Role of molecular architecture in organic photovoltaic cells

Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

Volumn 1, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 947-958

  Venkataraman, D ^a   Yurt, Serkan ^a   Venkatraman, B Harihara ^a   Gavvalapalli, Nagarjuna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE SEPARATIONS; CHARGE TRANSFER INTERACTION; CHARGE TRANSPORT; CONJUGATED ORGANIC MOLECULES; ELECTRON ACCEPTOR; ELECTRON DONORS; HIGH EFFICIENCY; INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS; LAYER MORPHOLOGY; MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE; MOLECULAR PACKINGS; NANO SCALE; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; STUMBLING BLOCKS;

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS;

MORPHOLOGY;

EID: 77950158934     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19487185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jz1000819     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Goetzberger, A.; Hebling, C.; Schock, H. W. Photovoltaic Materials, History, Status and Outlook. Mater. Sci. Eng., R 2003, 40, 1-46.
2. Hoppe, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. Organic Solar Cells: An Overview. J. Mater. Res. 2004, 19, 1924-1945.
3. Nogueira, A. F.; Longo, C.; De Paoli, M. A. Polymers in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Overview and Perspectives. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2004, 248, 1455-1468.
4. Spanggaard, H.; Krebs, F. C. A Brief History of the Development of Organic and Polymeric Photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004, 83, 125-146.
5. Li, B.; Wang, L. D.; Kang, B. N.; Wang, P.; Qiu, Y. Review of Recent Progress in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006, 90, 549-573.
6. Riede, M.; Mueller, T.; Tress,W.; Schueppel, R.; Leo, K. Small-Molecule Solar Cells-Status and Perspectives. Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 424001.
7. Yum, J. H.; Chen, P.; Gratzel, M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K. Recent Developments in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2008, 1, 699-707.
8. Bredas, J. L.; Norton, J. E.; Cornil, J.; Coropceanu, V. Molecular Understanding of Organic Solar Cells: The Challenges. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1691-1699.
9. Cheng, Y. J.; Yang, S. H.; Hsu, C. S. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868-5923.
10. Heremans, P.; Cheyns, D.; Rand, B. P. Strategies for Increasing the Efficiency of Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Material Selection and Device Architecture. Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1740-1747.
11. Thompson, B. C.; Frechet, J. M. J. Polymer-Fullerene Composite Solar Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 58-77.
12. Helgesen, M.; Sondergaard, R.; Krebs, F. C. Advanced Materials and Processes for Polymer Solar Cell Devices. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 36-60.
13. Kaake, L. G.; Barbara, P. F.; Zhu, X.-Y. Intrinsic Charge Trapping in Organic and Polymeric Semiconductors: A Physical Chemistry Perspective. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 628-635.
14. Cho, S.; Coates, N.; Moon, J. S.; Park, S. H.; Roy, A.; Beaupre, S.; Moses, D.; Leclerc, M.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Internal Quantum Efficiency Approaching 100%. Nat. Photon. 2009, 3, 297-303.
15. Chen, H.-Y.; Hour, J.; Zhang, S.; Liang, Y.; Yang, G.; Yang, Y.; Yu, L.; Li, G. Polymer Solar Cells with Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage and Efficiency. Nat. Photon. 2009, 3, 649-653.
16. Liang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Xia, J.; Tsai, S.-T.;Wu, Y.; Li, G.; Ray, C.; Yu, L. For the Bright Future;Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency of 7.4%. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, DOI: 10.1002/Adma. 200903528.
17. Scharber, M. C.; Mühlbacher, D.; Koppe, M.; Denk, P.; Waldauf, C.; Heeger, a. J.; Brabec, C. J. Design Rules for Donors in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells;Towards 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789-794.
18. Benanti, T. L.; Venkataraman, D. Organic Solar Cells: An Overview Focusing on Active Layer Morphology. Photosynth. Res. 2006, 87, 73-81.
19. Coakley, K. M.; McGehee, M. D. Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Cells. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4533-4542.
20. Nelson, J. The Physics of Solar Cells; Imperial College Press: London, 2003.
21. Blom, P.W. M.; Mihailetchi, V. D.; Koster, L. J. A.; Markov, D. E. Device Physics of Polymer: Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1551-1566.
22. Janssen, R. A. J.; Hummelen, J. C.; Saricifti, N. S. Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 33-36.
23. Yang, X.; Loos, J. Toward High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells: The Importance of Morphology Control. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1353-1362.
24. Ma, W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617-1622.
25. Kim, Y.; Anthopoulos, T. D.; Stavrinou, P. N.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Nelson, J. Morphology Evolution Via Self-Organization and Lateral and Vertical Diffusion in Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cell Blends. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 150-164.
26. Hunter, C. A.; Lawson, K. R.; Perkins, J.; Urch, C. J. Aromatic Interactions. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 651-669.
27. Hunter, C. A.; Sanders, J. K. M. The Nature of?-? Interactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 5525-5534.
28. Vandewal, K.; Tvingstedt, K.; Gadisa, A.; Ingan, O.; Manca, J. V. On the Origin of the Open-Circuit Voltage of Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 904-909.
29. Perez, M. D.; Borek, C.; Forrest, S. R.; Thompson, M. E. Molecular and Morphological Influences on the Open Circuit Voltages of Organic Photovoltaic Devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9281-9286.
30. Kim, Y.; Cook, S.; Tuladhar, S. M.; Choulis, S. A.; Nelson, J.; Durrant, J. R.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Giles, M.; McCulloch, I.; Ha, C.-S.; Ree, M. A Strong Regioregularity Effect in Self-Organizing Conjugated Polymer Films and High-Efficiency Polythiophene:Fullerene Solar Cells. Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 197-203.
31. Sirringhaus, H.; Brown, P. J.; Friend, R. H.; Nielsen, M. M.; Bechgaard, K.; Langeveld-Voss, B. M. W.; Spiering, A. J. H.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Meijer, E. W.; Herwig, P.; de Leeuw, D. M. Two-Dimensional Charge Transport in Self-Organized, High-Mobility Conjugated Polymers. Nature 1999, 401, 685-688.
32. Rispens, M. T.; Meetsma, A.; Rittberger, R.; Brabec, C. J.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Hummelen, J. C. Influence of the Solvent on the Crystal Structure of PCBM and the Efficiency of MDMO-PPV: PCBM 'Plastic' Solar Cells. Chem. Commun. 2003, 2116-2118.
33. Müller, C.; Ferenczi, T. a. M.; Campoy-Quiles, M.; Frost, J. M.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Smith, P.; Stingelin-Stutzmann, N.; Nelson, J. Binary Organic Photovoltaic Blends: A Simple Rationale for Optimum Compositions. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3510-3515.
34. Cravino, A.; Sariciftci, N. S. Double-Cable Polymers for Fullerene Based Organic Optoelectronic Applications. J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 1931-1943.
35. Mozer, A.; Sariciftci, N. Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Devices and Materials. CR Chim. 2006, 9, 568-577.
36. Cravino, A.; Zerza, G.; Maggini, M.; Bucella, S.; Svensson, M.; Andersson, M. R.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S. A Novel Polythiophene with Pendant Fullerenes: Toward Donor/Acceptor Double-Cable Polymers. Chem. Commun. 2000, 2487-2488.
37. Cravino, A.; Sariciftci, N. Molecules as Bipolar Conductors. Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 360-361.
38. Eckert, J. F.; Nicoud, J. F.; Nierengarten, J. F.; Liu, S. G.; Echegoyen, L.; Barigelletti, F.; Armaroli, N.; Ouali, L.; Krasnikov, V.; Hadziioannou, G. Fullerene-Oligophenylenevinylene Hybrids: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Incorporation in Photovoltaic Devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 7467-7479.
39. Sivula, K.; Luscombe, C. K.; Thompson, B. C.; Fr-echet, J. M. J. Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Polythiophene:Fullerene Solar Cells by Decreasing Effective Polymer Regioregularity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 13988-13989.
40. Campoy-Quiles, M.; Kanai, Y.; El-Basaty, A.; Sakai, H.; Murata, H. Ternary Mixing: A Simple Method to Tailor the Morphology of Organic Solar Cells. Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 1120-1132.
41. Dittmer, J. J.; Petritsch, K.; Marseglia, E. A.; Friend, R. H.; Rost, H.; Holmes, A. B. Photovoltaic Properties of MEH-PPV/PPEI Blend Devices. Synth. Met. 1999, 102, 879-880.
42. Dittmer, J. J.; Marseglia, E. A.; Friend, R. H. Electron Trapping in Dye/Polymer Blend Photovoltaic Cells. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 1270-1274.
43. Rajaram, S.; Armstrong, P. B.; Kim, B. J.; Fr-echet, J. M. J. Effect of Addition of a Diblock Copolymer on Blend Morphology and Performance of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene):Perylene Diimide Solar Cells. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 1775-1777.
44. Segalman, R. A.; McCulloch, B.; Kirmayer, S.; Urban, J. J. Block Copolymers for Organic Optoelectronics. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 9205-9216.
45. Bates, F. S.; Fredrickson, G. H. Block Copolymers-Designer Soft Materials. Phys. Today 1999, 52, 32-38.
46. Bates, F. S.; Fredrickson, G. H. Block Copolymer Thermodynamics-Theory and Experiment. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1990, 41, 525-557.
47. Lindner, S. M.; Thelakkat, M. Nanostructures of n-Type Organic Semiconductor in a p-Type Matrix Via Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 8832-8835.
48. Sommer, M.; Lindner, S. M.; Thelakkat, M. Microphase-Separated Donor-Acceptor Diblock Copolymers: Influence of Homo Energy Levels and Morphology on Polymer Solar Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1493-1500.
49. Sun, S. S. Design of a Block Copolymer Solar Cell. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2003, 79, 257-264.
50. Stalmach, U.; de Boer, B.; Videlot, C.; van Hutten, P. F.; Hadziioannou, G. Semiconducting Diblock Copolymers Synthesized by Means of Controlled Radical Polymerization Techniques. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5464-5472.
51. Sary, N.; Richard, F.; Brochon, C.; Leclerc, N.; L-evque, P.; Audinot, J. N.; Berson, S.; Heiser, T.; Hadziioannou, G.; Mezzenga, R. A New Supramolecular Route for Using Rod-Coil Block Copolymers in Photovoltaic Applications. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1-6.
52. Zhang, Q. L.; Cirpan, A.; Russell, T. P.; Emrick, T. Donor-Acceptor Poly(Thiophene-block-Perylene Diimide) Copolymers: Synthesis and Solar Cell Fabrication. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 1079-1082.
53. Lee, J. U.; Cirpan, A.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T. P.; Jo, W. H. Synthesis and Photophysical Property of Well-Defined Donor-Acceptor Diblock Copolymer Based on Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and Fullerene. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 1483-1489.
54. Ayzner, A. L.; Tassone, C. J.; Tolbert, S. H.; Schwartz, B. J. Reappraising the Need for Bulk Heterojunctions in Polymer-Fullerene Photovoltaics: The Role of Carrier Transport in All-Solution-Processed P3HT/PCBM Bilayer Solar Cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 20050-20060.
55. Schmidt-Mende, L.; Fechtenkötter, A.; Müllen, K.; Moons, E.; Friend, R. H.; MacKenzie, J. D. Self-Organized Discotic Liquid Crystals for High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics. Science 2001, 293, 1119-1122.
56. Williams, J. M.; Schultz, A. J.; Geiser, U.; Carlson, K. D.; Kini, A. M.;Wang, H. H.; Kwok,W. K.; Whangbo, M. H.; Schirber, J. E. Organic Superconductors;NewBenchmarks. Science 1991, 252, 1501-1508.
57. Jerome, D.; Schulz, H. J. Organic Conductors and Superconductors. Adv. Phys. 1982, 31, 299-490.
58. Wudl, F. From Organic Metals to Superconductors; Managing Conduction Electrons in Organic-Solids. Acc. Chem. Res. 1984, 17, 227-232.
59. Williams, J. M.; Beno, M. A.; Wang, H. H.; Leung, P. C. W.; Emge, T. J.; Geiser, U.; Carlson, K. D. Organic Superconductors-Structural Aspects and Design of New Materials. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 261-267.
60. Becker, J. Y.; Bernstein, J.; Bittner, S.; Levi, N.; Shaik, S. S. Strategic Design of Organic Conductors; Structure of a PrototypicalMolecule. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4468-4469.
61. Becker, J. Y.; Bernstein, J.; Bittner, S.; Levi, N.; Shaik, S. S.; Zerzion, N. Synthesis and Properties of Archetypical Do nor-Acceptor Donor (D2A) Molecules. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 1689-1694.
62. Peeters, E.; van Hal, P. A.; Meskers, S. C. J.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Meijer, E. W. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Mesogenic Donor-Acceptor-Donor System. Chem.;Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4470-4474.
63. Wurthner, F.; Chen, Z. J.; Hoeben, F. J. M.; Osswald, P.; You, C. C.; Jonkheijm, P.; von Herrikhuyzen, J.; Schenning, A.; van der Schoot, P.; Meijer, E.W.; Beckers, E. H. A.; Meskers, S. C. J.; Janssen, R. A. J. Supramolecular p-n-Heterojunctions by Co-Self-Organization of Oligo(p-Phenylene Vinylene) and Perylene Bisimide Dyes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 10611-10618.
64. Schenning, A.; von Herrikhuyzen, J.; Jonkheijm, P.; Chen, Z.; Wurthner, F.; Meijer, E.W. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Hydrogen-Bonded Oligo(p-Phenylene Vinylene)-Perylene Bisimide Chiral Assemblies. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10252-10253.
65. Shukla, D.; Nelson, S. F.; Freeman, D. C.; Rajeswaran, M.; Ahearn, W. G.; Meyer, D. M.; Carey, J. T. Thin-Film Morphology Control in Naphthalene-Diimide- Based Semiconductors: High Mobility n-Type Semiconductor for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 7486-7491.
66. Katz, H. E.; Lovinger, A. J.; Johnson, J.; Kloc, C.; Siegrist, T.; Li, W.; Lin, Y. Y.; Dodabalapur, A. A Soluble and Air-Stable Organic Semiconductor with High Electron Mobility. Nature 2000, 404, 478-481.
67. Benanti, T. L.; Saejueng, P.; Venkataraman, D. Segregated Assemblies in Bridged Electron-Rich and Electron-Poor?-Conjugated Moieties. Chem. Commun. 2007, 692-694.
68. Li, W.-S.; Yamamoto, Y.; Fukushima, T.; Saeki, A.; Seki, S.; Tagawa, S.; Masunaga, H.; Sasaki, S.; Takata, M.; Aida, T. Amphiphilic Molecular Design as a Rational Strategy for Tailoring Bicontinuous Electron Donor and Acceptor Arrays: Photoconductive Liquid Crystalline Oligothiophene-C60 Dyads. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 8886-8887.