메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 6192-6197

Cultural differences are not always reducible to individual differences

Author keywords

Cognitive style; Culture; Personality trait; Social orientation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HOLISTIC CARE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERVIEW; ORIENTATION; PERSONALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL CLASS; TELEPHONE;

EID: 77950891186     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001911107     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (255)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 0000133051 scopus 로고
    • The between and within of cross-cultural research
    • Shweder RA (1973) The between and within of cross-cultural research. Ethos 1: 531-545.
    • (1973) Ethos , vol.1 , pp. 531-545
    • Shweder, R.A.1
  • 2
    • 0034337141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trait psychology and the revival of personality and culture studies
    • McCrae RR (2000) Trait psychology and the revival of personality and culture studies. Am Behav Sci 44:10-31.
    • (2000) Am Behav Sci , vol.44 , pp. 10-31
    • McCrae, R.R.1
  • 3
    • 42549087793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. W. Norton and Company, New York
    • Heine SJ (2007) Cultural Psychology (W. W. Norton and Company, New York).
    • (2007) Cultural Psychology
    • Heine, S.J.1
  • 5
    • 85047681924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition
    • DOI 10.1037//0033-295X.108.2.291
    • Nisbett RE, Peng K, Choi I, Norenzayan A (2001) Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychol Rev 108:291-310. (Pubitemid 33610298)
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , Issue.2 , pp. 291-310
    • Nisbett, R.E.1    Choi, I.2    Peng, K.3    Norenzayan, A.4
  • 6
    • 33748548980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's 'Northern Frontier'
    • Kitayama S, Ishii K, Imada T, Takemura K, Ramaswamy J (2006) Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan's 'Northern Frontier.' J Pers Soc Psychol 91:369-384.
    • (2006) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.91 , pp. 369-384
    • Kitayama, S.1    Ishii, K.2    Imada, T.3    Takemura, K.4    Ramaswamy, J.5
  • 7
    • 34247193372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perception and cognition
    • eds Kitayama S, Cohen D (Guilford, New York)
    • Norenzayan A, Choi I, Peng K (2007) Perception and cognition. Handbook of Cultural Psychology, eds Kitayama S, Cohen D (Guilford, New York), pp 569-594.
    • (2007) Handbook of Cultural Psychology , pp. 569-594
    • Norenzayan, A.1    Choi, I.2    Peng, K.3
  • 8
    • 63849253925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holism in a European cultural context: Differences in cognitive style between Central and East Europeans and Westerners
    • Varnum MEW, Grossmann I, Katunar D, Kitayama S, Nisbett RE (2008) Holism in a European cultural context: Differences in cognitive style between Central and East Europeans and Westerners. J Cogn Cult 8:321-333.
    • (2008) J Cogn Cult , vol.8 , pp. 321-333
    • Varnum, M.E.W.1    Grossmann, I.2    Katunar, D.3    Kitayama, S.4    Nisbett, R.E.5
  • 9
    • 12044258070 scopus 로고
    • Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation
    • Markus HR, Kitayama S (1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol Rev 98:224-253.
    • (1991) Psychol Rev , vol.98 , pp. 224-253
    • Markus, H.R.1    Kitayama, S.2
  • 11
    • 77950897586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of cultural differences in cognition: Evidence for the social orientation hypothesis
    • Varnum MEW, Grossmann I, Kitayama S, Nisbett RE (2010) The origin of cultural differences in cognition: Evidence for the social orientation hypothesis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 19:9-13.
    • (2010) Curr Dir Psychol Sci , vol.19 , pp. 9-13
    • Varnum, M.E.W.1    Grossmann, I.2    Kitayama, S.3    Nisbett, R.E.4
  • 12
    • 26444438139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures
    • Terracciano A, et al. (2005) National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science 310:96-100.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 96-100
    • Terracciano, A.1
  • 13
    • 49149130057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group differences in personality: Meta-analyses comparing five U.S. racial groups
    • Foldes HJ, Duehr EE, Ones DS (2008) Group differences in personality: Meta-analyses comparing five U.S. racial groups. Person Psychol 61:579-616.
    • (2008) Person Psychol , vol.61 , pp. 579-616
    • Foldes, H.J.1    Duehr, E.E.2    Ones, D.S.3
  • 14
    • 33847072282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations
    • Schmitt DP, Allik J, McCrae RR, Benet-Martínez V (2007) The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. J Cross Cult Psychol 38:173-212.
    • (2007) J Cross Cult Psychol , vol.38 , pp. 173-212
    • Schmitt, D.P.1    Allik, J.2    McCrae, R.R.3    Benet-Martínez, V.4
  • 15
    • 0015238864 scopus 로고
    • Race, social class, and IQ
    • Scarr-Salapatek S (1971) Race, social class, and IQ. Science 174:1285-1295.
    • (1971) Science , vol.174 , pp. 1285-1295
    • Scarr-Salapatek, S.1
  • 16
    • 34247606635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in analytic versus holistic thinking
    • Choi I, Koo M, Choi JA (2007) Individual differences in analytic versus holistic thinking. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 33:691-705.
    • (2007) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.33 , pp. 691-705
    • Choi, I.1    Koo, M.2    Choi, J.A.3
  • 17
    • 21844491931 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of independent and interdependent selfconstruals
    • Singelis TM (1994) The measurement of independent and interdependent selfconstruals. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 20:580-591.
    • (1994) Pers Soc Psychol Bull , vol.20 , pp. 580-591
    • Singelis, T.M.1
  • 18
    • 0346128604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes
    • Triandis HC (1996) The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. Am Psychol 51:407-415.
    • (1996) Am Psychol , vol.51 , pp. 407-415
    • Triandis, H.C.1
  • 20
    • 0001042798 scopus 로고
    • Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals
    • Robinson WS (1950) Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Am Sociol Rev 15:351-357.
    • (1950) Am Sociol Rev , vol.15 , pp. 351-357
    • Robinson, W.S.1
  • 21
    • 0015810345 scopus 로고
    • Child behavior and child rearing in Japan and the United States: An interim report
    • Caudill WA, Schooler C (1973) Child behavior and child rearing in Japan and the United States: An interim report. J Nerv Ment Dis 157:323-338.
    • (1973) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.157 , pp. 323-338
    • Caudill, W.A.1    Schooler, C.2
  • 22
    • 67949089827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, West Europe, and East Asia
    • Kitayama S, Park H, Servincer AT, Karasawa M, Uskul AK (2009) A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, West Europe, and East Asia. J Pers Soc Psychol 97:236-255.
    • (2009) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.97 , pp. 236-255
    • Kitayama, S.1    Park, H.2    Servincer, A.T.3    Karasawa, M.4    Uskul, A.K.5
  • 23
    • 0004136440 scopus 로고
    • Oxford Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ
    • Tönnies F (1887/1988) Community and Society (Oxford Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ).
    • (1887) Community and Society
    • Tönnies, F.1
  • 24
    • 0040885439 scopus 로고
    • Chinese theory and practice, with special reference to humanism
    • ed Moore CA (East- West Center, Honolulu, HI)
    • Chan W-T (1967) Chinese theory and practice, with special reference to humanism. The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, ed Moore CA (East- West Center, Honolulu, HI).
    • (1967) The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
    • Chan, W.-T.1
  • 25
    • 84986705352 scopus 로고
    • The use of analogy and symbolism in traditional Chinese philosophy
    • Liu XG (1974) The use of analogy and symbolism in traditional Chinese philosophy. J Chin Philos 1:313-338.
    • (1974) J Chin Philos , vol.1 , pp. 313-338
    • Liu, X.G.1
  • 30
    • 41249101713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture, class and cognition: Evidence from Italy
    • Knight N, Nisbett RE (2007) Culture, class and cognition: Evidence from Italy. J Cogn Cult 7:283-291.
    • (2007) J Cogn Cult , vol.7 , pp. 283-291
    • Knight, N.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 31
    • 0036264461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the interdependent self more sensitive to question context than the independent self? Self-construal and the observation of conversational norms
    • Haberstroh S, Oyserman D, Schwarz N, Kühnen U, Ji L-J (2002) Is the interdependent self more sensitive to question context than the independent self? Self-construal and the observation of conversational norms. J Exp Soc Psychol 38:323-329.
    • (2002) J Exp Soc Psychol , vol.38 , pp. 323-329
    • Haberstroh, S.1    Oyserman, D.2    Schwarz, N.3    Kühnen, U.4    Ji, L.-J.5
  • 32
    • 0035293494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The semantic-procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context-dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking
    • Kühnen U, Hannover B, Schubert B (2001) The semantic-procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context-dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking. J Pers Soc Psychol 80:397-409. (Pubitemid 33594877)
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.80 , Issue.3 , pp. 397-409
    • Kuhnen, U.1    Hannover, B.2    Schubert, B.3
  • 33
    • 40749152218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism
    • Oyserman D, Lee SWS (2008) Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychol Bull 134:311-342.
    • (2008) Psychol Bull , vol.134 , pp. 311-342
    • Oyserman, D.1    Lee, S.W.S.2
  • 34
    • 0004187506 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge Univ Press, London
    • Heath SB (1983) Ways with Words (Cambridge Univ Press, London).
    • (1983) Ways with Words
    • Heath, S.B.1
  • 35
    • 0014580914 scopus 로고
    • Class, occupation and orientation
    • Kohn ML, Schooler C (1969) Class, occupation and orientation. Am Sociol Rev 34: 659-678.
    • (1969) Am Sociol Rev , vol.34 , pp. 659-678
    • Kohn, M.L.1    Schooler, C.2
  • 38
    • 84956754158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistical framework for modeling homogeneity and interdependence in groups
    • eds Clark M, Fletcher G (Wiley-Blackwell, New York)
    • Gonzalez R, Griffin D (2001) A statistical framework for modeling homogeneity and interdependence in groups. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology, eds Clark M, Fletcher G (Wiley-Blackwell, New York), Vol 2, pp 505-534.
    • (2001) Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 505-534
    • Gonzalez, R.1    Griffin, D.2
  • 39
    • 0000515078 scopus 로고
    • Measuring belief system structure
    • Barton AH, Parsons RW (1977) Measuring belief system structure. Public Opin Q 41: 159-180.
    • (1977) Public Opin Q , vol.41 , pp. 159-180
    • Barton, A.H.1    Parsons, R.W.2
  • 40
    • 27844472136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical modeling of the individual: Rationale and application of multivariate stationary time series analysis
    • Hamaker EL, Dolan CV, Molenaar PCM (2005) Statistical modeling of the individual: Rationale and application of multivariate stationary time series analysis. Multivariate Behav Res 40:207-233.
    • (2005) Multivariate Behav Res , vol.40 , pp. 207-233
    • Hamaker, E.L.1    Dolan, C.V.2    Molenaar, P.C.M.3
  • 41
    • 0040908783 scopus 로고
    • An empirical investigation of self-attitudes
    • Kuhn MH, McPartland TS (1954) An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. Am Sociol Rev 19:68-76.
    • (1954) Am Sociol Rev , vol.19 , pp. 68-76
    • Kuhn, M.H.1    McPartland, T.S.2
  • 42
    • 21144462267 scopus 로고
    • Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness
    • Aron A, Aron EN, Smollan D (1992) Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. J Pers Soc Psychol 63:596-612.
    • (1992) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.63 , pp. 596-612
    • Aron, A.1    Aron, E.N.2    Smollan, D.3
  • 43
    • 38649119112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profiles of social relations among older adults: A cross-cultural approach
    • Fiori KL, Antonucci TC, Akiyama H (2008) Profiles of social relations among older adults: A cross-cultural approach. Ageing Soc 28:203-231.
    • (2008) Ageing Soc , vol.28 , pp. 203-231
    • Fiori, K.L.1    Antonucci, T.C.2    Akiyama, H.3
  • 44
    • 0036146809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Word and voice: Spontaneous attention to emotional utterances in two languages
    • DOI 10.1080/0269993943000121
    • Kitayama S, Ishii K (2002) Word and voice: Spontaneous attention to emotional utterances in two languages. Cogn Emot 16:29-59. (Pubitemid 34097598)
    • (2002) Cognition and Emotion , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-59
    • Kitayama, S.1    Ishii, K.2
  • 45
    • 33750378856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States
    • DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.890
    • Kitayama S, Mesquita B, Karasawa M (2006) Cultural affordances and emotional experience: Socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. J Pers Soc Psychol 91:890-903. (Pubitemid 44629908)
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.91 , Issue.5 , pp. 890-903
    • Kitayama, S.1    Mesquita, B.2    Karasawa, M.3
  • 47
    • 0036370535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As seen by the other... Perspectives on the self in the memories and emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners
    • Cohen D, Gunz A (2002) As seen by the other. . . Perspectives on the self in the memories and emotional perceptions of Easterners and Westerners. Psychol Sci 13: 55-59.
    • (2002) Psychol Sci , vol.13 , pp. 55-59
    • Cohen, D.1    Gunz, A.2
  • 48
    • 85047683103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans
    • DOI 10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.922
    • Masuda T, Nisbett RE (2001) Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. J Pers Soc Psychol 81:922-934. (Pubitemid 33597828)
    • (2001) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.81 , Issue.5 , pp. 922-934
    • Masuda, T.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 50
    • 33646453994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture and change blindness
    • Masuda T, Nisbett RE (2006) Culture and change blindness. Cogn Sci 30:381-399.
    • (2006) Cogn Sci , vol.30 , pp. 381-399
    • Masuda, T.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 51
    • 0042278593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceiving an Object and Its Context in Different Cultures: A Cultural Look at New Look
    • DOI 10.1111/1467-9280.02432
    • Kitayama S, Duffy S, Kawamura T, Larsen JT (2003) Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at New Look. Psychol Sci 14:201-206. (Pubitemid 37282427)
    • (2003) Psychological Science , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-206
    • Kitayama, S.1    Duffy, S.2    Kawamura, T.3    Larsen, J.T.4
  • 52
    • 0000508320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction
    • Peng K, Nisbett RE (1999) Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. Am Psychol 54:741-754.
    • (1999) Am Psychol , vol.54 , pp. 741-754
    • Peng, K.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 53
    • 0035512041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culture, change, and prediction
    • Ji L-J, Nisbett RE, Su Y (2001) Culture, change, and prediction. Psychol Sci 12:450-456.
    • (2001) Psychol Sci , vol.12 , pp. 450-456
    • Ji, L.-J.1    Nisbett, R.E.2    Su, Y.3
  • 55
    • 84985070083 scopus 로고
    • A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children
    • Chiu L-H (1972) A cross-cultural comparison of cognitive styles in Chinese and American children. Int J Psychol 7:235-242.
    • (1972) Int J Psychol , vol.7 , pp. 235-242
    • Chiu, L.-H.1
  • 56
    • 33750698851 scopus 로고
    • Within-groups correlations and their correction for attenuation
    • Hills JR (1957) Within-groups correlations and their correction for attenuation. Psychol Bull 54:131-133.
    • (1957) Psychol Bull , vol.54 , pp. 131-133
    • Hills, J.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.