Afro-latin America: Five questions

Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 191-210

  Andrews, George Reid ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Afro descendent; Afro Latin America; Black; Inequality; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950764392     PISSN: 17442222     EISSN: 17442230     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17442220902920119     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Acree, W. & Borucki, A. (eds) (2008) Jacinto Ventura de Molina en los orígenes de la escritura afro-latinoamericana, Linardi y Risso Editores, Montevideo
2. Agudelo, C. 2005. Retos del multiculturalismo en Colombia:Políticas y poblaciones negras, Medellín:La Carreta Editores.
3. Aguirre, C. 2005. Breve historia de la esclavitud en el Perú:Una herida que no deja de sangrar, Lima:Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú.
4. Aguirre Beltrán, G. 1972. La población negra de México, 2nd, Mexico:Fondo de Cultura Económica.
5. Alberto, P. Terms of Inclusion:Black Intellectuals and the Politics of Belonging in Twentieth-Century Brazil, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press. forthcoming
6. Andrews, G. 1980. The Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800–1900, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.
7. Andrews, G. 1991. Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.
8. Andrews, G. 2004. Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000, New York:Oxford University Press.
9. Azevedo, C. 1995. Abolitionism in the United States and Brazil:A Comparative Perspective, New York:Garland.
10. Barbary, O. & Urrea, F. (eds) (2004) Gente negra en Colombia:Dinámicas sociopolíticas en Cali y el Pacífico, Universidad del Valle, Cali
11. Barragán, R. 1992. Identidades indias y mestizas:Una intervención al debate. Autodeterminación, 10:17–44.
12. Barrow, A. 2006. No me pidas una foto:Develando el racismo en Panamá, 3rd, Panama:Impresor Universal Books.
13. Barrow, A, and Priestley, G. 2003. Piel oscura Panamá:Ensayos y reflexiones al filo del centenario, Panama:Editorial Universitaria Carlos Manuel Gasteazoro.
14. Bergad, L. 2007. The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, New York:Cambridge University Press.
15. Bowen, W, and Bok, D. 1998. The Shape of the River:Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
16. Branche, J. 2006. Colonialism and Race in Luso-Hispanic Literature, Columbia:University of Missouri Press.
17. Brock, L, and Castañeda Fuertes, D. (eds) (1998) Between Race and Empire:African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban Revolution, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA
18. Bronfman, A. 2004. Measures of Equality:Social Science, Citizenship, and Race in Cuba, 1902–1940, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
19. Brown, D. 2003. Santería Enthroned:Art, Ritual, and Innovation in an Afro-Cuban Religion, Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
20. Bryant, S. 2004. Enslaved rebels, fugitives, and litigants:the resistance continuum in colonial Quito. Colonial Latin American Review, 13 (1):7–46.
21. Burdick, J. 1998. Blessed Anastácia:Women, Race, and Popular Christianity in Brazil, New York:Routledge.
22. Busto, JAdel. 2001. Breve historia de los negros del Perú, Lima:Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú.
23. Butler, K. 1998. Freedoms Given, Freedoms Won:Afro-Brazilians in Post-Abolition São Paulo and Salvador, New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
24. Buvinić, M, and Mazza, J. (eds) (2004) Social Inclusion and Economic Development in Latin America, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC
25. Candelario, G. 2007. Black Behind the Ears:Dominican Racial Identity from Museums to Beauty Shops, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
26. Casaús Arzú, M. (ed.) (2007) Diagnóstico del racismo en Guatemala:Investigación interdisciplinaria y participativa para una política integral por la convivencia y la eliminación del racismo, 7 vols, Vicepresidencia de la República de Guatemala, Guatemala
27. CEPAL. 2006. Pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe:Información sociodemogáfica para políticas y programas, Santiago:CEPAL.
28. Chalá Cruz, J. 2006. Chota profundo:Antropología de los afrochoteńos, Chota:Centro de Investigaciones de la Familia Negra.
29. Chalhoub, S. 1990. Visões de liberdade:Uma história das últimas décadas da escravidão na Corte, São Paulo:Companhia das Letras.
30. Chasteen, J. 2004. National Rhythms, African Roots:The Deep History of Latin American Popular Dance, Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press.
31. da Cunha, OMG. 2002. Intenção e gesto:Pessoa, cor e a produção cotidiana da (in)diferença no Rio de Janeiro, 1927–1942, Rio de Janeiro:Arquivo Nacional.
32. da Cunha, OMG, and Gomes, F. (eds) (2007) Quase-cidadão:Histórias e antropologias da pós-emancipação no Brasil, Editora FGV, Rio de Janeiro
33. DANE. 2007. Colombia, una nación multicultural:Su diversidad étnica, Bogotá:DANE.
34. Daniel, GR. 2006. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States:Converging Paths?, University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.
35. de Ferranti, D. 2004. Inequality in Latin America:Breaking with History?, Washington, DC:The World Bank.
36. de la Cadena, M. 2000. Indigenous Mestizos:The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919–1991, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
37. de la Fuente, A. 1999. Myths of racial democracy:Cuba, 1900–1912. Latin American Research Review, 34 (3):34–73.
38. de la Fuente, A. 2001. A Nation for All:Race, Inequality and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
39. de la Fuente, A. (ed.) (2004) ‘Su único derecho’:Los esclavos y la ley, special issue of Debate y Perspectivas, no. 4, Fundación MAPFRE TAVERA, Madrid
40. de la Fuente, A. 2007. Slaves and the creation of legal rights in Cuba:Coartación and Papel. Hispanic American Historical Review, 87 (4):652–692.
41. de la Torre Espinosa, C. 2001. Afroquiteńos:Ciudadanía y racismo, Quito:Centro Andino de Acción Popular.
42. Degler, C. 1971. Neither Black nor White:Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States, New York:Macmillan.
43. Escobar, A. 2008. Territories of Difference:Place, Movements, Life, Redes, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
44. El estado y el pueblo afroperuano. 2005. Centro de Desarrollo Étnico Lima
45. Euraque, D, (eds). 2004. Memorias del mestizaje:Cultura política en Centroamérica de 1920 al presente, Guatemala:CIRMA.
46. Femenías, B. 2005. Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru, Austin:University of Texas Press.
47. Fernandes, F. 1978. A integração do negro na sociedade de classes, 3rd, Vol. 2, São Paulo:Editora Ática.
48. Fernandes, S. 2006. Cuba Represent! Cuban Arts, State Power, and the Making of New Revolutionary Cultures, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
49. Fernández-Rasines, P. 2001. Afrodescendencia en el Ecuador:Raza y género desde los tiempos de la colonia, Quito:Ediciones Abya-Yala.
50. Ferreira, L. 1998. Los tambores del candombe, Montevideo:Ediciones Colihue-Sepé.
51. Ferreira, L. 2002. Desigualdades raciais no mercado de trabalho e políticas sociais universais:Uma comparação entre Uruguai e Brasil. Pós:Revista Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais, 6:57–92.
52. Ferreira, L. 2003. El movimiento negro en Uruguay (1988–1998):Una versión posible, Montevideo:Ediciones Étnicas.
53. Fischer, B. 2008. A Poverty of Rights:Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth Century Rio de Janeiro, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
54. Fontaine, P. (ed.) (1985) Race, Class, and Power in Brazil, Center for Afro-American Studies, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
55. Fox, P. 2006. Being and Blackness in Latin America, Gainesville:University of Florida Press.
56. Frigerio, A. 2001. Cultura negra en el Cono Sur:Representaciones en conflicto, Buenos Aires:Ediciones de la Universidad Católica Argentina.
57. Fry P., et al. (eds) (2007) Divisões perigosas:Políticas raciais no Brasil contemporâneo, Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro
58. Goldman, G, (ed.). (2008a) Cultura y sociedad afro-rioplatense, Perro Andaluz Ediciones, Montevideo
59. Goldman, G. 2008b. Lucamba:Herencia africana en el tango, Montevideo:Perro Andaluz Ediciones.
60. Goldstein, D. 2003. Laughter Out of Place:Race, Class, Violence and Sexuality in a Rio Shantytown, Berkeley:University of California Press.
61. Gordon, E. 1998. Disparate Diasporas:Identity and Politics in an African Nicaraguan Community, Austin:University of Texas Press.
62. Grinberg, K. 1994. Liberata:A lei da ambiguïdade, Rio de Janeiro:Relume Dumara.
63. Grinberg, K. 2002. O fiador dos brasileiros:Cidadania, escravidão e direito civil no tempo de Antonio Pereira Rebouças, Rio de Janeiro:Civilização Brasileira.
64. Gudmundson, L, and Wolfe, J. (eds) (forthcoming) Between Race and Place:Blacks and Blackness in Central America, Duke University Press, Durham, NC
65. Guimarães, AS, and Huntley, L. (eds) (2000), Tirando a máscara:Ensaios sobre o racismo no Brasil, Editora Paz e Terra, São Paulo
66. Guss, D. 2000. The Festive State:Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism as Cultural Performance, Berkeley:University of California Press.
67. Hale, C. 2004. “ Mistados, cholos, y la negación de la identidad en el altiplano guatemalteco ”. In Memorias del mestizaje:Cultura política en Centroamérica de 1920 al presente, Edited by:Euraque, D. 133–166. Guatemala:CIRMA.
68. Hanchard, M. 1994. Orpheus and Power:The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, 1945–1988, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
69. Harris, M. 1964. Patterns of Race in the Americas, New York:Walker and Company.
70. Hasenbalg, C. 1979. Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil, Rio de Janeiro:Edições Graal.
71. Helg, A. 1995. Our Rightful Share:The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
72. Helg, A. 2004. Liberty and Equality in Caribbean Colombia, 1770–1835, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
73. Hoffman, O. 2007. Comunidades negras en el Pacífico colombiano, Quito:Ediciones Abya-Yala.
74. Hooker, J. 2005. Indigenous inclusion/black exclusion:race, ethnicity and multicultural citizenship in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 37 (2):285–311.
75. Htun, M. 2004. From “racial democracy” to affirmative action:changing state policy on race in Brazil. Latin American Research Review, 39 (1):60–89.
76. Htun, M. 2005. Minority Representation in Latin American Politics:Colombia in Comparative Perspective New School for Social Research, New York, unpublished manuscript
77. Johnson, L. 2007. “A lack of legitimate obedience and respect”:slaves and their masters in the courts of late colonial Buenos Aires. Hispanic American Historical Review, 87 (4):631–651.
78. Jouve Martín, J. 2005. Esclavos de la ciudad letrada:Esclavitud, escritura y colonialismo en Lima (1650–1700), Lima:Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
79. Kamel, A. 2006. Não somos racistas:Uma reação aos que querem nos transformar em uma nação bicolor, Rio de Janeiro:Nova Fronteira.
80. Klein, H, and Vinson, B. 2007. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, New York:Oxford University Press.
81. Kraay, H. 2001. Race, State, and Armed Forces in Independence-Era Brazil:Bahia, 1790s–1840s, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
82. Landers, J. 1999. Black Society in Spanish Florida, Urbana:University of Illinois Press.
83. Larson, B. 2004. Trials of Nation Making:Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, New York:Cambridge University Press.
84. Lasso, M. 2007. Myths of Harmony:Race and Republicanism during the Age of Revolution, Colombia, 1795–1831, Pittsburgh, PA:University of Pittsburgh Press.
85. Lewis, M. 1996. Afro-Argentine Discourse, Columbia:University of Missouri Press.
86. Lewis, M. 2003. Afro-Uruguayan Literature:Post-Colonial Perspectives, Lewisburg, PA:Bucknell University Press.
87. Lopes, C, and Moreira, D. (eds) (2005) Relatório de Desenvolvimento Humano:Racismo, pobreza e violência–Brasil 2005, Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento, Brasília
88. Lovell, P. 2006. Race, gender, and work in São Paulo, Brazil, 1960–2000. Latin American Research Review, 41 (3):66–87.
89. Lovell, P, and Wood, C. 1998. Skin color, racial identity, and life chances in Brazil. Latin American Perspectives, 25 (3):90–109.
90. Mann, K, and Bay, E. (eds) (2001) Rethinking the African Diaspora:The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil, Frank Cass, London
91. Maronese, L. (ed.) (2006) Buenos Aires negra:Identidad y cultura, Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
92. Martínez Heredia, F. (eds) (2001) Espacios, silencios y los sentidos de la libertad:Cuba entre 1878 y 1912, Ediciones Unión, Havana
93. Martínez Montiel, L. (ed.) (1994) Presencia africana en México, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Mexico
94. Marx, A. 1998. Making Race and Nation:A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil, New York:Cambridge University Press.
95. Matory, JL. 2005. Black Atlantic Religion:Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Brazilian Candomblé, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
96. Mattos, H. 2000. Escravidão e cidadania no Brasil monárquico, Rio de Janeiro:Jorge Zahar Editora.
97. Mintz, S, and Price, R. 1992. The Birth of African-American Culture:An Anthropological Approach, Boston:Beacon Press.
98. Montañez, L. 1993. El racismo oculto de una sociedad no racista, Caracas:Editorial Tropykos.
99. Montaño, O. 2008. Historia afrouruguaya, Vol. 1, Montevideo:Mastergraf.
100. Moore, R. 1997. Nationalizing Blackness:Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940, Pittsburgh, PA:University of Pittsburgh Press.
101. Mosquera, C. (eds) (2002) Afrodescendientes en las Américas:Trayectorias sociales e identitarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá
102. Mosquera, C. (eds) (2007) Afro-reparaciones:Memorias de la esclavitud y justicia reparativa para negros, afrocolombianos y raizales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá
103. Moura, C. 1977. O negro no Brasil:De bom escravo a mau cidadão?, Rio de Janeiro:Conquista.
104. Moura, C. 1988. Sociologia do negro brasileiro, São Paulo:Editora Atica.
105. Moura, C. 1994. Dialética radical do Brasil negro, São Paulo:Editora Anita.
106. Munanga, K, and Gomes, N. 2006. O negro no Brasil de hoje, São Paulo:Global Editora.
107. Needell, J. 1995. Identity, race, gender, and modernity in the origins of Gilberto Freyre's Oeuvre. American Historical Review, 100 (1):51–78.
108. Ng’weno, B. 2007. Turf Wars:Territory and Citizenship in the Contemporary State, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
109. Paim, P. 2006. Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, Brasília,:Senado Federal. [Online] Available at:http://www.senado.gov.br/paulopaim/pages/vida/publicacoes/textos/Estatuto_da_Igualdade_Racial_Novo.pdf
110. Pallares-Burke, M. 2005. Gilberto Freyre:Um vitoriano dos trópicos, São Paulo:Editora UNESP.
111. Peters, F. 2005. Sobre-vivir a la propia muerte:Salves y celebraciones entre muerte y vida de las comunidades afroecuatorianas en la cuenca del Mira-Valle del Chota, Quito:Ediciones Abya-Yala.
112. Picotti, D. (ed.) (2001) El negro en la Argentina:Presencia y negación, Editores de América Latina, Buenos Aires
113. Ponciano González, J. 2004. “ La visible invisibilidad de la blancura y el ladino como no blanco en Guatemala ”. In Memorias del mestizaje:Cultura política en Centroamérica de 1920 al presente, Edited by:Euraque, D. 111–132. Guatemala:CIRMA.
114. Porzecanski, T, and Santos, B. 2006. Historias de exclusión:Afrodescendientes en el Uruguay, Montevideo:Librería Linardi y Risso.
115. Putnam, L. 2002. The Company They Kept:Migrants and the Politics of Gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870–1960, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
116. Putnam, L. 2004. “ La población afrocostarricense según los datos del censo de 2000 ”. In Costa Rica a la luz del censo del 2000, Edited by:Rosero Bixby, L. 375–398. San José:Centro Centroamericano de Población de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
117. Rama, C. 1967. Los afro-uruguayos, Montevideo:El Siglo Ilustrado.
118. Reis, J. 2003. Rebelião escrava no Brasil:A história do levante dos Malês em 1835, 2nd, São Paulo:Companhia das Letras.
119. Reis, J. 2008. Domingos Sodré, um sacerdote africano:Escravidão, liberdade e candomblé na Bahia do século XIX, São Paulo:Companhia das Letras.
120. Rios, A, and Mattos, H. 2005. Memórias do cativeiro:Família, trabalho e cidadania no pós-abolição, Rio de Janeiro:Civilização Brasileira.
121. Rivero, Y. 2005. Tuning Out Blackness:Race and Nation in the History of Puerto Rican Television, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
122. Rodríguez, R. 2003. Racismo y derechos humanos en Uruguay, Montevideo:Organizaciones Mundo Afro.
123. Rodríguez, R. 2006. Mbundo malungo a mundele:Historia del movimiento afrouruguayo y sus alternativas de desarrollo, Montevideo:Rosebud Ediciones.
124. Romero Alvarado, W. 2007. “ Los costos de la discriminación étnica en Guatemala ”. In Diagnóstico del racismo en Guatemala:Investigación interdisciplinaria y participativa para una política integral por la convivencia y la eliminación del racismo, Edited by:Casaús Arzú, M. Vol. 1, 71–98. Guatemala:Vicepresidencia de la República de Guatemala.
125. Rout, L. 1976. The African Experience in Spanish America:1502 to the Present Day, New York:Cambridge University Press.
126. Sanders, J. 2004. Contentious Republicans:Popular Politics, Race, and Class in Nineteenth-Century Colombia, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
127. Sanders, M. (trans. & ed.) (forthcoming) The Narrative of Ricardo Batrell, A Black Mambí in Cuba, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
128. Sansone, L. 2003. Blackness without Ethnicity:Constructing Race in Brazil, New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
129. Sawyer, M. 2006. Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba, New York:Cambridge University Press.
130. Schávelzon, D. 2003. Buenos Aires negra:Arqueología histórica de una ciudad silenciada, Buenos Aires:Emecé Editores.
131. Scheper-Hughes, N. 1993. Death without Weeping:The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil, Berkeley:University of California Press.
132. Schwartzman, S. 2007. “ Das estadísticas de cor ao Estatuto da Raça ”. In Divisões perigosas:Políticas raciais no Brasil contemporâneo, Edited by:Peter Fry. Rio de Janeiro:Civilização Brasileira.
133. Scott, R. 2005. Degrees of Freedom:Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
134. Scuro Somma, L. 2008. Población afrodescendiente y desigualdades étnico-raciales en Uruguay, Montevideo:PNUD Uruguay.
135. Seigel, M. 2009. Uneven Encounters:Making Race in Brazil and the United States, Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
136. Sheriff, R. 2001. Dreaming Equality:Color, Race, and Racism in Urban Brazil, New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
137. Silva, N. 1978. Black–White Income Differentials:Brazil, Dissertation (PhD) University of Michigan. 1960
138. Simson, Ovon. 2007. Carnaval em branco e negro:Carnaval popular paulistano, 1914–1988, Campinas:Editora UNICAMP.
139. Soares, M. 2000. Devotos da cor:Identidade étnica religiosidade e escravidão no Rio de Janeiro, século XVIII Rio de Janeiro:Civilização Brasileira.
140. Solomianski, A. 2003. Identidades secretas:La negritud argentina, Rosario:Beatriz Viterbo Editora.
141. Stubbs, J, and Reyes, H. 2006. Más allá de los promedios:Afrodescendientes en América Latina, Washington, DC:The World Bank. [Online] Available at:http://webworldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/BANCOMUNDIAL/EXTSPPAISES/LACINSPANISHEXT/EXTLACAFROLATINSINSPA/0,contentMDK:20931601~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:863219,00.html
142. Sweet, J. 2003. Recreating Africa:Culture, Kinship, and Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
143. Telles, E. 2004. Race in Another America:The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil, Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
144. Telles, E. 2007. Incorporating Race and Ethnicity into the UN Millennium Development Goals, Washington, DC:Inter-American Dialogue.
145. Thompson, R. 1983. Flash of the Spirit:African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy, New York:Random House.
146. Thompson, R. 2005. Tango:The Art History of Love, New York:Pantheon Books.
147. Thornton, J. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800, New York:Cambridge University Press.
148. Toranzo Roca, C. 2008. “ Let the mestizos stand up and be counted ”. In Unresolved Tensions:Bolivia Past and Present, Edited by:Crabtree, J, and Whitehead, L. 35–50. Pittsburgh, PA:University of Pittsburgh Press.
149. Twine, FW. 1998. Racism in a Racial Democracy:The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil, New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
150. van Deusen, N. (trans. & ed.) (2004) The Souls of Purgatory:The Spiritual Diary of a Seventeenth-Century Afro-Peruvian Mystic, Ursula de Jesus, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
151. Van Dijk, T. (ed.) (2007) Racismo y discurso en América Latina, Editorial Gedisa, Barcelona
152. Vaughn, B, and Vinson, B. 2007. “ Unfinished migrations:from the Mexican South to the American South–impressions on the Afro-Mexican migration to North Carolina ”. In Beyond Slavery:The Multilayered Legacy of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean, Edited by:Davis, D. 223–245. Lanham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield.
153. Velásquez Benites, O. 2003. Cultura afroperuana en la costa norte, Trujillo:Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.
154. Velázquez Gutiérrez, ME, and Correa Curó, E. (eds) (2005) Poblaciones y culturas de orígen africano en México, INAH, Mexico
155. Vinson, B. 2001. Bearing Arms for His Majesty:The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
156. Vinson, B, and Vaughn, B. 2004. Afroméxico:El pulso de la población negra en México, Mexico:Fondo de Cultura Económica.
157. Wade, P. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture:The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia, Baltimore, MD:Johns Hopkins University Press.
158. Wade, P. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America, London:Pluto Press.
159. Wade, P. 2000. Music, Race, and Nation:Música Tropical in Colombia, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
160. Wade, P. 2006. Afro-Latin studies:an overview. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 1 (1):105–124.
161. Walker, S. (ed.) (2001) African Roots, American Cultures:Africa in the Creation of the Americas, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD
162. Weinstein, B. 2008. ‘Erecting and erasing boundaries:can we combine the ‘Indo’ and the ‘Afro’ in Latin American studies?’ Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, vol. 19, no. 1, [Online] Available at:http://www1.tau.ac.il/eial/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=21&Itemid=162
163. Winant, H. 1994. Racial Conditions:Politics, Theory, Comparisons, Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
164. Wright, W. 1990. Café con Leche:Race, Class, and National Image in Venezuela, Austin:University of Texas Press.
165. Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America:The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge, New York:Cambridge University Press.
166. Yelvington, K. (ed.) (2005) Afro-Atlantic Dialogues:Anthropology in the Diaspora, School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, NM
167. Zavaleta Reyles, C. 2008. “ Oversimplifying identities:the debate over what is Indígena and what is mestizo ”. In Unresolved Tensions:Bolivia Past and Present, Edited by:Crabtree, J, and Whitehead, L. 51–60. Pittsburgh, PA:University of Pittsburgh Press.
168. Zenón Cruz, I. (1974–75) Narciso descubre su trasero:El negro en la cultura puertorriqueña, 2 vols, Editorial Furidi, Humacao