The investment in blackness hypothesis: Toward Greater Understanding of Who Teaches What during Racial Socialization

Du Bois Review

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 235-257

  Shelton, Jason E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Assimilation; Race Relations; Racial Socialization

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950717249     PISSN: 1742058X     EISSN: 17420598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1742058X08080168     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Allen Walter R. and Farley Reynolds (1986). The Shifting Social and Economic Tides of Black America, 1950–1980. Annual Review of Sociology, 12: 277–306.
2. Arnett Jeffrey Jensen (1995). Broad and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the Context of a Cultural Theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(3): 617–628.
3. Bobo Lawrence D. (1988). Attitudes toward the Black Political Movement: Trends, Meaning, and Effects on Racial Policy Preferences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(4): 287–302.
4. Bowman Phillip J. and Howard Cleopatra (1985). Race-Related Socialization, Motivation, and Academic Achievement: A Study of Black Youths in Three-Generation Families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24(2): 134–141.
5. Boykin A. Wade and Toms Forrest D. (1985). Black Child Socialization: A Conceptual Framework. In McAdoo Harriette Pipes and McAdoo John Lewis (Eds.), Black Children: Social, Educational, and Parental Environments, pp. 33–51. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Broman Clifford, Neighbors Harold, and Jackson James S. (1988). Racial Identification among Black Adults. Social Forces, 67(1): 146–158.
7. Brown R. Khari and Brown Ronald E. (2003). Faith and Works: Church-Based Social Capital Resources and African American Political Activism. Social Forces, 82(2): 617–641.
8. Brown Tony and Lesane-Brown Chase (2006). Racial Socialization Messages across Historical Time. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(2): 201–213.
9. Child Irvin Long and Zigler Edward (Eds.) (1973). Socialization and Personality Development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
10. Chong Dennis and Kim Dukhong (2006). The Experiences and Effects of Economic Status among Racial and Ethnic Minorities. American Political Science Review, 100(3): 335–351.
11. Coard Stephanie, Wallace Scyatta, Stevenson Howard, and Brotman Lori (2004). Towards Culturally Relevant Preventive Interventions: The Consideration of Racial Socialization in Parent Training with African-American Families. Journal of Child and Family, 13: 249–265.
12. Conley Dalton (1999). Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, Social Policy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
13. Constantine Madonna G. and Blackmon Sha'Kema (2002). Black Adolescents' Racial Socialization Experiences: Their Relations to Home, School, and Peer Self-Esteem. Journal of Black Studies, 32(3): 322–335.
14. Dawson Michael C. (1994). Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
15. Dawson Michael C. (2001). Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African American Political Ideologies. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
16. Demo David H. and Hughes Michael (1990). Socialization and Racial Identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53(4): 364–374.
17. Ellison Christopher, Boardman Jason, Williams David R., and Jackson James S. (2001). Religious Involvement, Stress, and Mental Health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study. Social Forces, 80(1): 215–249.
18. Feagin Joe R. and Sikes Melvin P. (1994). Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience. Boston, MA: Beacon.
19. Frazier E. Franklin (1939). The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
20. Gans Herbert (1979). Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2(1): 1–24.
21. Gecas Viktor (1979). The Influence of Social Class on Socialization. In Burr Wesley R., Hill Reuben, Nye F. Ivan, and Reiss Ira L. (Eds.), Contemporary Theories about the Family, pp. 365–404. New York: Free Press.
22. Gordon Milton M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Graham Lawrence (1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class. New York: HarperCollins.
24. Gurin Patricia, Hatchett Shirley, and Jackson James S. (1989). Hope and Independence: Blacks' Response to Electoral and Party Politics. New York: Russell Sage.
25. Gurin Patricia, Miller Arthur H., and Gurin Gerald (1980). Stratum Identification and Consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43(1): 30–47.
26. Hacker Andrew (2003). Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Scribner.
27. Harris David (1995). Exploring the Determinants of Adult Black Identity: Context and Process. Social Forces, 74(1): 227–241.
28. Harrison Algea (1985). The Black Family's Socializing Environment: Self-Esteem and Ethnic Attitude among Black Children. In McAdoo Harriette Pipes and McAdoo John Lewis (Eds.), Black Children: Social, Educational, and Parental Environments, pp. 174–193. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
29. Hattery Angela J. and Smith Earl (2007). African American Families: Issues of Health, Wealth, and Violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Hill Nancy (1997). Does Parenting Differ Based on Social Class? African American Women's Perceived Socialization for Achievement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25(5): 675–697.
31. Hill Robert (1972). The Strength of Black Families. New York: Emerson Hall.
32. Hochschild Jennifer L. (1995). Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
33. Hughes Diane (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino Parents' Messages to Children about Ethnicity and Race: A Comparative Study of Racial Socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1/2): 15–33.
34. Hughes Diane and Chen Lisa (1997). When and What Parents Tell Children about Race: An Examination of Race-Related Socialization among African American Families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4): 200–214.
35. Hughes Diane and Johnson Deborah (2001). Correlates of Children's Experiences of Parents' Racial Socialization Behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(4): 981–995.
36. Hunt Matthew O. (2002). Religion, Race/Ethnicity, and Beliefs about Poverty. Social Science Quarterly, 83(3): 810–831.
37. Hunt Matthew O. (2004). Race/Ethnicity and Beliefs about Wealth and Poverty. Social Science Quarterly, 85(3): 827–853.
38. Hwang Sean-Shong, Fitzpatrick Kevin M., and Helms David (1998). Class Differences in Racial Attitudes: A Divided Black America? Sociological Perspectives, 41(2): 367–380.
39. Jackson James S. and Gurin Gerald (1997). National Survey of Black Americans, Waves 1–4, 1979–1980, 1987–1988, 1988–1989, 1992 [Computer file]. Conducted by University of Michigan, Survey Research Center. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].
40. Jackson James S., McCullough Wayne R., Gurin Gerald, and Broman Clifford L. (1991). Race Identity. In Jackson James S. (Ed.), Life in Black America, pp. 238–253. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
41. Karenga Maulana (1992). Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles, CA: University of Sankore.
42. Lacy Karyn R. (2004). Black Spaces, Black Places: Strategic Assimilation and Identity Construction in Middle-Class Suburbia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(6): 908–930.
43. Lacy Karyn R. (2007). Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
44. Lacy Karyn R. and Harris Angel (2008). Breaking the Class Monolith: Understanding Class Differences in Black Adolescents' Attachment to Racial Identity. In Lareau Annette and Conley Dalton (Eds.), Social Class: How Does It Work? pp. 152–178. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
45. Lareau Annette (2002). Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families. American Sociological Review, 67(5): 747–776.
46. Lincoln C. Eric (1974). The Black Experience in Religion. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
47. Massey Douglas S. (2007). Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
48. Murry Velma McBride, Brody Gene H., McNair Lily D., Luo Zupei, Gibbons Frederick X., Gerrard Meg, and Wills Thomas Ashby (2005). Parental Involvement Promotes Rural African American Youths' Self-Pride and Sexual Self-Concepts. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3): 627–642.
49. Nazroo James, Jackson James, Karlsen Saffron, and Torres Myriam (2007). The Black Diaspora and Health Inequalities in the US and England: Does Where You Go and How You Get There Make a Difference? Sociology of Health and Illness, 29(6): 811–830.
50. O'Connor Alice, Tilly Chris, and Bobo Lawrence D. (Eds.) (2001). Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
51. Pattillo Mary (2003). Negotiating Blackness, for Richer or for Poorer. Ethnography, 4(1): 61–93.
52. Peters Marie Ferguson (1985). Racial Socialization of Young Black Children. In McAdoo Harriette Pipes and McAdoo John Lewis (Eds.), Black Children: Social, Educational, and Parental Environments, pp. 159–173. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
53. Shelton Jason E. and Wilson George (2006). Socioeconomic Status and Racial Group Interests among Black Americans. Sociological Spectrum, 26(2): 183–204.
54. Sniderman Paul M. and Piazza Thomas (2002). Black Pride and Black Prejudice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. Spencer Margaret Beale (1985). Cultural Cognition and Social Cognition as Identity Correlates of Black Children's Personal-Social Development. In Spencer Margaret B., Brookins Geraldine K., and Allen Walter R. (Eds.), Beginnings: The Social and Affective Development of Black Children, pp. 215–234. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
56. Steinberg Stephen (1981). The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America. Boston, MA: Beacon.
57. Stevenson Howard C. Jr. (1994). Validation of the Scale of Racial Socialization for African American Adolescents: Steps toward Multidimensionality. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(4): 445–468.
58. Suizzo Marie-Anne, Robinson Courtney, and Pahlke Erin (2008). African American Mothers' Socialization Beliefs and Goals with Young Children. Journal of Family Issues, 29(3): 287–316.
59. Tate Katherine (1993). From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
60. Tatum Beverly Daniel (2004). Family Life and School Experience: Factors in the Racial Identity Development of Black Youth in White Communities. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1): 117–135.
61. Taylor Robert Joseph, Chatters Linda M., and Levin Jeff (2004). Religion in the Lives of African Americans: Social, Psychological, and Health Perspectives. New York: Sage.
62. Thompson Vetta L. Sanders (1994). Socialization to Race and Its Relationship to Racial Identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2): 175–188.
63. Thornton Michael C. (1997). Strategies of Racial Socialization among Black Parents: Mainstream, Minority, and Cultural Messages. In Taylor Robert Joseph, Jackson James S., and Chatters Linda M. (Eds.), Family Life in Black America, pp. 201–215. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
64. Thornton Michael C., Chatters Linda M., Taylor Robert Joseph, and Allen Walter R. (1990). Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Racial Socialization by Black Parents. Child Development, 61(2): 401–409.
65. Waters Mary C. (1990). Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
66. Wilson William Julius (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.