Pathology of retinal hemorrhage in abusive head trauma

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 291-297

  Wygnanski Jaffe, Tamara ^a,b   Morad, Yair ^b,c   Levin, Alex V ^d  

^a SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c ASSAF HAROFEH MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^d THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abusive head trauma; Retinal hemorrhage; Shaken baby syndrome

Indexed keywords

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FORENSIC PATHOLOGY; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INFANT; PATHOLOGY; RETINA HEMORRHAGE; REVIEW; SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME;

CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FORENSIC PATHOLOGY; HUMANS; INFANT; RETINAL HEMORRHAGE; SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME;

EID: 77950353892     PISSN: 1547769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9134-4     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Newton A, Vandeven A. Update on child maltreatment with a special focus on shaken baby syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005;17:246-51
2. Barlow K, Thompson E, Johnson D, Minns R. Late neurologic and cognitive sequelae of inflicted traumatic brain injury in infancy. Pediatrics. 2005;116:174-86
3. Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, Merten DF, Sinal SH. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. Jama. 2003;290:621-6
4. King W, MacKay M, Sirnick A, Group CSBS. Shaken baby syndrome in Canada: clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospital cases. Can Med Assoc J. 2003;168:155-9
5. Lancon J, Haines D, Parent A. Anatomy of the shaken baby syndrome. Anat Rec. 1998;253:13-8
6. Oral R, Yagmur F, Nashelsky M, et al. Fatal abusive head trauma cases: consequence of medical staff missing milder forms of physical abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:816-21
7. Ludwig S, Warman M. Shaken baby syndrome: a review of 20 cases. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13:51-4
8. Munger CE, Peiffer RL, Bouldin TW, et al. Ocular and associated neuropathologic observations in suspected whiplash shaken syndrome: a retrospective study of 12 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993;14:193-200
9. Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, et al. The shaken baby syndrome: a clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:409-15
10. Hadley M, Sonntag UK, Rekate HL, et al. The infant whiplashshake injury syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:536-40
11. Harcourt B, Hopkins D. Ophthalmic manifestations of the battered baby syndrome. Br Med J. 1971;3:398-401
12. Mushin A. Ocular damage in the battered-baby syndrome. Br Med J. 1971;3:402-4
13. Levin A. Retinal haemorrhage and child abuse. In: David T, editor. Recent advances in paediatrics. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 151-219
14. Kivlin J, Simons K, Lazoritz S, Ruttum M. Shaken baby syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(7):1246-54
15. Morad Y, Kim Y, Armstrong D, Huyer D, Mian M, Levin A. Correlation between retinal abnormalities and intracranial abnormalities in the shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:354-9
16. Bandak F. Shaken baby syndrome: a biomechanics analysis of injury mechanisms. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;151:71-9
17. Merten DF, Radkowski MA, Leonidas JC. The abused child: a radiological reappraisal. Radiology. 1983;146:377-8
18. Riffenburgh RS, Sathyavavagiswaran L. Ocular findings at autopsy of child abuse victims. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1519-24
19. Riffenburgh RS, Sathyavavagiswaran L. The eyes of child abuse victims: autopsy findings. J Forensic Sci. 1991;36:741-7
20. Gilliland MG, Levin AV, Enzenauer AV, et al. Guidelines for postmortem protocol for ocular investigation of sudden unexplained infant death and suspected physical abuse. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007;28:323-9
21. Amberg R, Pollak S. Postmortem endoscopy of the ocular fundus: a valuable tool in forensic postmortem practice. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;124:157-62
22. Davis NL, Wetli CV, Shakin JL. The retina in forensic medicine: applications of ophthalmic endoscopy: the first 100 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006;27(1):1-10
23. Tsujinaka M, Bunai Y. Postmortem ophthalmologic examination by endoscopy. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2006;27(4):287-91
24. Riffenburgh R. Ocular hemorrhages in autopsies of child abuse victims. Clin Surg Ophthalmol. 2005;23:178-86
25. Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Levin AV, Shafiq A, et al. Postmortem orbital findings in shaken baby syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:233-40
26. Gilliland MG, Folberg R. Retinal hemorrhages: replicating the clinician's view of the eye. Forensic Sci Int. 1992;56:77-80
27. Kaur B, Taylor D. Fundus hemorrhages in infancy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37:1-17
28. Hughes LA, May K, Talbot JF, Parsons MA. Incidence, distribution, and duration of birth-related retinal hemorrhages: a prospective study. JAAPOS. 2006;10:102-6
29. Emerson MV, Jakobs E, Green WR. Ocular autopsy and histopathologic features of child abuse. Ophthalmology. 2007;114: 1384-94
30. Matschke J, Puschel K, Glatzel M. Ocular pathology in shaken baby syndrome and other forms of infantile non-accidental head injury. Int J Legal Med. 2009;123:189-97
31. Gilliland M. Why do histology on retinal haemorrhages in suspected non-accidental injury? Histopathology. 2003;43:592-4
32. Elner S, Elner V, Albert D, Arnall M. In reply: the medicolegal implications of detecting hemosiderin in the eyes of children who are suspected of being abused. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:322
33. Gilliland M, Folberg R, Hayreh S. Age of retinal hemorrhages by iron detection. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2005;26(1):1-4
34. Sturm V, Knecht PB, Landau K, et al. Rare retinal hemorrhages in translational accidental head trauma in children. Eye. 2009; 23:1535-41
35. Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Murphy CJ, Smith C, et al. Protective ocular mechanisms in woodpeckers. Eye. 2007;21:83-9
36. Coats B, Binenbaum G, Peiffer RL, Forbes BJ. Margulies, SS ocular hemorrhage in single, non-impact head rotations: a porcine model. Second international conference on pediatric abusive head trauma. Wyoming: Jackson Hole; 2009
37. Bhola R, Cirovic S, Parson M, Hose D, Lawford P, Howard I. Modeling of the eye and orbit to simulate Shaken Baby syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:E-Abstract 4090
38. Rangarajan N, Kamalakkannan S, Hasija H, et al. Finite element model of ocular injury in Shaken Baby syndrome. JAAPOS. 2009; (in press).
39. Schloff S, Mullaney PB, Armstrong DC, et al. Retinal findings in children with intracranial hemorrhage. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109:1472-6
40. Tomasi L, Rosman P. Purtscher retinopathy in the battered child syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1986;93:1335-7
41. Stoodley N. Controversies in non-accidental head injury in infants. Br J Radiol. 2006;79:550-3
42. Marshall DH, Brownstein S, Dorey MW. The spectrum of postmortem ocular findings in victims of shaken baby syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol. 2001;36:377-83
43. Bechtel K, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM, et al. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics. 2004;114:165-8
44. Vinchon M, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Desurmont M, Dhellemmes P. Accidental and nonaccidental head injuries in infants: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:380-4
45. Lueder GT, Turner JW, Paschall R. Perimacular retinal folds simulating nonaccidental injury in an infant. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1782-3
46. Lantz PE, Sinal SH, Stanton CA, et al. Perimacular retinal folds from childhood head trauma. Br Med J. 2004;328:754-6
47. Levin AV. The spectrum of postmortem ocular findings in victims of shaken baby syndrome discussion. Can J Ophthalmol. 2001;36:383-4
48. Gnanaraj L, Gilliland MG, Yahya RR, et al. Ocular manifestations of crush head injury in children. Eye. 2007;21:5-10
49. Plunkett J. Fatal pediatric head injuries caused by short-distance falls. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2001;22:1-12
50. Adams G, Ainsworth J, Butler L, et al. Update from the ophthalmology child abuse working party: Royal College ophthalmologists. Eye. 2004;18:795-8
51. Reddy SC, Jackson N. Retinopathy in acute leukaemia at initial diagnosis: correlation of fundus lesions and haematological parameters. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004;82:81-5
52. Gago L, Wegner R, Capone A, Williams G. Intraretinal hemorrhages and chronic subdural effusions: glutaric aciduria type 1 can be mistaken for Shaken Baby syndrome. Retina. 2003;23: 724-6
53. Strauss KA, Puffenberger EG, Robinson DL, Morton DH. Type I glutaric aciduria, part 1: natural history of 77 patients. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2003;121C:38-52
54. Coppeto JR, Monteiro ML. Juxtapapillary subretinal hemorrhages in pseudotumor cerebri. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5: 45-53
55. Gilliland M, Luckenbach M. Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993;14:187-92
56. Goetting M, Sowa B. Retinal haemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children: an etiologic evaluation. Pediatrics. 1990;85:585-8
57. Chapman-Davies A, Lazarevic A. Valsalva maculopathy. Clin Exp Optom. 2002;85:42-5
58. Herr S, Pierce M, Berger R, Ford H, Pitetti R. Does Valsalva retinopathy occur in infants? An initial investigation in infants with vomiting caused by pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 2004;113: 1658-61
59. Goldman M, Dagan Z, Yair M, Elbaz U, Lahat E, Yair M. Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children. J Pediatr. 2006;148:835-6
60. Curcoy AI, Trenchs V, Morales M. Do retinal hemorrhages occur in infants with convulsions? Arch Dis Child. 2009;11:873-5.