Developmental palaeontology of Reptilia as revealed by histological studies

Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 462-470

  Scheyer, Torsten M ^a   Klein, Nicole ^b   Sander, P Martin ^b  

^a PALÄONTOLOGISCHES INSTITUT UND MUSEUM   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bone histology; Fossil record; Growth record; Life history; Microstructure

Indexed keywords

BONE STRUCTURE; EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; FOSSIL; LIFE HISTORY; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; PALEONTOLOGY; REPTILE; REVIEW; SPECIES EXTINCTION;

AMNIOTA; AMPHIBIA; ANIMALIA; REPTILIA; SYNAPSIDA; TETRAPODA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 77950594944     PISSN: 10849521     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.005     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Hall B.K. Bones and cartilage. Developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology (2005), Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam
2. Schoch R.R. Evolution of life cycles in early amphibians. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 37 (2009) 135-162
3. Fröbisch NB, Olori JC, Schoch RR, Witzmann F. Amphibian development in the fossil record. Semin Cell Dev Biol; this issue.
4. Delfino M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. A survey of the rock record of reptilian ontogeny. Semin Cell Dev Biol; this issue.
5. Jiang D.Y., Motani R., Li C., Hao W.C., Sun Y.L., Sun Z., et al. Guanling Biota: a marker of Triassic biotic recovery from the end-Permian extinction in the ancient Guizhou Sea. Acta Geol Sin 79 (2005) 729-738
6. Jiang D.Y., Motani R., Hao W.C., Rieppel O., Sun Y.L., Schmitz L., et al. First record of Placodontoidea (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Placodontia) from the Eastern Tethys. J Vertebr Paleontol 28 (2008) 904-908
7. Li J.L. A brief review of the Triassic marine reptiles of China. Vertebr PalAsiat 44 (2006) 99-108
8. Li C. A juvenile Tanystropheus sp. (Protorosauria, Tanystropheidae) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China. Vertebr PalAsiat 45 (2007) 41-53
9. Li C., Zhao L., and Wang L. A new species of Macrocnemus (Reptilia: Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of southwestern China and its palaeogeographical implication. Sci China Ser D: Earth Sci 50 (2007) 1601-1605
10. Wang X., Bachmann G.H., Hagdorn H., Sander P.M., Cuny G., Chen X., et al. The Late Triassic black shales of the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south-west China: a unique marine reptile and pelagic crinoid fossil lagerstätte. Palaeontology 51 (2008) 27-61
11. Jäkel O. Ueber mikroskopische Untersuchungen im Gebiet der Palaeontologie. N Jb Min etc 1 (1891) 178-198
12. Seitz A.L.L. Vergleichende Studien über den mikroskopischen Knochenbau fossiler und rezenter Reptilien, und dessen Bedeutung für das Wachstum und Umbildung des Knochengewebes im allgemeinen. Nova Acta Abh der Kaiserl Leop-Carol Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher 87 (1907) 230-370
13. Gross W. Die Typen des mikroskopischen Knochenbaues bei fossilen Stegocephalen und Reptilien. Zeitschr Anat Entwicklungsgesch 203 (1934) 731-764
14. Laurin M., Girondot M., and Loth M.-M. The evolution of long bone microstructure and lifestyle in lissamphibians. Paleobiology 30 (2004) 589-613
15. Steyer J.S., Laurin M., Castanet J., and de Ricqlès A. First histological and skeletochronological data on temnospondyl growth: palaeoecological and palaeoclimatological implications. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 206 (2004) 193-201
16. Enlow D.H., and Brown S.O. A comparative histological study of fossil and recent bone tissues. Part I. Texas J Sci 9 (1956) 405-443
17. Enlow D.H., and Brown S.O. A comparative histological study of fossil and recent bone tissues. Part II. Texas J Sci 9 (1957) 186-214
18. Enlow D.H., and Brown S.O. A comparative histological study of fossil and recent bone tissues. Part III. Texas J Sci 10 (1958) 187-230
19. de Ricqlès A. On bone histology of fossil and living reptiles, with comments on its functional and evolutionary significance. In: Bellairs AdA, and Cox C.B. (Eds). Linnean society symposium series No. 3. Morphology and biology of reptiles (1976), Academic Press, London 123-150
20. de Ricqlès A. Fifty years after Enlow and Brown's Comparative histological study of fossil and recent bone tissues (1956-1958): a review of Professor Donald H. Enlow's contribution to palaeohistology and comparative histology of bone. C R Palevol 6 (2007) 591-601
21. Enlow D.H. The bone of reptiles. In: Gans C., Bellairs AdA, and Parsons T.S. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia. Vol. 1: morphology A (1969), Academic Press, London 45-80
22. de Ricqlès A. Recherches paléohistologiques sur les os longs des tétrapodes. VII. Sur la classification, la signification fonctionnelle et l'histoire des tissus osseux des tétrapodes. Troisième partie. Ann Paléontol 64 (1978) 85-111
23. Chinsamy A. Assessing the biology of fossil vertebrates through bone histology. Palaeontol Afr 33 (1997) 29-35
24. de Ricqlès A. Croissance périodique, ontogenèse, phylogenèse et stratégies démographiques: le cas des reptiles captorhinomorphes. Bull Soc Zool Fr 105 (1980) 363-369
25. Francillon-Vieillot H., de Buffrénil V., Castanet J., Géraudie J., Meunier F.J., Sire J.Y., et al. Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues. In: Carter J.G. (Ed). Skeletal biomineralization: patterns, processes and evolutionary trends (1990), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 471-530
26. de Ricqlès A., Meunier F.J., Castanet J., and Francillon-Vieillot H. Comparative microstructure of bone. In: Hall K. (Ed). Bone. Volume 3: bone matrix and bone specific products (1991), CRC Press, Boca Raton 1-78
27. Castanet J., Francillon-Vieillot H., Meunier F.J., and de Ricqlès A. Bone and individual aging. In: Hall B.K. (Ed). Bone. Volume 7: bone growth-B (1993), CRC Press, Boca Raton 245-283
28. de Ricqlès A., Padian K., Horner J.R., and Francillon-Vieillot H. Palaeohistology of the bones of pterosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria): anatomy, ontogeny, and biomechanical implications. Zool J Linnean Soc 129 (2000) 349-385
29. Modesto S.P., and Anderson J.S. The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia. Syst Biol 53 (2004) 815-821
30. Sander PM, Klein N, Stein K, Wings O., Sauropod bone histology and implications for sauropod biology. In: Klein N, Remes K, Sander PM, editors. Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: understanding the life of giants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; in press.
31. Castanet J., Meunier F.J., and de Ricqlès A. L'enregistrement de la croissance cyclique par le tissu osseux chez les Vertébrés poïkilothermes: données comparatives et essai de synthèse. Bull Biol Fr Belg 111 (1977) 183-202
32. Peabody F.E. Annual growth zones in living and fossil vertebrates. J Morphol 108 (1961) 11-62
33. Zug G.R., Wynn A.H., and Ruckdeschel C. Age determination of loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, by incremental growth marks in the skeleton. Smithonian Contrib Zool 427 (1986) 1-34
34. Castanet J., and Smirina E. Introduction to the skeletochronological method in amphibians and reptiles. Ann Sci Nat Zool 11 (1990) 191-196
35. Klevezal G.A., and Kleinenberg SE. Age determination of mammals from annual layers in teeth and bones. Translated from Russian (1969), Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem
36. Klevezal G.A. Recording structures of mammals: determination of age and reconstruction of life history (1996), Balkema, Rotterdam
37. Castanet J. Time recording in bone microstructures of endothermic animals: functional relationships. CR Palevol 5 (2006) 629-636
38. Castanet J. Age estimation and longevity in reptiles. Gerontology 40 (1994) 174-192
39. Hutton J.M. Age determination of living Nile crocodiles from the cortical stratification of bone. Copeia 2 (1986) 332-341
40. de BuffrénilV, and Castanet J. Age estimation by skeletochronology in the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), a highly exploited species. J Herpetol 34 (2000) 414-424
41. Erickson G.M. Using external vertebral growth rings to assess longevity in the Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Copeia 4 (2003) 872-878
42. Castanet J., Croci S., Aujard F., Perret M., Cubo J., and de Margerie E. Lines of arrested growth in bone and age estimation in a small primate: Microcebus murinus. J Zool Lond 263 (2004) 31-39
43. Snover M.L., and Hohn A.A. Validation and interpretation of annual skeletal marks in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles. Fishery Bull 102 (2004) 682-692
44. Starck J.M., and Chinsamy A. Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs. J Morphol 254 (2002) 232-246
45. de Ricqlès A., Horner J.R., and Padian K. The interpretation of dinosaur growth patterns. TREE 21 (2006) 596-597
46. Chinsamy A., and Hillenius W.J. Physiology of nonavian dinosaurs. In: Weishampel D.B., Dodson P., and Osmólska H. (Eds). The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. (2004), University of California Press, Berkeley 643-659
47. Padian K., and Horner J.R. Dinosaur physiology. In: Weishampel D.B., Dodson P., and Osmólska H. (Eds). The Dinosauria. 2nd ed. (2004), University of California Press, Berkeley 660-671
48. Gibbons J.W. Aging phenomena in reptiles. In: Elias M., Eleftheriou B., and Elias P. (Eds). Special review of experimental aging research: progress in biology. Experimental aging research (1976), EAR, Inc., Bar Harbor 454-475
49. Amprino R. La structure du tissu osseux envisagee comme l'expression de différences dans la vitesse de l'accroissement. Arch Biol 58 (1947) 315-330
50. Castanet J., Curry Rogers K., Cubo J., and Boisard J.-J. Periosteal bone growth rates in extant ratites (ostrich and emu). Implications for assessing growth in dinosaurs. C R Acad Sci Paris, Sciences de la Vie 323 (2000) 543-550
51. Erickson G.M. Assessing dinosaur growth patterns: a microscopic revolution. TREE 20 (2005) 677-684
52. de Margerie E., Cubo J., and Castanet J. Bone typology and growth rate: testing and quantifying 'Amprino's rule' in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). C R Biologies 325 (2002) 221-230
53. Sander P.M., and Tückmantel C. Bone lamina thickness, bone apposition rates, and age estimates in sauropod humeri and femora. Paläontol Z 77 (2003) 161-172
54. Klein N., and Sander P.M. Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology 34 (2008) 247-263
55. Tütken T., Pfretzschner H.U., Vennemann T.W., Sun G., and Wang Y.D. Paleobiology and skeletochronology of Jurassic dinosaurs: implications from the histology and oxygen isotope compositions of bones. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 206 (2004) 217-238
56. Erickson G.M., and Tumanova T.A. Growth curve of Psittacosaurus mongoliensis Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology. Zool J Linnean Soc 130 (2000) 551-566
57. Horner J.R., de Ricqlès A., and Padian K. Long bone histology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum: growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements. J Vertebr Paleontol 20 (2000) 115-129
58. Klein N., Sander P.M., and Sutheethorn V. Bone histology and its implications for the life history and growth of the Early Cretaceous sauropod Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae. Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic continental ecosystems in SE Asia. Spec Publ Geol Soc Lond 315 (2009) 217-228
59. de Ricqlès A., and Padian K. Fossils and paleobiology. In: Hall B.K., and Olson W.M. (Eds). Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology (2003), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 137-145
60. Tsuji L.A., and Müller J. Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. Fossil Rec 12 (2009) 71-81
61. de Ricqlès A. Recherches paléohistologiques sur les os longs des tétrapodes. V. Cotylosaures et mésosaures. Ann Paléontol 60 (1974) 169-232
62. Kriloff A., Germain D., Canoville A., Vincent P., Sache M., and Laurin M. Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference. J Evol Biol 21 (2008) 807-826
63. Scheyer T.M., and Sander P.M. Bone microstructures and mode of skeletogenesis in osteoderms of three pareiasaur taxa from the Permian of South Africa. J Evol Biol 22 (2009) 1153-1162
64. de Buffrénil V., and Mazin J.-M. Bone histology of Claudiosaurus germaini (Reptilia, Claudiosauridae) and the problem of pachyostosis in aquatic tetrapods. Hist Biol 2 (1989) 311-322
65. Currie P.J. Hovasaurus boulei, an aquatic eosuchian from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Paleontol Afr 24 (1981) 99-168
66. Carroll R.L. Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 293 (1981) 315-383
67. Böttcher R. Neue Erkenntnisse über die Fortpflanzungsbiologie der Ichthyosaurier (Reptilia). Stuttg Beitr Naturkd Ser B 164 (1990) 1-7
68. Müller J. The anatomy of Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the interrelationships of thalattosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida). Can J Earth Sci 42 (2005) 1347-1367
69. de Buffrénil V., and Mazin J.-M. Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: comparative data and functional interpretation. Paleobiology 16 (1990) 435-447
70. Nakajima Y. Growth strategies in early ichtchyosaurs: an osteohistological study. J Vertebr Paleontol 28 3 Suppl. (2008) 44A
71. Scheyer T.M., Hugi J., Delfino M., and Sánchez-Villagra M.R. Fossilized ontogenies: osteological and bone microstructural case studies of fossil marine reptiles from the UNESCO world heritage site of Monte San Giorgio, Ticino, Switzerland. J Vertebr Paleontol 29 3 Suppl. (2009) 177A
72. Sander P.M., and Faber C. The Triassic marine reptile Omphalosaurus: osteology, jaw anatomy, and evidence for ichthyosaurian affinities. J Vertebr Paleontol 23 (2003) 799-816
73. Chinsamy A., and Valenzuela N. Skeletochronology of the endangered side-neck turtle, Podocnemis expansa. S Afr J Sci 104 (2008) 311-314
74. Ehret D. Skeletochronology: a method for determining the individual age and growth of modern and fossil tortoises (Reptilia: Testudines). Bull Florida Mus Nat Hist 47 (2007) 49-72
75. de Buffrénil V., and Mazin J.-M. Contribution de l'histologie osseuse à l'interprétation paléobiologique du genre Placodus Agassiz, 1833 (Reptilia, Placodontia). Rev Paléobiol 11 (1992) 397-407
76. Wiffen J., de Buffrénil V., de Ricqlès A., and Mazin J.-M. Ontogenetic evolution of bone structure in Late Cretaceous Plesiosauria from New Zealand. Geobios 28 (1995) 625-640
77. Sander P.M. The pachypleurosaurids (Reptilia: Nothosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) with the description of a new species. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 325 (1989) 561-666
78. Sander P.M. Skeletochronology in the small Triassic reptile Neusticosaurus. Ann Sci Nat Zool 11 (1990) 213-217
79. Palci A., and Caldwell M.W. Vestigial forelimbs and axial elongation in a 95 million-year-old non-snake squamate. J Vertebr Paleontol 27 (2007) 1-7
80. Erickson G.M., de Ricqlès A., de Buffrénil V., Molnar R.E., and Bayless M.K. Vermiform bones and the evolution of gigantism in Megalania-how a reptilian fox became a lion. J Vertebr Paleontol 23 (2003) 966-970
81. Gauthier J.A., Estes R., and de Queiroz K. A phylogenetic analysis of the Lepidosauromorpha. In: Estes R., and Pregrill G. (Eds). Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families: essays commemorating Charles L. Camp (1988), Stanford University Press, Stanford 15-98
82. Jones M.E.H. Skull shape and feeding strategy in Sphenodon and other Rhynchocephalia (Diapsida: Lepidosauria). J Morphol 269 (2008) 945-966
83. Castanet J., Newman D.G., and Saint Girons H. Skeletochronological data on the growth, age, and population structure of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, on Stephens and Lady Alice islands, New Zealand. Herpetologica 44 (1988) 25-37
84. Sheldon A. Ecological implications of mosasaur bone microstructure. In: Callaway J.M., and Nicholls E.L. (Eds). Ancient marine reptiles (1997), San Diego, Academic Press 333-354
85. Houssaye A., de Buffrénil V., Rage J.-C., and Bardet N. An analysis of vertebral 'pachyostosis' in Carentonosaurus mineaui (Mosasauroidea, Squamata) from the Cenomanian (Early Late Cretaceous) of France, with comments on its phylogenetic and functional significance. J Vertebr Paleontol 28 (2008) 685-691
86. Chinsamy A., Cordorniú L., and Chiappe L. Developmental growth patterns of the filter-feeder pterosaur, Pterodaustro guiñazui. Biol Lett 4 (2008) 282-285
87. Hua S., and de Buffrénil V. Bone histology as a clue in the interpretation of functional adaptations in the Thalattosuchia (Reptilia, Crocodylia). J Vertebr Paleontol 16 (1996) 703-717
88. Padian K., de Ricqlès A., and Horner J.R. Dinosaurian growth rates and birds origins. Nature 412 (2001) 405-408
89. de Ricqlès A., Padian K., and Horner J.R. On the bone histology of some Triassic pseudosuchian archosaurs and related taxa. Ann Paléontol 89 (2003) 67-101
90. de Ricqlès A., Padian K., Knoll F., and Horner J.R. On the origin of high growth rates in archosaurs and their ancient relatives: complementary histological studies on Triassic archosauriforms and the problem of a "phylogenetic signal" in bone histology. Ann Paléontol 94 (2008) 57-76
91. Erickson G.M., and Brochu C.A. How the 'terror crocodile' grew so big. Nature 398 (1999) 205-206
92. Bennett S.C. The ontogeny of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs. Paleobiology 19 (1993) 92-106
93. Jenkins Jr. F.A., Shubin N.H., Gatesy S.M., and Padian K. A diminutive pterosaur (Pterosauria: Eudimorphodontidae) from the greenlandic Triassic. Bull Mus Comp Zool 156 (2001) 151-170
94. Padian K., Horner J.R., and de Ricqlès A. Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies. J Vertebr Paleontol 24 (2004) 555-571
95. Steel L. Pterosaur bone palaeohistology: an overview. Zitteliana B 28 (2008) 109-125
96. Chinsamy A., Cordorniú L., and Chiappe L. Palaeobiological implications of the bone histology of Pterodaustro guinazui. Anat Rec 292 (2009) 1462-1477
97. Chinsamy-Turan A. The microstructure of dinosaur bone (2005), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
98. Varricchio D.J. Bone microstructure of the Upper Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus. J Vertebr Paleontol 13 (1993) 99-104
99. Chinsamy A. Bone histology and growth trajectory of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus Owen. Mod Geol 18 (1993) 319-329
100. Curry K.A. Ontogenetic histology of Apatosaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): new insights on growth rates and longevity. J Vertebr Paleontol 19 (1999) 654-665
101. Sander P.M. Long bone histology of the Tendaguru sauropods: implications for growth and biology. Paleobiology 26 (2000) 466-488
102. Horner J.R., and Padian K. Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 271 (2004) 1875-1880
103. Bybee P.J., Lee A.H., and Lamm E.-T. Sizing the Jurassic theropod dinosaur Allosaurus: assessing growth strategy and evolution of ontogenetic scaling of limbs. J Morphol 267 (2006) 347-359
104. Sander P.M., Mateus O., Laven T., and Knötschke N. Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur. Nature 441 (2006) 739-741
105. Sander P.M., and Klein N. Developmental plasticity in the life history of a prosauropod dinosaur. Science 310 (2005) 1800-1802
106. Klein N., and Sander P.M. Bone histology and growth of the prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti von Meyer, from the Norian bonebeds of Trossingen (Germany) and Frick (Switzerland). Spec Pap Palaeontol 77 (2007) 169-206
107. Horner J.R., Padian K., and de Ricqlès A. Comparative osteohistology of some embryonic and perinatal archosaurs: developmental and behavioral implications for dinosaurs. Paleobiology 27 (2001) 39-58
108. Knoll F., Padian K., and de Ricqlès A. Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy. Gondwana Res (2009) 10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.010
109. Redelstorff R, Sander PM. Long and girdle bone histology of Stegosaurus: implications for growth and life history. J Vertebr Paleontol; in press.
110. de Buffrénil V., Farlow J.O., and de Ricqlés A. Growth and function of Stegosaurus plates: evidence from bone histology. Paleobiology 12 (1986) 459-473
111. Hayashi S., Carpenter K., and Suzuki D. Different growth patterns between the skeleton and osteoderms of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora). J Vertebr Paleontol 29 (2009) 123-131
112. Scheyer T., and Sander P.M. Histology of ankylosaur osteoderms: implications for systematics and function. J Vertebr Paleontol 24 (2004) 874-893
113. Main R.P., de Ricqlès A., Horner J.R., and Padian K. The evolution and function of thyreophoran dinosaur scutes: implications for plate function in stegosaurs. Paleobiology 31 (2005) 291-314
114. Goodwin M.B., and Horner J.R. Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior. Paleobiology 30 (2004) 253-267
115. Chinsamy A. Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of the Late Jurassic ornithopod Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki. J Vertebr Paleontol 15 (1995) 96-104
116. Horner J.R., de Ricqlès A., Padian K., and Scheetz R.D. Comparative long bone histology and growth of the "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs Orodromeus makelai, Dryosaurus altus, and Tenontosaurus tillettii (Ornythlschla: Euornithopoda). J Vertebr Paleontol 29 (2009) 734-747
117. Horner J.R., de Ricqlès A., and Padian K. Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology. Paleobiology 25 (1999) 295-304
118. Klein N, Remes K, Sander, PM, editors. Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: understanding the life of giants. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; in press.
119. Lehman T.M., and Woodward H.N. Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology 34 (2008) 264-281
120. Woodward H.N., and Lehman T.M. Bone histology and microanatomy of Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas. J Vertebr Paleontol 29 (2009) 807-821
121. Schwarz D., Ikejiri T., Breithaupt B., Sander P.M., and Klein N. A nearly complete skeleton of an early juvenile diplodocid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the lower Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic) of North Central Wyoming and its implications for early ontogeny and pneumaticity in sauropods. Hist Biol 19 (2007) 225-253
122. Erickson G.M., Rogers K.C., and Yerby S.A. Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature 412 (2001) 429-433
123. Gillooly J.F., Allen A.P., and Charnov E.L. Dinosaur fossils predict body temperatures. PLoS Biol 4 (2006) 1467-1469
124. Chinsamy A. Physiological implications of the bone histology of Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Theropoda). Palaeontol Afr 27 (1990) 77-82
125. Erickson G.M., Makovicky P.J., Currie P.J., Norell M.A., Yerby S.A., and Brochu C.A. Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Nature 430 (2004) 772-775
126. Erickson G.M., Currie P.J., Inouye B.D., and Winn A.A. Tyrannosaur life tables: an example of nonavian dinosaur population biology. Science 313 (2006) 213-217
127. Ricklefs R.E. Tyrannosaur ageing. Biol Lett 3 (2007) 214-217
128. Erickson G.M., Curry Rogers K., Varricchio D.J., Norell M.A., and Xu X. Growth patterns in brooding dinosaurs reveals the timing of sexual maturity in non-avian dinosaurs and genesis of the avian condition. Biol Lett 3 (2007) 558-561
129. Schweitzer M.H., Wittmeyer J.L., and Horner J.R. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308 (2005) 1456-1460
130. Lee A.H., and Werning S. Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models. PNAS 105 (2008) 582-587
131. Erickson G.M., Rauhut O.W.M., Zhou Z., Turner A.H., Inouye B.D., Hu D., et al. Was dinosaurian physiology inherited by birds? Reconciling slow growth in Archaeopteryx. PLoS ONE 4 10 (2009) e7390 10.1371/journal.pone.0007390.g007
132. Chinsamy A., and Elzanowski A. Evolution of growth pattern in birds. Nature 412 (2001) 402-403
133. de Ricqlès A., Padian K., Horner J.R., Lamm E.-T., and Myhrvold N. Osteohistology of Confuciusornis sanctus (Theropoda: Aves). J Vertebr Paleontol 23 (2003) 373-386
134. Turvey S.T., Green O.R., and Holdaway R.N. Cortical growth marks reveal extended juvenile development in New Zealand moa. Nature 435 (2005) 940-943
135. Sander P.M., Klein N., Buffetaut E., Cuny G., Suteethorn V., and Le Loeuff J. Adaptive radiation in sauropod dinosaurs: bone histology indicates rapid evolution of giant body size through acceleration. Org Divers Evol 4 (2004) 165-173
136. Worthy T.H., and Holdaway R.N. The lost world of the moa. Prehistoric life of New Zealand (2002), Indiana University Press, Bloomington
137. Erickson G.M., Makovicky P.J., Inouye B.D., Zhou C.-F., and Gao K.-Q. A life table for Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis: initial insights into ornithischian dinosaur population biology. Anat Rec 292 (2009) 1514-1521