Effect of early treatment with anti-hypertensive drugs on short and long-term mortality in patients with an acute cardiovascular event

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Perez, Marco I ^a   Musini, Vijaya M ^a   Wright, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PLACEBO;

ACUTE DISEASE; ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LONG TERM CARE; MORTALITY; REVIEW; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; STROKE;

EID: 77950163226     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006743.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (270)

1. Beaufils 1988 {published data only} * Beaufils P, Kolsky H, Haiat R, Castaigne A, Slama R. The influence of molsidomine on infarct size: an acute post-infarction pilot study with 303 patients. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1988;2(1):127-32.
2. Branagan 1986 {published data only} * Branagan JP,Walsh K. Effect of early treatment with nifedipine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 1986;7(10):859-865.
3. Bussmann 1981 {published data only} Bussmann WD, Haller M. [Possible evidence for a reduction of early and late mortality during nitroglycerin therapy in acute myocardial infarction]. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1983;61:417-22.
4. * Bussmann WD, Passek D, Seidel W, Kaltenbach M. Reduction of CK and CK-MB indexes of infarct size by intravenous nitroglycerin. Circulation 1981;63(3):615-622.
5. Bussmann 1992 {published data only} * Bussmann WD, Micke G, Hildenbrand R, Klepzig H, Jr. [Captopril in acute myocardial infarct: its effect on infarct size and arrhythmias]. [German]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1992;117(17):651-657.
6. Charvat 1990 {published data only} * Charvat J, Kuruvilla T, al Amad H. Beneficial effect of intravenous nitroglycerin in patients with non-Q myocardial infarction. Cardiologia 1990;35(1):49-54.
7. Chiche 1979 {published data only} * Chiche P, Baligadoo S, Derrida JP. A randomized trial of prolonged nitroglycerin infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (Suppl II) 1979;165:59-60.
8. Clausen 1966 {published data only} * Clausen J, Felsby M, Jorgensen FS, Nielsen BL, Roin J, Strange B. Absence of prophylactic effect of propranolol in myocardial infarction. Lancet 1966;2(7470):920-4.
9. Cohn 1982 {published data only} * Cohn JN, Franciosa JA, Francis GS, Archibald. Effect of shortterm infusion of sodium nitroprusside on mortality rate in acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular failure: results of a Veterans Administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med 1982;306:1129-1135.
10. COMMIT 2005 {published data only} * COMMIT, Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, Xie JX, Liu LS, COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial.[see comment]. Lancet 2005;366(9497):1622-1632.
11. CONSENSUS-II 1992 {published data only} Bonarjee VV, Carstensen S, Caidahl K, Nilsen DW, Edner M, Berning J. Attenuation of left ventricular dilatation after acute myocardial infarction by early initiation of enalapril therapy. CONSENSUS II Multi-Echo Study Group. The American journal of cardiology. 1993;72:1004-9.
12. Bonarjee VV, Omland T, Nilsen DW, Carstensen S, Berning J, Edner M, et al.Left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and plasma proatrial natriuretic factor (1-98) after withdrawal of enalapril treatment initiated early after myocardial infarction. CONSENSUS II Multi-Echo Study Group. British heart journal. 1995;73:506-10.
13. Kettunen RV, Vuolteenaho O, Ukkola O, Lilja M, Jounela A, Kes niemi, et al.Effects of early administration of enalapril on radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction and plasma Nterminal atrial natriuretic peptide after acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology. 1994;73:865-7.
14. * Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Rydén L, Wedel H. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 1992;327(10):678-84.
15. Crea 1985 {published data only} * Crea F. Effects of verapamil in preventing early postinfarction angina and reinfarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1985;55 (8):900-904.
16. Di Pasquale 1994 {published and unpublished data} Di Pasquale P, Paterna S, Bucca V, Maringhini G, Magatti M. Effects of the administration of captopril, metoprolol and of the captopril-metoprolol combination as adjuvant therapy during thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology. 1994;46:107-12.
17. * Di Pasquale P, Paterna S, Cannizzaro S, Bucca V. Does captopril treatment before thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction attenuate reperfusion damage? Short-term and long-term effects. International Journal of Cardiology 1994;43(1):43-50.
18. Di Pasquale P, Paterna S, Cannizzaro S, Valenza M, Del RG, Barone G. Captopril before thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: Preliminary findings. J DRUG DEV 1991;4:87-92.
19. Di Pasquale P, Paterna S, Parrinello G, Bucca V, Cannizzaro S, Pipitone F, et al.Captopril does not affect plasma endothelin-1 during thrombolysis and reperfusion. International journal of cardiology. 1995;51:131-5.
20. Di Pasquale P, Paterna S, Valenza M, Licata G, Cannizzaro S, Barone G. Captopril before thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction:short term and long term effects. Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19(Suppl):361A.
21. Di Pasquale 1997 {published data only} Di Pasquale P, Bucca V, Scalzo S, Cannizzaro S, Longo AM, Alessi V, et al.[Is the reduction of the plasma levels of endothelin in the acute and sub-acute stage of myocardial infarct one of the beneficial effects of early treatment with ace inhibitors?]. Giornale italiano di cardiologia. 1996;26:673-80.
22. Di Pasquale P, Bucca V, Scalzo S, Cannizzaro S, Longo AM, Alessi V, et al.Is the reduction of plasma endothelin levels in the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction a beneficial effect of early ACE-inhibition treatment?. Giornale italiano di cardiologia. 1996; 26:673-80.
23. * Di Pasquale P, Valdes L, Albano V, Bucca V, Scalzo S, Pieri D, et al.Early captopril treatment reduces plasma endothelin concentrations in the acute and subacute phases of myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 1997;29:202-8.
24. Durrer 1982 {published data only} * Durrer JD, Lie KI, van Capelle FJ, Durrer D. Effect of sodium nitroprusside on mortality in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1982;306(19):1121-8.
25. Eichler 1985 {published data only} * Eichler HG, Mabin TA, Commerford PJ, Lloyd EA. Tiapamil, a new calcium antagonist: hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1985;71(4):779-786.
26. Erbel 1988 {published data only} * Erbel R, Pop T, Meinertz T, Olshausen KV, Treese N, Henrichs KJ, Schuster CJ, Rupprecht HJ, Schlrmann W, Meyer J. Combination of calcium channel blocker and thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1988;115(3): 529-38.
27. ESPRIM 1994 {published data only} * ESPRIM. The ESPRIM trial: short-term treatment of acute myocardial infarction with molsidomine. European Study of Prevention of Infarct with Molsidomine (ESPRIM) Group.[see comment]. Lancet 1994;344(8915):91-97.
28. Fitzgerald 1990 {published data only} * Fitzgerald LJ, Bennett ED. The effects of oral isosorbide 5-mononitrate on mortality following acute myocardial infarction: a multicentre study. European Heart Journal 1990;11:120-126.
29. Flaherty 1983 {published data only} * Flaherty JT, Becker LC, Bulkley BH, Weiss JL, Gerstenblith G, Kallman CH, Silverman KJ, Wei JY, Pitt B, Weisfeldt ML. A randomized prospective trial of intravenous nitroglycerin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1983;68(3):576-588.
30. Galcera 1993 {published data only} * Galcera Tomas J, Nuo-de-la-Rosa-JA, Torres Martinez G, Rodriguez Garcia P, Castillo-Soria FJ, Canton Martinez A, et al.Effects of early use of captopril on haemodynamics and shortterm ventricular remodelling in acute anterior myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 1993;14:259-66.
31. Gelmers 1988 {published data only} de Weerdt C, Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, Weizer H. Effect of nimodipine on neurological deficits and outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a multicenter double blind placebo controlled study. Journal of neurology 1985;232:295.
32. * Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, de Weerdt CJ, Wiezer HJ. A controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1988; 318(4):203-7.
33. Gelmers HJ, Gorter K, De Weerdt CJ, Wiezer JHA. Efficiency of treatment with nimodipine (calcium antagonist) in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1985;5:S337-8.
34. GISSI-3 1994 {published and unpublished data} * Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico GISSI-3. Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343(8906): 1115-22.
35. Latini R, Santoro E, Masson S, Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Franzosi MG, et al.Aspirin does not interact with ACE inhibitors when both are given early after acute myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-3 Trial. Heart Disease 2000;2:185-90.
36. Pedrazzini G, Santoro E, Latini R, Fromm L, Franzosi MG, Mocetti T, et al.Causes of death in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: findings from the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto (GISSI)-3 trial. American Heart Journal 2008;155(2):388-94.
37. Hargreaves 1992 {published data only} * Hargreaves AD, Kolettis T, Jacob AJ, Flint LL, Turnbull LW, Muir AL, Boon NA. Early vasodilator treatment in myocardial infarction: Appropiate for the majority or minority?. Br Heart J 1992;68(4):369-73.
38. Heber 1987 {published data only} * Heber ME, Rosenthal E, Thomas N, Haskett VL, Burwood RD, Lutkin J, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA. Effect of labetalol on indices of myocardial necrosis in patients with suspected acute infarction. European Heart Journal 1987;8(1):11-8.
39. Hildebrandt 1992 {published data only} * Hildebrandt P, Torp-Pedersen C, Joen T, Iversen E, Jensen G, Jeppesen D, Melchior T, Schytten HJ, Ringsdal V, Jensen J. Reduced infarct size in nonreperfused myocardial infarction by combined infusion of isosorbide dinitrate and streptokinase. American Heart Journal 1992;124(5):1139-1144.
40. ICSG 1984 {published data only} Anonymous. Acute myocardial infarct size reduction by timolol administration. The International Collaborative Study Group. The American journal of cardiology. 1986;57:28F-33F.
41. * The International Collaborative Study Group (ICSG). Reduction of infarct size with the early use of timolol in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1984;310(1):9-15.
42. Infeld 1999 {published data only} * Infeld B, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Yasaka M, Lichtenstein M, Mitchell PJ, et al.Nimodipine and perfusion changes after stroke. Stroke 1999;30:1417-23.
43. INWEST 1994 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)} Ahmed N. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2000;31(6):1250-5.
44. Ahmed N, Wahlgren G. High initial blood pressure after acute stroke is associated with poor functional outcome. Journal of internal medicine. 2001;249:467-73.
45. * Wahlgren NG, Macmahon DG. Intravenous nimodipine west European stroke trial (INWEST) of nimodipine in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1994;4:204-210.
46. ISIS-1 1986 {published data only} Anonymous. Mechanisms for the early mortality reduction produced by beta-blockade started early in acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1988;1:921-3.
47. * ISIS-1. Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16 027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-1. First International Study of Infarct Survival Collaborative Group. Lancet 1986;2(8498):57-66.
48. Sleight P. Beta blockade early in acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology. 1987;60:6A-10A.
49. ISIS-4 1995 {published data only} Anonymous. Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival: Protocol for a large simple study of the effects of oral mononitrate, of oral captopril, and of intravenous magnesium. AM J CARDIOL 1991;68:87D-100D.
50. * Collins R, et al.ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;345(8951):669-685.
51. Flather M, Pipilis A, Collins R, Budaj A, Hargreaves A, Kolettis T, et al.Randomized controlled trial of oral captopril, of oral isosorbide mononitrate and of intravenous magnesium sulphate started early in acute myocardial infarction: Safety and haemodynamic effects. European heart journal 1994;15(5):608-19.
52. ISIS pilot Study Collaborators' Group. Randomised double-blind trial of oral captopril and of oral nitrates in suspected acute myocardial infarction: safety and practicability. EUR HEART J 1990;11(suppl):352.
53. Pipilis A, Flather M, Collins R, Conway M, Sleight P. ISIS-4 pilot study: serial hemodynamic changes with oral captopril and oral isosorbide mononitrate in a randomized double-blind trial in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:115A.
54. Jaffe 1983 {published data only} * Jaffe AS, Geltman EM, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Ambos HD, Strauss HD, Sobel BE, Roberts. Reduction of infarct size in patients with inferior infarction with intravenous glyceryl trinitrate. A randomised study. British Heart Journal 1983;49(5):452-460.
55. Roberts R. Intravenous nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Medicine 1983;74(6 B):45.
56. Johannessen 1987 {published data only} * Johannessen KA, Nordrehaug JE, von-der Lippe G. Increased occurrence of left ventricular thrombi during early treatment with timolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1987;75:151-5.
57. Jugdutt 1983 {published data only} * Jugdutt BI, Sussex BA, Warnica JW, Rossall RE. Persistent reduction in left ventricular asynergy in patients with acute myocardial infarction by intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin. Circulation 1983;68:1264-1273.
58. Jugdutt BI Warnica JW. Does nitroglycerin therapy in acute myocardial infarction reduce the incidence of infarct expansion?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:447.
59. Jugdutt 1988 {published data only} Jugdutt BI, Wortman C, Warnica WJ. Does Nitroglycerin Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduce the Incidence of Infarct Expansion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:447.
60. * Jugdutt BI WJ. Intravenous nitroglycerin therapy to limit myocardial infarct size, expansion, and complications. Effect of timing, dosage, and infarct location.[erratum appears in Circulation 1989 May;79(5):1151]. Circulation 1988;78(4):906-919.
61. Limburg 1990 {published data only} * Limburg M, Hijdra A. Flunarizine in acute ischemic stroke: A pilot study. European Neurology 1990;30(3):121-2.
62. Lis 1984 {published data only} * Lis Y. A preliminary double-blind study of intravenous nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction. INTENSIVE-CARE-MED 1984;10(4):179-184.
63. Marangelli 2000 {published data only} * Marangelli V, Memmola C, Brigiani MS, Boni L, Biasco MG, Scrutinio D, Iliceto S, Rizzon P. Early administration of verapamil after thrombolysis in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Effect on left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcome. VAMI Study Group. Verapamil Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ital Heart J 2000;1 (5):336-43.
64. MIAMI 1985 {published data only} Halinen MO, Palom ki, Kuikka J, nsimies E, Miettinen H, Penttil I, et al.Effect of early metoprolol injection followed by oral dosage on CK-MB release, and myocardial function in suspected acute myocardial infarction. A double-blind controlled study. Cardiology 1989;76:180-92.
65. Herlitz J. Long-term prognosis after early intervention with metoprolol in suspected acute myocardial infarction: Experiences from the MIAMI trial. Journal of internal medicine 1991;230(3): 233-7.
66. * Hjalmarson A. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction (MIAMI). A randomised placebo-controlled international trial. EUR-HEART-J 1985;6(3):199-226.
67. Murray DP, Murray RG, Littler WA. The effects of metoprolol given early in acute myocardial infarction on ventricular arrhythmias. European Heart Journal. 1986;7:217-22.
68. Murray DP, Murray RG, Rafiqi E, Littler WA. Beta-adrenergic blockade in acute myocardial infarction: a haemodynamic and radionuclide study. European Heart Journal. 1987;8:845-54.
69. Murray DP, Murray RG, Rafiqi E, Littler WA. Does acute-phase beta-blockade reduce mortality in acute myocardial infarction by limiting infarct size?. International journal of cardiology. 1988;20: 327-39.
70. Murray DP, Watson RD, Zezulka AV, Murray RG, Littler WA. Plasma catecholamine levels in acute myocardial infarction: influence of beta-adrenergic blockade and relation to central hemodynamics. American heart journal. 1988;115:38-44.
71. Omland T, Aarsland T, Aakvaag A, Dickstein K. The effect of early converting enzyme inhibition on neurohumoral activation in acute myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology. 1993;42: 37-45.
72. Rehnqvist N, Olsson G, Erhardt L, Ekman AM. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction reduces ventricular arrhythmias both in the early stage and after the acute event. International journal of cardiology. 1987;15:301-8.
73. MILIS 1984 {published data only} * Roberts, R, Charles Croft, Herman K Gold, Tyler D Hartwell, Allan S Jaffe, James E Muller. Effect of propranolol on myocardialinfarct size in a randomized blinded multicenter trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1984;311(4): 218-225.
74. Rude RE, Buja LM, Willerson JT. Propranolol in acute myocardial infarction: the MILIS experience. The American journal of cardiology. 1986;57:38F-42F.
75. Rude RE, Buja LM, Willerson JT. Propranolol in acute myocardial infarction: the MILIS experience. The American journal of cardiology. 1986;57:38F-42F.
76. Mitchell 2002 {published data only} * Mitchell RG, Stoddard MF, Ben YO, Aggarwal KB, Allenby KS, Trillo RA, Loyd R, Chang CT, Labovitz AJ. Esmolol in acute ischemic syndromes. Am Heart J 2002;144(5):E9.
77. Muller 1984 {published data only} * Muller JE, Morrison J, Stone PH, Rude RE, Rosner B, Roberts R, Pearle DL, Turi ZG, Schneider JF, Serfas DH. Nifedipine therapy for patients with threatened and acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. Circulation 1984;69(4):740-7.
78. Nabel 1991 {published data only} * Nabel EG, Topol EJ. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of combined early intravenous captopril and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1991;17(2):467-73.
79. Natale 1999 {published data only} * Natale E. The effect of verapamil on left ventricular remodelling and diastolic function after acute myocardial infarction (the Verapamil Infarction Study on Remodelling and Relaxation-VISOR). Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1999;13(4):315-324.
80. Norris 1978 {published data only} * Norris RM, Clarke ED, Sammel NL, Smith WM. Protective effect of propranolol in threatened myocardial infarction. Lancet 1978;2(8096):907-909.
81. Norris 1980 {published data only} * Norris RM, Sammel NL, Clarke ED, Brandt PWT. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction with propranolol. Further studies on enzyme appearance and subsequent left ventricular function in treated and control patients with developing infarcts. BR-HEART-J 1980;43(6):617-622.
82. Norris 1984 {published data only} * Norris RM, Barnaby PF, Brown MA, Geary GG, Clarke ED, Logan RL, Sharpe DN. Prevention of ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction by intravenous propranolol. Lancet 1984;2(8408):883-886.
83. Owensby 1985 {published data only} * Owensby DA OM. Failure of intravenous pindolol to reduce the hemodynamic determinants of myocardial oxygen demand or enzymatically determined infarct size in acute myocardial infarction. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1985;15 (6):704-711.
84. Paci 1989 {published data only} * Paci A, Ottaviano P, Trenta A, Iannone G, De Santis L, Lancia G, et al.Nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke: a double-blind controlled study. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. 1989;80:282-6.
85. Peter 1978 {published data only} * Peter T. Reduction of enzyme levels by propranolol after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1978;57(6):1091-1095.
86. Pimenta 1985 {published data only} * Pimenta J, Pereira CB. Nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: effect on infarct size and clinical course [Nifedipina na fase aguda do infarto do mioc?rdio: a??o sobre a massa infartada e evolu??o clÍnica]. Rev. med. IAMSPE 1985;16(1/2):11-16.
87. Pizzetti 2001 {published data only} * Pizzetti G, Mailhac A, Li VL, Di MF, Lu C, Margonato A, Chierchia SL. Beneficial effects of diltiazem during myocardial reperfusion: a randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Italian heart journal 2001;2:757-765.
88. PRACTICAL 1994 {published data only} * Foy SG, Crozier IG, Turner JG, Richards AM, Frampton CM, Nicholls MG, et al.Comparison of enalapril versus captopril on left ventricular function and survival three months after acute myocardial infarction (the "PRACTICAL" study). The American journal of cardiology. 1994;73:1180-6.
89. Salathia 1985 {published data only} * Salathia KS, Barber JM, McIlmoyle EL, Nicholas J, Evans AE, Elwood JH, et al.Very early intervention with metoprolol in suspected acute myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal 1985;6(3):190-8.
90. Schulman 1995 {published data only} * Schulman SP, Weiss JL, Becker LC, Guerci AD, Shapiro EP, Chandra NC, Siu C, Flaherty JT, Coombs V, Taube JC. Effect of early enalapril therapy on left ventricular function and structure in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995;76(11):764-70.
91. Sirnes 1984 {published data only} * Sirnes PA, Overskeid K, Pedersen TR, Bathen J, Drivenes A, Froland GS, Kjekshus JK, Landmark K, Rokseth R, Sirnes KE. Evolution of infarct size during the early use of nifedipine in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Norwegian Nifedipine Multicenter Trial. Circulation 1984;70:638-644.
92. Theroux 1998 {published data only} * Theroux P. Intravenous diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction. Diltiazem as adjunctive therapy to activase (DATA) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1998;32(3):620-628.
93. TIMI-IIB 1991 {published data only} Guerci AD. Acute intravenous beta blockade as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy. Clinical cardiology 1991;14:37-9.
94. * TIMI-II, Roberts R. Immediate versus deferred beta-blockade following thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II-B Study.[see comment]. Circulation 1991;83(2): 422-437.
95. Tonkin 1981 {published data only} * Tonkin AM, Joel SE, Reynolds JL, Aylward PE, Heddle WF, McRitchie RJ, West MJ, Chalmers JP. beta-Blockade in acute myocardial infarction. Inability of relatively late administration to influence infarct size and arrhythmias. Medical Journal of Australia 1981;2(3):145-146.
96. Van-de 1993 {published data only} Heidb chel, Tack J, Vanneste L, Ballet A, Ector H, Van-de Werf F. Significance of arrhythmias during the first 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction treated with alteplase and effect of early administration of a beta-blocker or a bradycardiac agent on their incidence. Circulation. 1994;89:1051-9.
97. * Van-de Werf F, Janssens L, Brzostek T, Mortelmans L, Wackers FJ, Willems GM, et al.Short-term effects of early intravenous treatment with a beta-adrenergic blocking agent or a specific bradycardiac agent in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolytic therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1993;22:407-16.
98. VENUS 2001 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)} * Horn J, de-Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Limburg M. Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke (VENUS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2001;32:461-465.
99. von Essen 1982 {published data only} * von Essen R, Merx W, Neis W, Ritz R. Effect of metoprolol on infarct size after acute myocardial infarction (a double-blind study). Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1982;107(34):1267-73.
100. Wagner 2002 {published data only} * Wagner A, Herkner H, Schreiber W, Bur A, Woisetschl ger C, Stix G, et al.Ramipril prior to thrombolysis attenuates the early increase of PAI-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2002;88:180-5.
101. Yusuf 1983 {published data only} * Yusuf S S. Reduction in infarct size, arrhythmias and chest pain by early intravenous beta blockade in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1983;67(6 Pt2):I32-I41.
102. Zannad 1988 {published data only} * Zannad F, Amor M, Karcher G, Maurin P, Ethevenot G, Sebag C, Bertrand A, Pernot C, Gilgenkrantz JM. Effect of diltiazem on myocardial infarct size estimated by enzyme release, serial thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography and radionuclide angiography. Am J Cardiol 1988;61(15):1172-7.
103. Zharov 1991 {published data only} * Zharov EI, Vertkin AL, Martynov AI, Salnikov SN. Comparative evaluation of intravenous isosorbide dinitrate and nitroglycerin in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiology 1991;79 (Suppl 2):63-9.
104. Annane 1996 {published data only} Annane D, Bellissant E. Treating acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema with intravenous enalaprilat. Cardiology Review 1997;14(5): 49-51.
105. * Annane D, Bellissant E, Pussard E, Asmar R, Lacombe F, Lanata E, et al.Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of intravenous enalaprilat efficacy and safety in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Circulation 1996;94(6):1316-24.
106. Ardissino 1997 {published data only} Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Savonitto S, Demicheli G, Zanini P, Bertocchi F, et al.Effect of transdermal nitroglycerin or Nacetylcysteine, or both, in the long-term treatment of unstable angina pectoris. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997; 29:941-7.
107. Azancot 1982 {published data only} Azancot I. Effects of acebutolol on myocardial infarct extension: a randomized electrocardiographic, enzymatic and angiographic study. Circulation 1982;66(5):986-94.
108. Azcona 1990 {published data only} Azcona A. Isradipine in patients with acute ischaemic cerebral infarction. An overview of the ASCLEPIOS Programme. Drugs 1990;40:52-7.
109. Balcon 1966 {published data only} Balcon R, Jewitt DE, Davies JP, Oram S. A controlled trial of propranolol in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1966;2(7470): 918-20.
110. Barber 1976 {published data only} Barber JM, Boyle DM, Chaturvedi NC, Singh N, Walsh MJ. Practolol in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica - Supplementum 1976;587:213-9.
111. Basu 1997 {published data only} Basu S, Senior R, Raval U, van-der Does R, Bruckner T, Lahiri A. Beneficial effects of intravenous and oral carvedilol treatment in acute myocardial infarction. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Circulation. 1997;96:183-91.
112. Blanc 1989 {published data only} Blanc JJ, Monassier JP, Brochier M. Intravenous atenolol + streptokinase versus streptokinase alone in acute myocardial infarction: a pilot randomized cooperative study (abstr). EUR HEART J 1989;10 (suppl):117.
113. Briant 1970 {published data only} Briant RB, Norris RM. Alprenolol in acute myocardial infarction: Double-blind trial. New Zealand Medical Journal 1970;71(454): 135-8.
114. Bussmann 1984 {published data only} Bussmann WD, Seher W. Reduction of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB indexes of infarct size by intravenous verapamil. American Journal of Cardiology 1984;54(10):1224-1230.
115. CATS 1994 {published data only} Dambrink JH, Tuininga YS, van-Gilst WH, Peels KH, Lie KI, Kingma JH. Association between reduced heart rate variability and left ventricular dilatation in patients with a first anterior myocardial infarction. CATS Investigators. Captopril and Thrombolysis Study. British heart journal. 1994;72:514-20.
116. Hillege HL, van-Gilst WH, van-Veldhuisen DJ, Navis G, Grobbee DE, de-Graeff PA, et al.Accelerated decline and prognostic impact of renal function after myocardial infarction and the benefits of ACE inhibition: the CATS randomized trial. European Heart Journal. 2003;24:412-20.
117. Kingma JH, van-Gilst WH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). Herz. 1993;18 Suppl 1:416-23.
118. * Kingma JH, van Gilst WH, Peels CH, Dambrink JH, Verheugt FW, Wielenga RP. Acute intervention with captopril during thrombolysis in patients with first anterior myocardial infarction. Results from the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). European heart journal 1994;15(7):898- 907.
119. Oosterga M, Anthonio RL, de-Kam PJ, Kingma JH, Crijns HJ, van-Gilst WH. Effects of aspirin on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and left ventricular dilation one year after acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology. 1998;81: 1178-81.
120. Pinto YM, van-Gilst WH, Kingma JH, Schunkert H. Deletiontype allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with progressive ventricular dilation after anterior myocardial infarction. Captopril and Thrombolysis Study Investigators. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;25:1622-6.
121. van-den-Heuvel AF, van-Gilst WH, van-Veldhuisen DJ, de-Vries RJ, Dunselman PH, Kingma JH. Long-term anti-ischemic effects of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in patients after myocardial infarction. The Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS) Investigators. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997;30:400-5.
122. van-Gilst WH, Kingma JH, Peels KH, Dambrink JH, St-John Sutton M. Which patient benefits from early angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition after myocardial infarction?Results of one-year serial echocardiographic follow-up from the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1996;28:114-21.
123. CHHIPS 2005 {published data only} Potter J, Robinson T, Ford G, James M, Jenkins D, Mistri A, Bulpitt C, Drummond A, Jagger C, Knight J, Markus H, Beevers G, Dewey M, Lees K, Moore A, Paul S, The CHHIPS Trial Group. CHHIPS (Controlling Hypertension and Hypotension Immediately Post-Stroke) Pilot Trial: rationale and design. [Review] [39 refs]. Journal of Hypertension 2005;23(3):649-655.
124. Davalos 1992 {published data only} Davalos A, Cendra E, Gonzalez B, Genis D, Teruel J, Ruibal A. Double blind randomized clinical trial of nicardipine vs placebo in acute ischemic stroke: clinical, radiological and biochemical evaluation of the ischemic area. Preliminary results. Neurology India 1989;37:283.
125. * Davalos A, De Cendra E, Genis D, Teruel J, Ruibal A, Musoles S. Double blind clinical trial of nicardipine versus placebo in the treatment of the acute phase of stroke. Neurologia 1992;7(6):157.
126. DAVIT I 1984 {published data only} Anonymous. Abrupt withdrawal of verapamil in ischaemic heart disease. The Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. European Heart Journal. 1984;5:529-32.
127. Anonymous. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. The Danish Multicentre Study Group. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.Supplement. 1982;6:89-96.
128. Danish. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction [THE DANISH STUDY GROUP]. EUR HEART J 1984;5:516-28.
129. * DAVIT I. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Danish Multicenter Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1984;54(11):24E-28E.
130. Fischer Hansen J. Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1984;54(11):24E-8E.
131. Hansen JF. [Verapamil therapy improves the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. A review over the Danish studies of verapamil therapy during and after acute myocardial infarction]. Ugeskrift for laeger. 1992;154:398-404.
132. Subhan Z, Hindmarch I. The Danish studies on verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. British journal of clinical pharmacology 1986; 21:197S-204S.
133. Emanuelsson 1984 {published data only} Emanuelsson H, Herlitz J, Hjalmarson A, Holmberg S, Waagstein F, Waldenstr"m A, et al.Hemodynamic and clinical findings after combined therapy with metoprolol and nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology. 1984;7:425-32.
134. EMIP 1994 {published data only} EMIP BB, Leizorovicz A, Alberque. Pre-hospital treatment of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction using a betablocking agent: A double-blind feasibility study;EMIP-BB Pilot Study Group. CLIN.TRIALS META ANALYS. 1994;29:125-38.
135. Evemy 1978 {published data only} Evemy KL, Pentecost BL. Intravenous and oral practolol in the acute stages of myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiol 1978;7(5-6): 391-8.
136. Eveson 2007 {published data only} Eveson DJ, Robinson TG, Potter JF. Lisinopril for the treatment of hypertension within the first 24 hours of acute ischemic stroke and follow-up. American Journal of Hypertension: Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2007;20(3):270-7.
137. FAMIS 1998 {published data only} * Borghi C. Short- and long-term effects of early fosinopril administration in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis: results from the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. FAMISWorking Party. American Heart Journal 1998;136(2):213-225.
138. Borghi C, Marino P, Zardini P, Magnani B, Collatina S, Ambrosioni E. Post acute myocardial infarction: the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study (FAMIS). American journal of hypertension: journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1997; 10:247S-54S.
139. Zanolla L, Marino P, Golia G, Anselmi M, Zardini P, Borghi C, et al.The extent of regional wall motion abnormalities identifies patients at risk of extensive left ventricular remodeling: implications for the design of post myocardial infarction trials. Giornale italiano di cardiologia. 1999;29:20-6.
140. Franke 1996 {published data only} Franke CL, Palm R. Flunarizine in stroke treatment (FIST): a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1996;93(1):56-60.
141. French 1999 {published data only} French JK, Amos DJ,Williams BF, Cross DB, Elliott JM, Hart HH, et al.Effects of early captopril administration after thrombolysis on regional wall motion in relation to infarct artery blood flow. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999;33:139-45.
142. Gardtman 1999 {published data only} Gardtman M. Effect of intravenous metoprolol before hospital admission on chest pain in suspected acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 1999;137(5): 821-829.
143. Gebalska 2000 {published data only} Gebalska J, Wolk R, Ceremuzynski L. Isosorbide dinitrate inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation in nonthrombolyzed patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology. 2000;23:837-41.
144. Gelmers 1984 {published data only} Gelmers HJ. Calcium-channel blockers: effects on cerebral blood flow and potential uses for acute stroke. The American journal of cardiology. 1985;55:144B-8B.
145. * Gelmers HJ. The effects of nimodipine on the clinical course of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1984;69(4):232-9.
146. Gerstenblith 1982 {published data only} Gerstenblith G, Ouyang P, Achuff SC, Bulkley BH, Becker LC, Mellits ED, et al.Nifedipine in unstable angina: a double-blind, randomized trial. The New England journal of medicine. 1982;306: 885-9.
147. GISSI-3p 1994 {published data only} Latini R, Avanzini F, De Nicolao A, Rocchetti M. Effects of lisinopril and nitroglycerin on blood pressure early after myocardial infarction: the GISSI-3 pilot study. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 1994;56:680-92.
148. Gonzalez-Fernandez 1993 {published data only} Altieri PI, Gonzalez R, De MWC, Escobales N. Enalapril (converting enzyme inhibitor) reduces the degree of left ventricular remodeling and reduces the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in ischemic heart disease. NEW TRENDS ARRHYTHMIAS. 1993;9: 615-32.
149. * Gonzalez-Fernandez RA, Altieri PI, Lugo JE, Fernandez Martnez J. Effects of enalapril on ventricular volumes and neurohumoral status after inferior wall myocardial infarction. The American journal of the medical sciences. 1993;305:216-21.
150. Gordon 1984 {published data only} Gordon GD, Mabin TA, Isaacs S, Lloyd EA, Eichler HG, Opie LH. Hemodynamic effects of sublingual nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 1984;53(9):1228-1232.
151. Gottlieb 1986 {published data only} Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P, Achuff SC, Baughman KL, Traill TA, et al.Effect of the addition of propranolol to therapy with nifedipine for unstable angina pectoris: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 1986;73:331-7.
152. Gottlieb 1988 {published data only} Gottlieb SO, Becker LC, Weiss JL, Shapiro EP, Chandra NC, Flaherty JT, et al.Nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: an assessment of left ventricular function, infarct size, and infarct expansion. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. British heart journal. 1988;59:411-8.
153. Gupta 1984 {published data only} Gupta RC, Butaney B, Narang NK. Effect of IV propranolol on the extent of myocardial ischaemic injury in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Proceeding of 39th Joint Annual Conference of Association of Physicians of India. Hyderabad, 1984.
154. Gupta 1985 {published data only} Gupta RC, Sharma SK, Arora YK, Tripathi K. Reduction of infarct size by early use of oral propranolol and verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1985;33(9):577-80.
155. Hamilton 1996 {published data only} Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher EJ. Rapid improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril. Academic emergency medicine: official.journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996;3:205-12.
156. * Hamilton RJ, Carter WA, Gallagher EJ. Rapid improvement of acute pulmonary edema with sublingual captopril.[see comment]. Academic Emergency Medicine 1996;3(3):205-212.
157. Haude 1991 {published data only} Haude M, Erbel R, Steffen W, Tschollar W, Meyer J. Sublingual administration of captopril in patients with acute myocardial ischemia. Clinical Cardiology. 1991;14:463-8.
158. HEART 1997 {published data only} Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JM, Glynn RJ, LaMotte FS, Lee RT, et al.Early versus delayed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The healing and early afterload reducing therapy trial. Circulation 1997;95(12): 2643-51.
159. Pfeffer MA, Hennekens CH. When a question has an answer: rationale for our early termination of the HEART Trial. American Journal of Cardiology 1995;75(16):1173-5.
160. * Vaughan DE, Rouleau JL, Ridker PM, Arnold JM, Menapace FJ, Pfeffer MA. Effects of ramipril on plasma fibrinolytic balance in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. HEART Study Investigators. Circulation. 1997;96:442-7.
161. HINT 1986 {published data only} * HINT. Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischaemia in patients treated with nifedipine or metoprolol or both. Report of The Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group. British heart journal 1986;56(5):400-13.
162. Lubsen J, Tijssen JG. Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol in the early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/metoprolol Trial (HINT). The American journal of cardiology. 1987;60: 18A-25A.
163. Tijssen JG, Lubsen J. Early treatment of unstable angina with nifedipine and metoprolol - the HINT trial. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 1988;12 Suppl 1:S71-7.
164. Tijssen JG, Lubsen J. Nifedipine and metoprolol in unstable angina: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/ Metoprolol Trial (HINT). Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 1987;10 Suppl 2:S15-22.
165. Van DerWall EE, Kerkkamp HJ, Simoons ML, van Rijk PP, Reiber JH, Bom N, et al.Influence of nifedipine on left ventricular perfusion and function in patients with unstable angina: evaluation with radionuclide techniques. European journal of nuclear medicine 1986;11(11):428-33.
166. van-der-Wall EE, Kerkkamp HJ, Simoons ML, van-Rijk PP, Reiber JH, Bom N, et al.Effects of nifedipine on left ventricular performance in unstable angina pectoris during a follow-up of 48 hours. The American journal of cardiology. 1986;57:1029-33.
167. Weihrauch T, Baumann J, Ebner F. Early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischaemia in patients treated with nifedipine or metoprolol or both. British heart journal 1988;59(2):270-2.
168. Jaffe 1987 {published data only} Jaffe AS, Biello DR, Sobel BE, Geltman EM. Enhancement of metabolism of jeopardized myocardium by nifedipine. International journal of cardiology 1987;15(1):77-89.
169. Just 1986 {published data only} Just H, Heidelbach I, Jackle B, Wollschlager H. Nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: Can a myocardial protective effect be demonstrated in a double blind placebo controlled study?. INTENSIVMEDIZIN. 1986;23:159-64.
170. Kahler 1995 {published data only} Kahler J, Schneider CA, Ambrosius U, Neff U, Klepzig JH, Bussmann WD. Gallopamil in acute myocardial infarction. Herz Kreislauf. 1995;27:370-4.
171. Karlberg 1998 {published data only} Karlberg KE, Saldeen T,Wallin R, Henriksson P, Nyquist O, Sylven C. Intravenous nitroglycerin reduces ischaemia in unstable angina pectoris: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Internal Medicine 1998;243(1):25-31.
172. Kolettis 1983 {published data only} Kolettis MT, Karlas EN, Tzannetis GC, et al.Limitation of infarct size by decrease of afterload with prazosin. ACTA CARDIOL 1983; 38:425-41.
173. Kumada 1995 {published data only} Kumada T, Kawai C, Sasayama S, Kinoshita M, Kawamura K, Kusukawa R, et al.Clinical efficacy of nicardipine by intravenous infusion in patients with acute heart failure. A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Japanese Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1995;23:163-86.
174. Lejemtel 1993 {published data only} Lejemtel T, Hochman JS, Edelstein R. Captopril before reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: the CAPTIN experience. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1993;21:371A.
175. Lloyd 1988 {published data only} Lloyd EA, Charles RG. Beta-blockade by sotalol in early myocardial infarction decreases ventricular arrhythmias without increasing left ventricular volume. South African Medical Journal 1988;74(1): 5-10.
176. Loogna 1985 {published data only} Loogna E, Sylv n C, Groth T, Mogensen L. Complexity of enzyme release during acute myocardial infarction in a controlled study with early nifedipine treatment. European Heart Journal. 1985;6:114-9.
177. Macleod 1980 {published data only} Macleod A, Fananapazir L, Kitchin AH. Prophylactic selective beta blockade in acute myocardial infarction. Abstracts of VIII European Congress on Cardiology, Paris, YR:1980 229.
178. Manolis 1999 {published data only} Manolis AJ, Tsalopoulos E, Ramos C, Katsaros K, Dalabiras P, Hatzissavas J, et al.Benefits of central sympathetic suppression with clonidine after acute myocardial infarction. Advances.in Therapy 1999;16:272-82.
179. Matias-Gutierrez 1992 {published data only} Matias-Gutierrez J, Molto JM, Galiano L, Insa R, Falip R, Martin R. Pilot double blind placebo controlled trial of nicardipine versus placebo for cognitive impairment in minor stroke patients. Journal of neurology 1992;239:S39.
180. McGrath 1986 {published data only} McGrath B, Arnolda L, Saltups A. The catecholamine response to acute myocardial infarction: effect of early administration of sotalol. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine. 1986;16:658-64.
181. Morris 1995 {published data only} Morris JL, Zaman AG, Smyllie JH, Cowan JC. Nitrates in myocardial infarction: influence on infarct size, reperfusion, and ventricular remodelling. British heart journal 1995;73(4):310-9.
182. Mueller 1980 {published data only} Mueller HS AS. Propranolol decreases sympathetic nervous activity reflected by plasma catecholamines during evolution of myocardial infarction in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1980;65(2): 338-346.
183. Murdock 1990 {published data only} Murdock CJ, Hickey GM, Hockings BE, Pitman GF, Taylor RR. Effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade on ventricular ectopic beats inacute myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology. 1990;26:45-8.
184. Oldroyd 1991 {published data only} * Oldroyd KG, Pye MP, Ray SG, Christie J, Ford I, Cobbe SM, et al.Effects of early captopril administration on infarct expansion, left ventricular remodeling and exercise capacity after acute myocardial infarction.[see comment]. American Journal of Cardiology 1991;68 (8):713-8.
185. Ray SG, Pye M, Oldroyd KG, Christie J, Connelly DT, Northridge DB, et al.Early treatment with captopril after acute myocardial infarction. British heart journal 1993;69(3):215-22.
186. Oshima 1997 {published data only} Oshima S, Ogawa H, Mizuno Y, Yamashita S, Noda K, Saito T, et al.The effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor imidapril on plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction. American heart journal. 1997;134:961-6.
187. Osuna 1985 {published data only} Osuna P, Garcia-Moreno LM, Arribas Jimenez A, Sala-S nchez Castillo, MartA-n Luengo C, nchez S, et al.Isosorbide dinitrate sublingual therapy for inferior myocardial infarction: randomized trial to assess infarct size limitation. The American journal of cardiology. 1985;55:330-4.
188. Ramsdale 1988 {published data only} Ramsdale DR, Llewellyn MJ, Pidgeon J, Faragher EB, Charles RG. Effects of intravenous sotalol on the Q-T interval and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias early in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology 1988;2(1-2):52-8.
189. Reinert 2004 {published data only} Reinert M, Wiest R, Barth L, Andres R, Ozdoba C, Seiler R. Transdermal nitroglycerin in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurological research. 2004;26:435- 9.
190. Renard 1987 {published data only} Renard M, Sterling I, Van Camp G, Coupez R, Bernard R. [Comparison of the effects of intravenous diltiazem and a placebo on hemodynamics and blood gases in the acute phase of myocardial infarction]. Annales de cardiologie.et d'ang,iologie. 1987;36:509-12.
191. * Renard M, Sterling I, Van CG, Coupez R, Bernard R. Comparison of the effects of intravenous diltiazem vs placebo on hemodynamics and blood gases in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. 〈ORIGINAL〉 COMPARAISON DES EFFETS DU DILTIAZEMINTRAVEINEUX ET D'UN PLACEBO SUR L'HEMODYNAMIQUE ET LES GAZ SANGUINS A LA PHASE AIGUE DE L'INFARCTUSMYOCARDIQUE. Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angeiologie 1987;36:509-12.
192. Reynolds 1972 {published data only} Reynolds JL, Whitlock RM. Effects of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker in myocardial infarction treated for one year from onset. British heart journal 1972;34(3):252-9.
193. Schrader 2003 {published data only} Schrader J, L?ders S, Kulschewski A, Berger J, Zidek W, Treib J, et al.The ACCESS Study: Evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2003;34:1699-703.
194. Sloman 1967 {published data only} Sloman G, Stannard M. Beta-adrenergic blockade and cardiac arrhythmias. British medical journal 1967;4(578):508-12.
195. SMILE 1995 {published data only} Abrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The SMILE study: Assignment, design, organization and definition of the objectives. LO STUDIO SMILE: RAZIONALE, DISEGNO, ORGANIZZAZIONE E DEFINIZIONE DEGLI OBIETTIVI. ANN.ITAL.MED.INTERNA 1993;8:230-4.
196. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. [The SMILE study: the rationale, design, organization and definition of the objectives. Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation]. Annali.italiani.di medicina interna: organo.ufficiale.della Societ..italiana.di medicina interna. 1993;8:230-4.
197. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. Early treatment of acute myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: safety considerations. SMILE pilot study working party. The American journal of cardiology. 1991;68:101D-10D.
198. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. Survival of myocardial infarction long-term evaluation (SMILE) study: rationale, design, organization, and outcome definitions. Controlled clinical trials. 1994;15:201-10.
199. * Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. The New England journal of medicine 1995;332:80-5.
200. Borghi C, Ambrosioni E. Zofenopril: A review of the evidence of its benefits in hypertension and acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Drug Investigation 2000;20(5):371-84.
201. Borghi C, Ambrosioni E, Magnani B. Effects of the early administration of zofenopril on onset and progression of congestive heart failure in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. The SMILE Study Investigators. Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation. The American journal of cardiology. 1996;78:317-22.
202. Borghi C, Ambrosioni E, Survival of Myocardial Infarction Longterm Evaluation Study Group. Effects of zofenopril on myocardial ischemia in post-myocardial infarction patients with preserved left ventricular function: the Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation (SMILE)-ISCHEMIA study. American Heart Journal 2007;153(3):445.
203. Borghi C, Bacchelli S, Degli Esposti D, Ambrosioni E, Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation Study. Effects of early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with non-STelevation acute anterior myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 2006;152(3):470-7.
204. Borghi C, Bacchelli S, Esposti DD, Ambrosioni E, SMILE Study. Effects of the early ACE inhibition in diabetic nonthrombolyzed patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction. Diabetes care 2003;26(6):1862-8.
205. Borghi C, Boschi S, Ambrosioni E, Melandri G, Branzi A, Magnani B. Evidence of a partial escape of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone blockade in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ACE inhibitors. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 1993;33:40-5.
206. Borghi C, Cicero AF, Ambrosioni E. Effects of early treatment with zofenopril in patients with myocardial infarction and metabolic syndrome: the SMILE Study. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008;4(3):665-71.
207. Szczechowski 1994 {published data only} Szczechowski L, Wajgt A. [Evaluation of treatment efficiency of acute hemispheric strokes using intravenous nimodipine infusions]. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 1994;28:299-306.
208. Waagstein 1976 {published data only} Waagstein F. Double-blind study of the effect of cardioselective beta-blockade on chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica - Supplementum 1976;587:201-8.
209. Walker 1988 {published data only} Walker LJ, MacKenzie G, Adgey AA. Effect of nifedipine on enzymatically estimated infarct size in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. British heart journal. 1988;59:403-10.
210. Wilcox 1980a {published data only} Wilcox RG, Roland JM, Banks DC, Hampton JR, Mitchell JR. Randomised trial comparing propranolol with atenolol in immediate treatment of suspected myocardial infarction. British medical journal 1980;280(6218):885-8.
211. Wilcox 1980b {published data only} Wilcox RG, Rowley JM, Hampton JR, Mitchell JR, Roland JM, Banks DC. Randomised placebo-controlled trial comparing oxprenolol with disopyramide phosphate in immediate treatment of suspected myocardial infarction. Lancet 1980;2(8198):765-9.
212. Wilcox 1986 {published data only} Wilcox RG, Hampton JR, Banks DC, Birkhead JS, Brooksby IA, Burns-Cox CJ, Hayes MJ, Joy MD, Malcolm AD, Mather HG. Trial of early nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction: the Trent study. British Medical Journal 1986;293:1204-1208.
213. Wimalaratna 1994 {published data only} Wimalaratna HS, Capildeo R. Nimodipine in acute ischaemic cerebral hemisphere infarction. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1994;4: 179-81.
214. Zochowski 1986 {published data only} Zochowski RJ, Lada W. Intravenous clonidine treatment in acute myocardial infarction (with comparison to a nitroglycerin-treated and control group). Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 1986;8: S41-5.
215. ACC/AHA, 2004 ACC/AHA, Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, et al.ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction - executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction).[erratum appears in Circulation. 2005 Apr 19;111(15): 2013]. Circulation 2004;110(5):588-636.
216. ACC/AHA, 2007 ACC/AHA, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, et al.ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Circulation 2007;116(7): e148-304.
217. ACCESS 2003 Schrader J, L?ders S, Kulschewski A, Berger J, Zidek W, Treib J, et al.The ACCESS Study: Evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2003;34:1699-703.
218. AHA/ASA, 2005 AHA/ASA, Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, et al.Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2005;39(5):1647-52.
219. Al-Reesi 2008 Al-Reesi A, Al-Zadjali N, Perry J, Fergusson D, Al-Shamsi M, Al-Thagafi M, et al.Do beta-blockers reduce short-term mortality following acute myocardial infarction?A systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review] [25 refs]. CJEM Canadian Journal of Emergency Medical Care 2008;10(3):215-23.
220. AMICG 1998 AMICG. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group.[see comment]. Circulation 1998;97(22):2202- 2212.
221. ATC 2002 ATC. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. British Medical Journal 2002;324: 71-86.
222. Bath 2002 Bath PMW, Willmot MM, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath-Hextall FJ. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000398]
223. BHS-IV, 2004 BHS-IV, Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, et al.British hypertension society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): Summary. British Medical Journal 2004;328(7440):634-40.
224. Boersma 1996 Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour (Structured abstract). Lancet 1996;348:771-5.
225. Borer 1974 Borer J S, Kent K M, Goldstein R E, Epstein S E. Nitroglycerininduced reduction in the incidence of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during coronary occlusion in dogs. American Journal of Cardiology 1974;33(4):517-20.
226. Brack 2007 Brack K E, Patel V H, Coote J H, Ng G A. Nitric oxide mediates the vagal protective effect on ventricular fibrillation via effects on action potential duration restitution in the rabbit heart. Journal of Physiology 2007;583(Pt 2):695-704.
227. Brahmajothi 2007 Brahmajothi M V, Campbell D L. Heterogeneous expression of NO-activated soluble guanylyl cyclase in mammalian heart: implications for NO- and redox-mediated indirect versus direct regulation of cardiac ion channel function. Channels 2007;1(5): 353-65.
228. Butterworth 1998 Butterworth R J, Cluckie A, Jackson S H, Buxton-Thomas M, Bath P M. Pathophysiological assessment of nitric oxide (given as sodium nitroprusside) in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1998;8(3):158-65.
229. Cano 1986 Cano J P, Guillen J C, Jouve R, Langlet F, Puddu P E, Rolland P H, et al.Molsidomine prevents post-ischaemic ventricular fibrillation in dogs. British journal of pharmacology 1986;88(4):779-89.
230. Chowdhary 2004 Chowdhary S, Marsh A M, Coote J H, Townend J N. Nitric oxide and cardiac muscarinic control in humans. Hypertension 2004;43 (5):1023-8.
231. Cook 2008 Cook D, Lauzier F, Rocha MG, Sayles MJ, Finfer S. Serious adverse events in academic critical care research. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 2008;178(9):1181-4.
232. De Caterina 1990 De Caterina R, Lombardi M, Bernini W, Mazzone A, Giannessi D, Moscarelli E, et al.Inhibition of platelet function during in vivo infusion of isosorbide mononitrates: relationship between plasma drug concentration and hemodynamic effects. American Heart Journal 1990;119(4):855-62.
233. ESC, 2003 ESC, Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A, Cokkinos DV, Falk E, et al.Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal 2003;24(1):28-66.
234. ESH-ESC 2007 ESH-ESC. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Blood Pressure 2007;16(3):135-232.
235. Exner 1999 Exner D V, Goodhart D M, Anderson T J, Duff H J. Prolonged sinus node recovery time in humans after the intracoronary administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 1999;34(1):1-6.
236. Fei 1997 Fei L, Baron A D, Henry D P, Zipes D P. Intrapericardial delivery of L-arginine reduces the increased severity of ventricular arrhythmias during sympathetic stimulation in dogs with acute coronary occlusion: nitric oxide modulates sympathetic effects on ventricular electrophysiological properties. Circulation 1997;96(11):4044-9.
237. Freemantle 1999 Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis.[see comment]. BMJ 1999;318(7200):1730-7.
238. FTT 1994 FTT. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1994;343(8893):311-22.
239. Fulton 1969 Fulton M, Julian DG, Oliver MF. Sudden death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1969;49:I82-89.
240. Geeganage 2008 Geeganage C, Bath PMW. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD000039.pub2]
241. Han 1994 Han X, Shimoni Y, Giles WR. An obligatory role for nitric oxide in autonomic control of mammalian heart rate. Journal of Physiology 1994;476(2):309-14.
242. Han 1997 Han X, Kobzik L, Zhao Y Y, Opel D J, LiuW D, Kelly R A, et al.Nitric oxide regulation of atrioventricular node excitability. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1997;13(12):1191-201.
243. Hassall 1992 Hassall C J, Saffrey M J, Belai A, Hoyle C H, Moules E W, Moss J, et al.Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPHdiaphorase activity in a subpopulation of intrinsic neurones of the guinea-pig heart. Neuroscience letters 1992;143(1-2):65-8.
244. Health Canada 2003 Health Canada. The Growing Burden of Heart Disease and Stroke. http://www.cvdinfobase.ca/cvdbook/CVD.En03.pdf 2003.
245. Held 1989 Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview.[see comment]. BMJ 1989;299(6709):1187-1192.
246. Horn 2000 Horn J, Limburg M. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001928]
247. ICH/FDA 1995 ICH/FDA. International conference on harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use. Clinical safety data management; definitions and standards for expedited reporting document E2A. FDA-Federal Register 1995;60: 11284-11287, found electronically-www.ich.org/cache/compo/276-254-1.html.
248. INTERACT 2008 Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, Arima H, Neal B, Peng B, et al.Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet neurology 2008;7(5):391-9.
249. ISIS-2 1988 ISIS-2. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group.[see comment]. Lancet 1988;2 (8607):349-60.
250. Jackevicius 2005 Jackevicius C A, Alter D, Cox J, Daly P, Goodman S, Filate W, et al.Acute treatment of myocardial infarction in Canada 1999-2002. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2005;21(2):145-52.
251. JNC-7, 2003 JNC-7, Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, et al.The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289(19): 2560-72.
252. Karlsberg 1981 Karlsberg R P, Cryer P E, Roberts R. Serial plasma catecholamine response early in the course of clinical acute myocardial infarction: relationship to infarct extent and mortality. American Heart Journal 1981;102(1):24-9.
253. Katsuki 1977 Katsuki S, Arnold W, Mittal C, Murad F. Stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and nitric oxide in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azide and hydroxylamine. Journal of cyclic nucleotide research 1977;3 (1):23-35.
254. Kukovetz 1979 Kukovetz W R, Holzmann S,Wurm A, Poch G. Evidence for cyclic GMP-mediated relaxant effects of nitro-compounds in coronary smooth muscle. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology 1979;310(2):129-38.
255. Lam 1988 Lam J Y, Chesebro J H, Fuster V. Platelets, vasoconstriction, and nitroglycerin during arterial wall injury. A new antithrombotic role for an old drug. Circulation 1988;78(3):712-6.
256. Martynyuk 1996 Martynyuk A E, Kane K A, Cobbe S M, Rankin A C. Nitric oxide mediates the anti-adrenergic effect of adenosine on calcium current in isolated rabbit atrioventricular nodal cells. Pflugers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 1996;431(3):452-7.
257. Musialek 1997 Musialek P, Lei M, Brown H F, Paterson D J, Casadei B. Nitric oxide can increase heart rate by stimulating the
258. Pabla 1996 Pabla R, Curtis M J. Endogenous protection against reperfusioninduced ventricular fibrillation: role of neuronal versus nonneuronal sources of nitric oxide and species dependence in the rat versus rabbit isolated heart. Journal of Molecular & Cellular Cardiology 1996;28(10):2097-110.
259. Perez 2008 Perez MI, Musini VM. Pharmacological interventions for hypertensive emergencies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003653.pub3]
260. Peto 1977 Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P, Breslow NE, Cox DR, Howard SV, et al.Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. II. analysis and examples. British Journal of Cancer 1977;35(1):1-39.
261. Rodrigues 2003 Rodrigues EJ, Eisenberg MJ, Pilote L. Effects of early and late administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality after myocardial infarction.[see comment]. The American Journal of Medicine 2003;115(6):473-9.
262. Stockman 1979 Stockman M B, Verrier R L, Lown B. Effect of nitroglycerin on vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. American Journal of Cardiology 1979;43(2):233-8.
263. Takimoto 2002 Takimoto Y, Aoyama T, Tanaka K, Keyamura R, Yui Y, Sasayama S. Augmented expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the atria parasympathetically decreases heart rate during acute myocardial infarction in rats. Circulation 2002;105(4):490-6.
264. Tanaka 1998 Tanaka K, Chiba T. The vagal origin of preganglionic fibers containing nitric oxide synthase in the guinea-pig heart. Neuroscience letters 1998;252(2):135-8.
265. WHO 2004 WHO. Gloabal burden disease. http://www.who.int/ healthinfo/global.burden.disease/GBD.report.2004update.full.pdf 2004.
266. WHO/ISH 2003 WHO/ISH. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/ International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2003;21: 1983-92.
267. Wright 2002 Wright J M, Puil L, Bassett C L. Analysis of serious adverse events. Lipid-lowering therapy revisited. Canadian Family Physician 2002; 48:486-9.
268. Yoshida 1998 Yoshida N. Antihypertensive Effect of the Long-Acting Ca Antagonist Amlodipine vs. Sustained-Release Nifedipine in Patients with Acute Aortic Dissection. Rinsho to Kenkyu (The Japanese Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine) 1998;75(6): 1419-22.
269. Yusuf 1985 Yusuf S, Peto R. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985;XXVII(5):335-371.
270. Yusuf 1988 Yusuf S, MacMahon S, Collins R, Peto R. Effect of intravenous nitrates on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 1988;1(8594):1088-92.