The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit method: A valid and reliable measure of anaerobic capacity?

Sports Medicine

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 285-302

  Noordhof, Dionne A ^a   De Koning, Jos J ^a,b   Foster, Carl ^b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN LA CROSSE   (United States)

Author keywords

Exercise intensity; Exercise tests; Sports medicine

Indexed keywords

ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; EXERCISE TEST; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; EXERCISE TEST; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HUMANS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 77950515740     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: 11792035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11530390-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Krogh A, Lindhard J. The changes in respiration at the transition from work to rest. J Physiol 1920 May 18; 53 (6): 431-439
2. Hermansen L. Anaerobic energy release. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1969; 1 (1): 32-35
3. 2 deficit. J Appl Physiol 1988 Jan; 64 (1): 50-60 (Pubitemid 18042216)
4. Withers RT, Sherman WM, Clark DG, et al. Muscle meta-bolism during 30, 60, and 90 s of maximal cycling on an air-braked ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 63: 354-362
5. Withers RT, Van der Ploeg G, Finn JP. Oxygen deficits in-curred during 45, 60, 75 and 90-s maximal cycling on anair-braked ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1993; 67 (2): 185-191
6. Woolford SM, Withers RT, Craig NP, et al. Effect of pedal cadence on the accumulated oxygen deficit, maximal aerobic power and blood lactate transition thresholds of high-performance junior endurance cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999 Sep; 80 (4): 285-291
7. Weber CL, Schneider DA. Increases in maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after high-intensity interval training are not gender dependent.JAppl Physiol 2002 May;92(5): 1795-1801
8. Weber CL, Schneider DA. Reliability of MAOD measured at 110% and 120% of peak oxygen uptake for cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 Jun; 33 (6): 1056-1059
9. Weber CL, Schneider DA. Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit expressed relative to the active muscle mass for cycling in untrained male and female subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000 Jul; 82 (4): 255-261
10. 2max. Int J Sports Med 2000 Feb; 21 (2): 96-101
11. Tabata I, Irisawa K, Kouzaki M, et al. Metabolic profile of high intensity intermittent exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997 Mar; 29 (3): 390-395
12. 2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 Oct; 28 (10): 1327-1330
13. Scott CB, Roby FB, Lohman TG, et al. The maximally ac-cumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 May; 23 (5): 618-624
14. Russell AP, Le Rossignol P, Lo SK. The precision of estimating the total energy demand: implications for the determination of the accumulated oxygen deficit [online]
15. JEP online 2000; 3 (2). Available from URL: http:// faculty.css.edu/ tboone2/asep/JEPRussell.html [Accessed 2010 Jan 12]
16. Roberts AD, Clark SA, Townsend NE, et al. Changes in performance, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after 5, 10 and 15 days of live high/train low altitude exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 Jan; 88 (4-5): 390-395
17. Ravier G, Dugue B, Grappe F, et al. Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and blood responses of ammonia, lactate and pH after anaerobic test: a comparison between international and national elite karate athletes. Int J Sports Med 2006 Oct; 27 (10): 810-817 (Pubitemid 44622261)
18. Ramsbottom R, Nevill AM, Nevill ME, et al. Accumulated oxygen deficit and short-distance running performance. J Sports Sci 1994 Oct; 12 (5): 447-453 (Pubitemid 24289982)
19. Ramsbottom R, Nevill AM, Seager RD, et al. Effect of training on accumulated oxygen deficit and shuttle run performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001 Sep; 41 (3): 281-290 (Pubitemid 33031838)
20. Pripstein LP, Rhodes EC, McKenzie DC, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic energy during a 2-km race simulation in female rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999 May; 79 (6): 491-494
21. Olesen HL. Accumulated oxygen deficit increases with in-clination of uphill running. J Appl Physiol 1992 Sep; 73 (3): 1130-1134
22. Olesen HL, Raabo E, Bangsbo J, et al. Maximal oxygen deficit of sprint and middle distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 69: 140-146 (Pubitemid 24255143)
23. Pouilly JP, Busso T. Accumulated oxygen deficit during ramp exercise. Int J Sports Med 2008 Jan; 29 (1): 16-20 (Pubitemid 351183234)
24. Pizza FX, Naglieri TA, Holtz RW, et al. Maximal accumu-lated oxygen deficit of resistance-trained men. Can J Appl Physiol 1996 Oct; 21 (5): 391-402
25. Ogita F, Hara M, Tabata I. Anaerobic capacity and max-imal oxygen uptake during arm stroke, leg kicking and whole body swimming. Acta Physiol Scand 1996 Aug; 157 (4): 435-441 (Pubitemid 26258983)
26. Ogita F, Onodera T, Tabata I. Effect of hand paddles on anaerobic energy release during supramaximal swimming. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 May; 31 (5): 729-735 (Pubitemid 29205436)
27. Ogawa T, Hayashi K, Ichinose M, et al. Metabolic response during intermittent graded sprint running in moderate hy-pobaric hypoxia in competitive middle-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007 Jan; 99 (1): 39-46 (Pubitemid 44782940)
28. Nevill AM, Ramsbottom R, Nevill ME, et al. The relative contributions of anaerobic and aerobic energy supply during track 100-, 400-and 800-m performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008 Jun; 48 (2): 138-142
29. Naughton GA, Carlson JS. Anaerobic capacity assessment in male and female children with all-out isokinetic cycling exercise. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995 Dec; 27 (4): 83-87
30. Naughton GA, Carlson JS, Buttifant DC, et al. Accumu-lated oxygen deficit measurements during and after high-intensity exercise in trained male and female adolescents. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997; 76 (6): 525-531
31. Minahan C, Chia M, Inbar O. Does power indicate capa-city? 30-s Wingate anaerobic test vs. maximal accumulated O2 deficit. Int J Sports Med 2007 Oct; 28 (10): 836-843 (Pubitemid 47606486)
32. Minahan C, Wood C. Strength training improves supra-maximal cycling but not anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008 Apr; 102 (6): 659-666
33. Maxwell NS, Nimmo MA. Anaerobic capacity: a maximal anaerobic running test versus the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit. Can J Appl Physiol 1996 Feb; 21 (1): 35-47 (Pubitemid 126442612)
34. Marth PD, Woods RR, Hill DW. Influence of time of day on anaerobic capacity. Percept Mot Skills 1998 Apr; 86 (2): 592-594
35. Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. "Living high-training low": effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance. J Appl Physiol 1997 Jul; 83 (1): 102-112 (Pubitemid 27304737)
36. Glaister M, Stone MH, Stewart AM, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic correlates of multiple sprint cycling performance. J Strength Cond Res 2006 Nov; 20 (4): 792-798
37. Glaister M, Stone MH, Stewart AM, et al. The influence of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance. J Strength Cond Res 2007 May; 21 (2): 606-612 (Pubitemid 41784038)
38. Gastin PB, Costill DL, Lawson DL, et al. Accumulated oxygen deficit during supramaximal all-out and constant intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995 Feb; 27 (2): 255-263
39. Gastin PB, Lawson DL. Influence of training status on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit during all-out cycle exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 69 (4): 321-330
40. Gastin PB, Lawson DL. Variable resistance all-out test to generate accumulated oxygen deficit and predict anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 69 (4): 331-336
41. Gardner A, Osborne M, D'Auria S, et al. A comparison of two methods for the calculation of accumulated oxygen deficit. J Sports Sci 2003 Mar; 21 (3): 155-162 (Pubitemid 36410377)
42. Friedmann B, Frese F, Menold E, et al. Effects of acute moderate hypoxia on anaerobic capacity in endurance-trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007 Sep; 101 (1): 67-73 (Pubitemid 47323286)
43. Faina M, Billat V, Squadrone R, et al. Anaerobic con-tribution to the time to exhaustion at the minimal exercise intensity at which maximal oxygen uptake occurs in elite cyclists, kayakists and swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol Oc-cup Physiol 1997; 76 (1): 13-20
44. Craig NP, Norton KI, Bourdon PC, et al. Aerobic and anaerobic indices contributing to track endurance cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1993; 67 (2): 150-158
45. Calbet JA, Chavarren J, Dorado C. Fractional use of anae-robic capacity during a 30-and a 45-s Wingate test. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997; 76 (4): 308-313
46. Calbet JA, De Paz JA, Garatachea N, et al. Anaerobic en-ergy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol 2003 Feb; 94 (2): 668-676 (Pubitemid 36158245)
47. Buck D, Mc Naughton L. Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit must be calculated using 10-min time periods. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999 Sep; 31 (9): 1346-1349 (Pubitemid 29424656)
48. Buck D, Mc Naughton LR. Changing the number of sub-maximal exercise bouts effects calculation of MAOD. Int J Sports Med 1999 Jan; 20 (1): 28-33 (Pubitemid 29078381)
49. 2-power regression from an incremental exercise test. J Sci Med Sport 2003 Sep; 6 (3): 343-347 (Pubitemid 38470141)
50. Aisbett B, Le Rossignol P, Sparrow WA. The influence of pacing during 6-minute supra-maximal cycle ergometer performance. J Sci Med Sport 2003 Jun; 6 (2): 187-198 (Pubitemid 36987841)
51. Medbø JI, Tabata I. Relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy release during short-lasting exhausting bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 1989 Nov; 67 (5): 1881-1886 (Pubitemid 20039397)
52. Medbø JI, Tabata I. Anaerobic energy release in working muscle during 30 s to 3 min of exhausting bicycling. J Appl Physiol 1993 Oct; 75 (4): 1654-1660 (Pubitemid 23318214)
53. Craig NP, Norton KI, Conyers RA, et al. Influence of test duration and event specificity on maximal accumulated oxygen deficit of high performance track cyclists. Int J Sports Med 1995 Nov; 16 (8): 534-540
54. 2 deficit during intense exercise and muscle characteristics of elite athletes. Int J Sports Med 1993 May; 14 (4): 207-213 (Pubitemid 23151622)
55. Bosquet L, Duchene A, Delhors PR, et al. A comparison of methods to determine maximal accumulated oxygen deficit in running. J Sports Sci 2008 Apr; 26 (6): 663-670 (Pubitemid 351419897)
56. Doherty M, Smith PM. The reliability of cycling maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and time to exhaustion (T(lim)) in untrained subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 Oct; 33 (10): 1794-1795
57. Doherty M, Smith PM, Schroder K. Reproducibility of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and run time to exhaustion during short-distance running. J Sports Sci 2000 May; 18 (5): 331-338 (Pubitemid 30325963)
58. 2 deficit an accurate quantitative measure of the anaerobic energy production during intense exercise? J Appl Physiol 1992 Sep; 73 (3): 1207-1209
59. Bangsbo J. Oxygen deficit: a measure of the anaerobic en-ergy production during intense exercise? Can J Appl Phy-siol 1996 Oct; 21 (5): 350-63; discussion 64-69 (Pubitemid 126434096)
60. Parolin ML, Chesley A, Matsos MP, et al. Regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during maximal intermittent exercise. Am J Physiol 1999 Nov; 277 (5 Pt 1): E890-900
61. Parolin ML, Spriet LL, Hultman E, et al. Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase and PDH during exercise in human skeletal muscle during hypoxia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000 Mar; 278 (3): E522-34 (Pubitemid 30149398)
62. Spriet LL, Lindinger MI, McKelvie RS, et al. Muscle gly-cogenolysis and H+ concentration during maximal intermittent cycling. J Appl Physiol 1989 Jan; 66 (1): 8-13
63. Putman CT, Jones NL, Lands LC, et al. Skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase activity during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1995 Sep; 269 (3 Pt 1): E458-68
64. Greenhaff PL, Campbell-O'Sullivan SP, Constantin-Teodosiu D, et al. An acetyl group deficit limits mito-chondrial ATP production at the onset of exercise. Biochem Soc Trans 2002 Apr; 30 (2): 275-280
65. Gonzalez-Alonso J, Quistorff B, Krustrup P, et al. Heat production in human skeletal muscle at the onset of intense dynamic exercise. J Physiol 2000 Apr 15; 524 (Pt 2): 603-615 (Pubitemid 30229522)
66. Krustrup P, Ferguson RA, Kjaer M, et al. ATP and heat production in human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise: higher efficiency of anaerobic than aerobic ATP resynthesis. J Physiol 2003; 15: 255-269 (Pubitemid 36626413)
67. Medbø JI, Burgers S. Effect of training on the anaerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990 Aug; 22 (4): 501-507 (Pubitemid 20241719)
68. 2 deficit-debt relationship during exhaustive exercise in humans. J Physiol 1990 Mar; 422: 539-559 (Pubitemid 20109876)
69. Sloniger MA, Cureton KJ, Prior BM, et al. Anaerobic ca-pacity and muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running. J Appl Physiol 1997 Jul; 83 (1): 262-269 (Pubitemid 27304758)
70. Craig IS, Morgan DW. Relationship between 800-m run-ning performance and accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 Nov; 30 (11): 1631-1636
71. Sloniger MA, Cureton KJ, Prior BM, et al. Lower extremity muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running. J Appl Physiol 1997 Dec; 83 (6): 2073-2079 (Pubitemid 28006511)
72. Ozyener F, Rossiter HB, Ward SA, et al. Negative accu-mulated oxygen deficit during heavy and very heavy intensity cycle ergometry in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003 Sep; 90 (1-2): 185-190 (Pubitemid 37369512)
73. Pringle JS, Carter H, Doust JH, et al. Oxygen uptake kinetics during horizontal and uphill treadmill running in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002 Nov; 88 (1-2): 163-169 (Pubitemid 40826323)
74. 2/power output relation-ship and the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics during cycling at different pedaling rates: relationship to venous lactate accumulation and blood acid-base balance. Physiol Res 1998; 47 (6): 427-438 (Pubitemid 29089123)
75. Pringle JS, Doust JH, Carter H, et al. Effect of pedal rate on primary and slow-component oxygen uptake responses during heavy-cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 2003 Apr; 94 (4): 1501-1507 (Pubitemid 36348829)
76. 2 slow component in cycling and running in triathletes. Int J Sports Med 1999 Oct; 20 (7): 429-437 (Pubitemid 29488068)
77. 2) slow component for severe exercise depends on type of exercise and is not correlated with time to fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1998 Dec; 85 (6): 2118-2124 (Pubitemid 28558067)
78. Whipp BJ, Wasserman K. Oxygen uptake kinetics for var-ious intensities of constant-load work. J Appl Physiol 1972; 33 (3): 351-356
79. Barstow TJ, Mole PA. Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. J Appl Physiol 1991 Dec; 71 (6): 2099-2106
80. 2 deficit. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 Mar; 28 (3): 392-397 (Pubitemid 26082561)
81. Doherty M. The effects of caffeine on the maximal accu-mulated oxygen deficit and short-term running performance. Int J Sport Nutr 1998 Jun; 8 (2): 95-104 (Pubitemid 28288443)
82. Bickham D, Le Rossignol P, Gibbons C, et al. Re-assessing accumulated oxygen deficit in middle-distance runners. J Sci Med Sport 2002; 5 (4): 372-382 (Pubitemid 36091046)
83. Green S, Dawson BT. The oxygen uptake-power regression in cyclists and untrained men: implications for the accumulated oxygen deficit. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1995; 70 (4): 351-359
84. 2 deficit in cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 Mar; 28 (3): 315-321 (Pubitemid 26082552)
85. Medbø JI. Is the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit an adequate measure of the anaerobic capacity? Can J Appl Physiol 1996 Oct; 21 (5): 370-83; discussion 84-88
86. Jacobs I, Bleue S, Goodman J. Creatine ingestion increases anaerobic capacity and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit. Can J Appl Physiol 1997 Jun; 22 (3): 231-243 (Pubitemid 127448653)
87. Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 1998; 26 (4): 217-238 (Pubitemid 28505200)