al. Retinal vascular image analysis as a potential screening tool for cere-brovascular disease: a rationale based on homology between cerebral and retinal microvasculatures. J Anat 2005;206:319-348. (Pubitemid 40542839)
4. Doubal FN, Hokke PE, Wardlaw JM. Retinal microvascu-lar abnormalities and stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009;80:158-165.
5. Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke. JAMA 2002;288:67-74. (Pubitemid 34705520)
6. Doubal FN, MacGillivray TJ, Hokke PE, et al. Differences in retinal vessels support a distinct vasculopathy causing lacunar stroke. Neurology 2009;72:1773-1778.
7. Lindley RI, Wang JJ, Wong MC, et al. Retinal microvas-culature in acute lacunar stroke: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:628-634.
8. Doubal FN, Dhillon B, Dennis MS, et al. Retinopathy in ischemic stroke subtypes. Stroke 2009;40:389-393.
9. Doubal FN, De Haan R, MacGillivray TJ, et al. Retinal arteriolar geometry is associated with white matter hyper-intensities on MRI. Int J Stroke (in press).
10. Witt N, Wong TY, Hughes AD, et al. Abnormalities of retinal microvascular structure and risk of mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke. Hypertension 2006;47: 975-981. (Pubitemid 44297571)
11. Masters BR. Fractal analysis of the vascular tree in the human retina. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004;6:427-452.
12. MacGillivray TJ, Patton N, Doubal FN, et al. Fractal analysis of the retinal vascular network in fundus images. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007;2007:6456-6459.
13. Brott T, Adams HP, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864-870. (Pubitemid 19188240)
14. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 1991;337:1521-1526.
15. Jackson CA, Sudlow CLM. Are lacunar strokes really different? A systematic review of differences in risk factor profiles between lacunar and non-lacunar infarcts. Stroke 2005;36:891-904.
16. Mead GE, Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM, et al. How well does the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification predict the site and size of the infarct on brain imaging? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:558-562.
17. Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, et al. MR signal abnormalities at 1.5T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149:351-356. (Pubitemid 17104996)
18. Soares JV, Leandro JJ, Cesar Junior RM, et al. Retinal vessel segmentation using the 2-D Gabor wavelet and supervised classification. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2006;25: 1214-1222.
19. Lam L, Lee SW, Suen CY. Thinning methodologies: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence 1992;14:869-885.
20. Stosic T, Stosic BD. Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2006;25:1101-1107. (Pubitemid 44192181)
21. Liew G, Wang JJ, Cheung N, et al. The retinal vasculature as a fractal: methodology, reliability, and relationship to blood pressure. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1951-1956.
22. Cheung N, Donaghue KC, Liew G, et al. Quantitative assessment of early diabetic retinopathy using fractal analysis. Diabetes Care 2009;32:106-110.
23. Lipsitz LA, Goldberger AL. Loss of 'complexity' and aging: potential applications of fractals and chaos theory to senescence. JAMA 1992;267:1806-1809.
24. Wardlaw JM, Doubal F, Armitage P, et al. Lacunar stroke is associated with diffuse blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Ann Neurol 2009;65:194-202.