Trials of nation making: Liberalism, race, and ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910

Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-299

  Larson, Brooke ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84923961599     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511616396     Document Type: Book

References (221)

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65. Xavier Albó, “Andean People in the Twentieth Century,” in F. Salomon and S. Schwartz, eds., Cambridge History of the Native People of the Americas: South America (Cambridge, 1992), 3: 2, 765–871.
66. Karen Powers, Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis, and the State in Colonial Quito (Albuquerque, 1995).
67. Kenneth Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito, 1690–1830: The State and Regional Development (Cambridge, 1995).
68. I. Almeda et al., eds., Indios: Una reflexioń sobre el levantamiento indı´gena de 1990 (Quito, 1991)
69. Hernán Ibarra, “La identidad devaluada de los ‘Modern Indians,’” 319–49.
70. Gonzalo Rubio Orbe, Los indios ecuatorianos. Evolucioń histórica y polı´ticas indigenistas (Quito, 1987).
71. H. Bonilla, ed., Los Andes en la Encrucijada: Indios, Comunidades, y Estado en el Siglo XIX (Quito, 1991).
72. Leon Zamosc, “Agrarian Protest and the Indian Movement in the Ecuadorian Highlands,” Latin American Research Review 29 (1994), 37–68.
73. Moises Sáenz, Sobre el indio ecuatoriano y su incorporacioń al medio nacional (Mexico, 1933)
74. Pío Jaramillo Alvarado, El indio ecuatoriano: Contribuciońal estudio de la sociologıá indo-americano (Quito, 1936).
75. Jorge Icaza, Huasipungo (Quito, 1934)
76. H. Bonilla, ed., Los Andes en la Encrucijada: Indios, Comunidades, y Estado en el Siglo XIX(Quito, 1991)
77. Martha Moscoso, “La tierra: Espacio de conflicto y relación entre el Estado y la comunidad en el siglo XIX,” 367-90.
78. Silvia Palomeque, “Estado y comunidad en el siglo XIX. Las autoridades indígenas y su relación con el Estado,” 391–418.
79. Galo Ramón, “Los indios y la constitución del estado nacional,” 419–56.
80. Galo Ramón “Curagas y tenientes políticos: La ley de la costumbre y la ley del estado (Otavalo, 1830–1875),” Revista Andina 7: 2 (1989), 321–65.
81. Camilla Townsend, Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America (Austin, 2000).
82. R. Barragán et al., eds., El siglo XIX. Bolivia y América Latina (La Paz, 1997), 487–96.
83. Mary Weismantel in her Cholas y Pishtacos: Stories of Race and Sex in the Andes (Chicago, 2001).
84. Juan Maiguashca, ed., Historia y regioń en el Ecuador, 1830–1930 (Quito, 1994).
85. Mark J. Van Aken’s article, “The Lingering Death of Indian Tribute in Ecuador,” Hispanic American Historical Review 61: 3 (1981), 429–45.
86. Derek Williams, “Negotiating the State: National Utopias and Local Politics in Andean Ecuador, 1845–1875,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stony Brook University, 2001.
87. Derek Williams “Assembling the ‘Empire of Morality’: State Building Strategies in Catholic Ecuador, 1861-1875,” Journral of Historical Sociology 14 (2001), 149–74.
88. Andrés Guerrero, “Una imagen ventrílocua: el Discurso Liberal a la ‘Desgraciada Raza Indígena’ a fines del siglo XIX,” in B. Muratorio, ed., Imágenes e Imagineros: Representaciones de los indigenas ecuatorianos, siglos XIX y XX (Quito, 1994), 197–252.
89. Rosemary Bromley and Robert Bromley, “The Debate on Sunday Markets in Nineteenth-Century Ecuador,” Journal of Latin American Studies 7 (1975), 85–108.
90. Kim Clark, “Indians, the State and Law: Public Works and the Struggle to Control Labor in Liberal Ecuador,” Journal of Historical Sociology 7 (1994), 49–72.
91. Mark Thurner, “Peasant Politics andAndean Haciendas in the Transition to Capitalism: An Ethnographic History,” Latin American Research Review 28 (1993), 41-82.
92. Andrés Guerrero, La semańtica de la dominación: el concertaje de indios (Quito, 1991).
93. Elsie Clews Parsons’s Peguche, Cantoń of Otavalo, Province of Imbabura, Ecuador: A Study of Andean Indians (Chicago, 1945)
94. Lynne Meisch, Otavalo: Weaving, Costume and the Market (Quito, 1987).
95. Norman E. Whitten, Jr., ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, 1981)
96. Frank Salomon, “Weavers of Otavalo,” 420–49.
97. Joseph B. Casagrande, “Strategies for Survival. The Indians of Highland Ecuador,” 260–77.
98. Ronald Stutzman, “El mestizaje: An All-Inclusive Ideology of Exclusion,” 45–94.
99. Ronald Stutzman “‘Dirty Indians,’ Radical Indígenas, and the Political Economy of SocialDifference in Modern Ecuador,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 17 (1998), 121–42.
100. Peter Klarén, Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes(Oxford, 1999).
101. H. Dobyns and P. Doughty, Peru: A Cultural History (Oxford, 1976).
102. The Peru Reader. History, Culture, Politics, eds., O. Starn et al. (Durham, 1995).
103. Steve J. Stern, Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Conquest: Huamanga to 1640 [Madison, 1982]
104. Bruce Mannheim, The Language of the Inca since the European Invasion [Austin, 1991].
105. Luís Miguel Glave, Vida, símbolos y batallas [Lima, 1993].
106. Karen Spalding, Huarochirí: An Andean Society under Inca and Colonial Rule [Stanford, 1984].
107. Manuel Burga, Nacimiento de una utopía: Muerte y resurrección de los incas ([Lima, 1988]).
108. Frank Salomon, “The Historical Development of Andean Ethnology,” Mountain Research and Development 5: 1 [1985], 79–98.
109. John V. Murra, John Rowe, Franklin Pease, and R. Tom Zuidema, who documented the adaptability and diversity of Andean cultural traditions and social organization under Inca and early colonial rule.
110. Jean Piel, “The Place of the Peasantry in Nineteenth-Century Peru,” Past and Present 46 [1970], 108–33;
111. Manuel Burga and Alberto Flores-Galindo, Apogeo y Crisis de la República Aristocrática (Lima, 1984), 3rd ed.
112. Jorge Basadre, Historia de la República del Perú(Lima, 1968–9), 6th ed..
113. George Kubler first outlined Indian population trends in his Smithsonian-sponsored study, The Indian Caste of Peru, 1795– 1910: A Population Study Based upon Tax Records and Census Reports (Washington, D.C., 1952).
114. Paul Gootenberg’s enlightening socio-demographic analysis, “Population and Ethnicity in Early Republican Peru: Some Revisions,” Latin American Research Review 26: 3 (1991), 109–58.
115. Alberto Flores-Galindo, Arequipa y el sur andino. Siglos XIII–XX (Lima, 1977).
116. Florencia Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru’s Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860–1940 (Princeton, 1983).
117. Nelson Manrique, Yawar mayu: Sociedades terratenientes serranas, 1879–1910 (Lima, 1988).
118. Gavin Smith, Livelihood and Resistance: Peasants and the Politics of Land in Peru (Berkeley, 1989).
119. Nils Jacobsen, Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780–1930 (Berkeley, 1993).
120. Carlos Contreras, Mineros y campesinos en los andes (Lima, 1988).
121. Ernesto Yepes del Castillo, Perú, 1820–1920: Un siglo de desarrollo capitalista (Lima, 1972).
122. Alejandro Diez Hurtado, Comunes y haciendas: Comunalización de Piura (siglos XVIII al XX) (Cuzco, 1998).
123. Henrique Urbano, ed., Poder y violencia en los Andes (Cuzco, 1991).
124. Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: The Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru (Durham, 1997).
125. F. Mallon and H. Bonilla and Steve J. Stern, ed., Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean PeasantWorld, 18th to 20th Centuries [Madison, 1987];
126. Florencia Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru’s Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860–1940 (Princeton, 1983).
127. Nelson Manrique, Campesino y nació n: Las guerrillas indígenas en la guerra con Chile (Lima, 1981);
128. Yawar mayu Sociedades terratenientes serranas, 1879–1910 (Lima, 1988).
129. Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: The Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru (Durham, 1997), chap. 5.
130. William W. Stein, El levantimiento de Atusparia (Lima, 1988).
131. “Myth and Ideology in a Nineteenth-Century Peruvian Uprising,” Ethnohistory 2 (1982), 237–64.
132. Flores Galindo’s Buscando un Inca: Identidad y utopia en los andes (Lima, 1988), 3rd ed., chap. 9.
133. Nils Jacobsen, Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780–1930 (Berkeley, 1993)
134. Dan Hazen, “The Awakenening of Puno: Government Policy and the Indian Problem in Southern Peru, 1900–1955,”
135. Michael González, “Neocolonialism and Indian Unrest in Southern Peru, 1867–1898,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 6 (1987), 1–26.
136. Charles Walker’s important regional study, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780–1840 (Durham, 1999)
137. Carlos Aguirre and Charles Walker, eds., Bandoleros, Abigeos y Montoneras: Criminalidad y Violencia en el Perú, siglos XVIII–XX (Lima, 1990).
138. Cecilia Méndez-Gastelumendi, “Los campesinos, la independencia y la iniciación de la república. El caso de los iquichanos realistas: Ayacucho, 1825–1828,” in H. Urbano, ed., Poder y Violencia en los Andes (Cuzco, 1991), 65–188.
139. Thomas M. Davies, Indian Integration in Peru: A Half Century of Experience, 1900–1948 (Lincoln, 1974), chaps. 1 and 2, on nineteenth-century background.
140. Victor Peralta Ruíz, En pos del tributo en el Cusco rural, 1826–1854 (Cusco, 1991).
141. Carlos Contreras, “Estado republicano y tributo indígena en la sierra central en la postindependencia,” Histórica 13: 1 (1989), 9–44.
142. Nils Jacobsen has reconsidered liberal land reform policies in his sweeping synthesis, “Liberalism and Indian Communities in Peru, 1821–1920,” in R. Jackson, ed., Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants: Corporate Lands and the Challenge of Reform in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America (Albuquerque, 1997), 123–70.
143. Enrique Mayer’s The Articulated Peasant: Household Economies in the Andes (Boulder, 2001).
144. Benjamin Orlove, “Putting Race in Place: Order in Colonial and Postcolonial Peruvian Geography,” Social Research 60 (1993), 301–36.
145. Mark Thurner “‘Republicanos’ and ‘la Comunidad de Peruanos.’ Unimagined Political Communites in Postcolonial Andean Peru,” Journal of Latin American Studies 27 [1995], 291–318.
146. Cecilia Méndez-Gastelumendi “República sin indios: La comunidad imaginada del Perú,” in H. Urbano, ed., Tradición y Modernidad en los Andes [Cuzco, 1992], 15–41
147. “The Power of Naming, or the Construction of Ethnic and National Identities in Peru: Myth, History and the Iquichanos,” Past and Present 171 (2000), 127–60.
148. Paul Gootenberg’s Imagining Development (Berkeley, 1993)
149. C. Matta de Turner, M. González Prada, J. de la Riva Agüero, J. C. Mariátegui, L. E. Valcárcel, Haya de la Torre, and J. M. Arguedas, although many scholars cast their studies more broadly. The late literary scholar, Angel Rama, laid the conceptual foundations in his fundamental article, “El area cultural andina (hispanismo, mesticismo, indigenismo),” Cuadernos Americanos 33 (1974), 136–73.
150. Efraín Kristal, The Andes Viewed from the City: Literary and Political Discourse on the Indian in Peru, 1848–1930 (New York, 1987)
151. L. E. Tord, El indio en los ensayistas peruanos, 1848–1948 (Lima, 1978).
152. Carlos Iván Degregori, et al., Indigenismo, clases sociales y problema nacional (Lima, 1979).
153. José Deustua and José Luís Réñique, Intelectuales, indigenismo, y descentralismo en el Perú, 1897–1931 (Cuzco, 1984).
154. José Tamayo Herrera’s various books, Historia social del Cuzco republicano (Lima, 1981), Historia del indigenismo cuzqueño, siglos XVI–XX(Lima, 1980);
155. El pensamiento indigenista (Lima, 1981)
156. Historia social e indigenismo en el Altiplano (Lima, 1982).
157. “Ciencia, peligrosidad y repression en la criminología indigenista peruana,” in Carlos Aguirre and Charles Walker, eds., Bandoleros, Abigeos y Montoneros: Criminalidad y Violencia en el Perú, siglos XVIII–XX (Lima, 1990), 335–67.
158. Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, 1919–1991 (Durham, 2000).
159. Zoila Mendoza, “Defining Folklore: Mestizo and Indigenous Identities on the Move,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 17 (1998), 165–83.
160. Pierre Van den Berghe, ed., Class and Ethnicity in Peru [Leiden, 1974]
161. Flores Galindo (Arequipa y el sur andino: siglos XIII–XX [Lima, 1977]);
162. Francois Bourricaud (Cambios en Puno [Mexico City, 1967]);
163. Nils Jacobsen (Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780– 1930 [Berkeley, 1993])
164. Juan Martínez Alier (Los huachilleros el Perú[Lima, 1973]);
165. Deborah Poole, ed., Unruly Order: Violence, Power, and Cultural Identity in the High Provinces of Southern Peru (Boulder, 1994).
166. John Murra, Tristan Platt, Sinclair Thomson, Olivia Harris, Xavier Albó, Thomas Abercrombie, Nathan Wachtel, Jorge Dandler, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, Roger Rasnake, Carlos Mamani, Rossana Barragán, Esteban Ticona, Roberto Choque, myself, and others, which set interdisciplinary field/archival standards of scholarship on Andean ayllus under colonial and republican rule.
167. Introducción a los estudios bolivianos contemporaneos, 1960–1984 (Cusco, 1987).
168. Xavier Albó and J. Barnadas’ La cara india y campesina de nuestra historia (La Paz, 1984).
169. Herbert Klein, in his Bolivia: Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society (Oxford, 1982).
170. Fernando Calderón and Jorge Dandler, Bolivia: La fuerza histó rica del campesinado (La Paz, 1984).
171. John B. Pentland, Report on the Bolivian Republic, 1827 (United Kingdom, Foreign Office), 61/12.
172. José María Dalence’s compendium, Bosquejo estadístico de Bolivia [1846] (La Paz, 1975).
173. Melchor María Mercado, Album de paisajes, tipos humanos y costumbres de Bolivia (Sucre, 1991).
174. Erwin P. Grieshaber compiled an aggregate overview of official Indian population trends in his important article, “Survival of Indian Communities in Nineteenth Century Bolivia: A Regional Comparison,” Journal of Latin American Studies 12 (1980), 223–69.
175. René Arze, Participación popular en la independencia de Bolivia (La Paz, 1979).
176. Rossana Barragán, Indios, mujeres y ciudadanos. Legislación y ejercicio de la ciudadanıá en Bolivia (siglo XIX) (La Paz, 1999).
177. Victor Peralta Ruíz and Marta Irurozqui, Por la Concordia, la fusion, y el unitarismo. Estado y caudillismo en Bolivia, 1825–1880 (Madrid, 2000), esp. chap. 5.
178. “Liberalism and Ethnocide in the Southern Andes,” History Workshop 17 (1984), 3–18
179. “The Andean Experience of Bolivian Liberalism, 1825–1900: The Roots of Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century Chayanta (Potosí),” in Steve J. Stern, ed., Resistance, Rebellion, and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World 18th to 20th Centuries (Madison, 1987), 280–326.
180. “Simón Bolivar, the Son of Justice and the Amerindian Virgin: Andean Conceptions of the patria in Nineteenth-Century Potosí,” Journal of Latin American Studies 25 (1993), 159–85.
181. “The Sound of Light. Speech, Script and Metaphor in the Southern Andes,” in S. Arze et al., eds., Etnicidad, economía, y simbolismo en los Andes(La Paz, 1992), 439–66.
182. Rossana Barragán, D. Cajías, and S. Qayum, eds., El siglo XIX. Bolivia y América Latina (La Paz, 1997).
183. Erick D. Langer’s Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 1880–1930 (Stanford, 1989)
184. Brooke Larson, Cochabamba. 1550–1900: Colonialism and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia (Durham, 1998), expanded ed..
185. Gustavo Rodríguez Ostría and Humberto Solares Serrano, Sociedad Olig´ arquica, Chicha y Cultura Popular (Cochabamba, 1990).
186. Rodríguez, H. “Entre reformasand contrareformas. Las comunidades indígenas en el Valle Bajo cochabambino (1825–1900),” in H. Bonilla, ed., Los Andes en la Encrucijada (Quito, 1991), 277–335.
187. Robert H. Jackson, Regional Markets and Agrarian Transformation in Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1539–1960 (Albuquerque, 1994).
188. María Lagos, Autonomy and Power: The Dynamics of Class and Culture in Rural Bolivia (Philadelphia, 1994).
189. Tomás Huanca, “Los procesos de desestructuración en las comunidades andinas a fines del siglo XIX: el altiplano lacustre,” Coloquio Estado y Región en los Andes (Cusco, 1987), 45–86.
190. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, “La expansión del latifundio en el altiplano boliviano,” Avances 2 (1978), 95–118.
191. Herbert S. Klein, Haciendas and Ayllus: Rural Society in the Bolivian Andes in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Stanford, 1993).
192. Erick Langer and R. Jackson, “Liberalism and the Land Question in Bolivia, 1825– 1920,” in R. Jackson, ed., Liberals, the Church, and Indian Peasants: Corporate Lands and the Challenge of Reform in Nineteenth- Century Spanish America (Albuquerque, 1997), 171–92.
193. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, ‘Oprimidos pero no vencidos.’ Luchas del campesinado aymara y qechwa, 1900–1980 (La Paz, 1986).
194. Ramiro Condarco Morales, Zárate, el “Temible” Willka. Historia de la rebelión indı´gena de 1899 (La Paz, 1982), 2nd. ed..
195. Carlos Mamani Condori, Taraqu. Masacre, Guerra, y ‘Renovació n’ en la biografı´a de Eduardo L. Nina Qhispi (La Paz, 1991).
196. Victor Hugo Cárdenas, “La lucha de un pueblo,” in Xavier Albó, ed., Raíces de América. El Mundo Aymara (Madrid, 1988), 495–534.
197. El indio Santos Marka T’ula. Cacique principal de los ayllus de Callapa y apoderado general de la comunidades originarias de la República (La Paz, 1988).
198. El escribano de los caciques apoderados. Kasikinakan purirarunakan qillqiripa. Testimonios (La Paz,1991)
199. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, ed., Ser mujer indígena, chola o birlocha en la Bolivia postcolonial (La Paz, 1996).
200. Marcia Stephenson, Gender and Modernity in Andean Bolivia (Austin, 1999).
201. Leslie Gill, Precarious Dependencies: Gender, Class and Domestic Service in Bolivia (New York, 1994).
202. Rossana Barragán, Espacio urbano y din´amica étnica.La Paz en el siglo XIX (La Paz, 1990).
203. “Entre polleras, lliqllas y ña ñacas. Los mestizos y la emergencia de la tercera república,” in Silvia Arze et al., eds., Etnicidad, Economía, y Simbolismo en los Andes (La Paz, 1992), 85–128.
204. “La fiesta del Carnaval postcolonial en Oruro. Clase, etnicidad y nacionalismo en la danza folklórica,” Revista Andina 20 (1992), 279–352.
205. “To Be Indian, to Be Bolivian: ‘Ethnic’ and ‘National’ Discourses of Identity,” in G. Urban and J. Sherzer, eds., Nation-states and Indians in Latin America (Austin, 1991), 95–130.
206. Olivia Harris, “Ethnic Identity and Market Relations: Indians and Mestizos in the Andes,” in B. Larson and O. Harris, eds., Ethnicity, Markets and Migration in the Andes 351–90.
207. Tristan Platt, “Ethnic Calendars and Market Interventions among the Ayllus of Lipes during the Nineteenth Century,” in B. Larson and O. Harris with E. Tandeter, eds., Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes, 259–96.
208. Jorge Alejandro Ovando Sanz, El tributo indígena en las finanzas bolivianas del siglo XIX (La Paz, 1986).
209. Nicolás Sánchez-Albornoz, Indios y tributos en el Alto Perú(Lima, 1978), chap. 5.
210. Tristan Platt, Estado tributario y librecambio en Potosí (siglo XIX) (La Paz, 1986).
211. Erick D. Langer examines liberal land reform rhetoric and policy in his “Liberalismo y la abolición de la comunidad indígena en el siglo XIX,” Historia y Cultura 14 (1988), 59–95.
212. Alcides Arguedas’ Pueblo enfermo [1909] (La Paz, 1936), 3rd ed.
213. Marie-Danielle Demelas’ Nationalisme sans nation? La Bolivie aux XIXe–XXe siecles (Paris, 1980).
214. Marta Irurozqui, La armonía de las desigualdades. Elites y conflictos de poder en Bolivia, 1880–1920 (Cusco, 1994);
215. Laura Gotkowitz, Within the Boundaries of Equality: Race, Gender and Citizenship in Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1880–1953 (Durham, forthcoming).
216. Seemin Qayum, “Creole Imaginings: Race, Space, and Gender in the Making of Republican Bolivia,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Goldsmith’s College, University of London, 2002.
217. Brooke Larson, “Redeemed Indians, Barbarianized Cholos: Crafting Neocolonial Modernity in Liberal Bolivia,” in N. Jacobsen and C. Aljovín, eds., Political Cultures of the Andes, 1750–1950 (Durham, forthcoming).
218. Ann Zulawski, “Hygiene and the ‘Indian Problem’: Ethnicity and Medicine in Bolivia, 1910–1920,” Latin American Research Review 35 (2000), 107–29.
219. Josefa Salmón, El espejo indígena. El discurso indigenista en Bolivia, 1900–1956 (La Paz, 1997).
220. Isabel Bastos, “El indigenismo en la transici ´on hacia el imaginario populista,” Estudios bolivianos 2 (1996), 19–47.
221. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, “La raíz. Colonizadores y colonizados,” in Xavier Albó and Rául Barrios, eds., Violencias encubiertas en Bolivia. Cultura y Política (La Paz, 1993), 27–139.