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For PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events), see:. Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I.K., Skene A.M., Tan M.H., Lefebvre P.J., Murray G.D., Standl E., Wilcox R.G., Wilhelmsen L., Betteridge J., Birkeland K., Golay A., Heine R.J., Koranyi L., Laakso M., Mokan M., Norkus A., Pirags V., Podar T., Scheen A., Scherbaum W., Schernthaner G., Schmitz O., Skrha J., Smith U., and Taton J. Lancet 366 (2005) 1279
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Birkeland, K.15
Golay, A.16
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Nissen S.E., Nicholls S.J., Wolski K., Nesto R., Kupfer S., Perez A., Jure H., Larochellière R.D., Staniloae C.S., Mavromatis K., Saw J., Hu B., Lincoff A.M., and Tuzcu E.M. JAMA 299 (2008) 1561
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Devasthale P.V., Chen S., Jeon Y., Qu F., Ryono D., Wang W., Zhang H., Cheng L., Farrelly D., Golla R., Grover G., Ma Z., Moore L., Seethala R., Sun W., Doweyko A.M., Chandrasena G., Sleph P., Hariharan N., and Cheng P.T.W. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (2007) 2312
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77950917423
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50 = 0.04 in the HEK functional assay).
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50 = 0.04 in the HEK functional assay).
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Devasthale P.V., Chen S., Jeon Y., Qu F., Shao C., Wang W., Zhang H., Cap M., Farrelly D., Golla R., Grover G., Harrity T., Ma Z., Moore L., Ren J., Seethala R., Cheng L., Sleph P., Sun W., Tieman A., Wetterau J.R., Doweyko A., Chandrasena G., Chang S.Y., Humphreys W.G., Sasseville V.G., Biller S.A., Ryono D.E., Selan F., Hariharan N., and Cheng P.T.W. J. Med. Chem. 48 (2005) 2248
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Zhang, H.7
Cap, M.8
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Golla, R.10
Grover, G.11
Harrity, T.12
Ma, Z.13
Moore, L.14
Ren, J.15
Seethala, R.16
Cheng, L.17
Sleph, P.18
Sun, W.19
Tieman, A.20
Wetterau, J.R.21
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Chandrasena, G.23
Chang, S.Y.24
Humphreys, W.G.25
Sasseville, V.G.26
Biller, S.A.27
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Hariharan, N.30
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Li, J.; Kennedy, L. J.; Shi, Y.; Tao, S.; Ye, X.-Y.; Chen, S. Y.; Wang, Y.; Hernández, A. S.; Wang, W.; Devasthale, P. V.; Chen, S.; Lai, Z.; Zhang, H.; Wu, S.; Smirk, R. A.; Bolton, S. A.; Ryono, D. E.; Zhang, H.; Lim, N.-K.; Chen, B.-C.; Locke, K. T.; O'Malley, K. M.; Zhang, L.; Srivastava, R. A.; Miao, B.; Meyers, D. S.; Monshizadegan, H.; Search, D.; Grimm, D.; Zhang, R.; Harrity, T.; Kunselman, L. K.; Cap, M.; Kadiyala, P.; Hosagrahara, P.; Zhang, L.; Xu, C.; Li, Y.-X.; Muckelbauer, J. K.; Chang, C.; An, Y.; Krystek, S. R.; Blanar, M. A.; Zahler, R.; Mukherjee, R.; Cheng, P. T. W.; Tino, J. A. J. Med. Chem., accepted for publication. doi:10.1021/jm9016812.
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Li, J.; Kennedy, L. J.; Shi, Y.; Tao, S.; Ye, X.-Y.; Chen, S. Y.; Wang, Y.; Hernández, A. S.; Wang, W.; Devasthale, P. V.; Chen, S.; Lai, Z.; Zhang, H.; Wu, S.; Smirk, R. A.; Bolton, S. A.; Ryono, D. E.; Zhang, H.; Lim, N.-K.; Chen, B.-C.; Locke, K. T.; O'Malley, K. M.; Zhang, L.; Srivastava, R. A.; Miao, B.; Meyers, D. S.; Monshizadegan, H.; Search, D.; Grimm, D.; Zhang, R.; Harrity, T.; Kunselman, L. K.; Cap, M.; Kadiyala, P.; Hosagrahara, P.; Zhang, L.; Xu, C.; Li, Y.-X.; Muckelbauer, J. K.; Chang, C.; An, Y.; Krystek, S. R.; Blanar, M. A.; Zahler, R.; Mukherjee, R.; Cheng, P. T. W.; Tino, J. A. J. Med. Chem., accepted for publication. doi:10.1021/jm9016812.
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77950917896
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note
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PDB deposition number is 3KDU.
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77950918054
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note
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3. Therefore this paper is focused on the results upon removal of the methyl group from the 5-position of the oxazole/thiazole.
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0029016829
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50 values (μM) for PPARα or γ agonist activity were calculated as the concentration of the test ligand (μM) required for the half-maximal fold induction of HEK293 cells. The 'intrinsic activity' of a test ligand is defined as its activity at 1 μM (expressed as a percentage) relative to the activity of the primary standards at 1 μM. The maximal efficacy was measured in percentage related to the standards (fenofibrate at 100 μM is 100% for PPARα; rosiglitazone at 1 μM is 100% for PPARγ).
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50 values (μM) for PPARα or γ agonist activity were calculated as the concentration of the test ligand (μM) required for the half-maximal fold induction of HEK293 cells. The 'intrinsic activity' of a test ligand is defined as its activity at 1 μM (expressed as a percentage) relative to the activity of the primary standards at 1 μM. The maximal efficacy was measured in percentage related to the standards (fenofibrate at 100 μM is 100% for PPARα; rosiglitazone at 1 μM is 100% for PPARγ). See:. Lehmann J.M., Moore L.B., Smith-Oliver T.A., Wilkison W.O., Willson T.M., and Kliewer S.A. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 12953
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Lehmann, J.M.1
Moore, L.B.2
Smith-Oliver, T.A.3
Wilkison, W.O.4
Willson, T.M.5
Kliewer, S.A.6
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77950917957
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note
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Compounds 2i and 2j have the (S)-configuration, as indicated in Scheme 1. We have found that their corresponding (R)-enantiomers are less active.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) is an inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and modulates oxidative metabolism of glucose. It is highly induced in liver and pancreatic islets by PPARα agonists, and serves as a PD marker for PPARα activity. See:
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) is an inhibitor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and modulates oxidative metabolism of glucose. It is highly induced in liver and pancreatic islets by PPARα agonists, and serves as a PD marker for PPARα activity. See:. Liu P.C.C., Huber R., Stow M.D., Schlingmann K.L., Collier P., Liao B., Link J., Burn T.C., Hollis G., Young P.R., and Mukherjee R. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 85 (2003) 71
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Liu, P.C.C.1
Huber, R.2
Stow, M.D.3
Schlingmann, K.L.4
Collier, P.5
Liao, B.6
Link, J.7
Burn, T.C.8
Hollis, G.9
Young, P.R.10
Mukherjee, R.11
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Wang P.-R., Guo Q., Ippolito M., Wu M., Milot D., Ventre J., Doebber T., Wright S.D., and Chao Y.-S. Eur. J. Pharm. 427 (2001) 285
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Wang, P.-R.1
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Ippolito, M.3
Wu, M.4
Milot, D.5
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Doebber, T.7
Wright, S.D.8
Chao, Y.-S.9
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8944252340
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ApoA-I is the major lipoprotein on HDL particles. In rodents, ApoA-I expression is down-regulated by treatment with PPARα activators (such as fibrates), which results in the reduction of HDL-c levels, whereas in humans, the expression of ApoA-I is up-regulated, which results in an increase in HDL-c levels. These opposite effects on HDL-c in rodents vesus humans have been well documented in the literature and are consistent with our observations. See:
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ApoA-I is the major lipoprotein on HDL particles. In rodents, ApoA-I expression is down-regulated by treatment with PPARα activators (such as fibrates), which results in the reduction of HDL-c levels, whereas in humans, the expression of ApoA-I is up-regulated, which results in an increase in HDL-c levels. These opposite effects on HDL-c in rodents vesus humans have been well documented in the literature and are consistent with our observations. See:. Berthou L., Duverger N., Emmanuel F., Langouet S., Auwerx J., Guillouzo A., Fruchart J.-C., Rubin E., Denefle P., Staels B., and Branellec D. J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996) 2408
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Berthou, L.1
Duverger, N.2
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Auwerx, J.5
Guillouzo, A.6
Fruchart, J.-C.7
Rubin, E.8
Denefle, P.9
Staels, B.10
Branellec, D.11
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Laudet, V.7
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