Antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in afebrile neutropenic patients following chemotherapy

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Gafter Gvili, Anat ^a   Fraser, Abigail ^b   Paul, Mical ^a   Van De Wetering, Marianne D ^c   Kremer, Leontien C M ^c   Leibovici, Leonard ^a  

^a RABIN MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^c EMMA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

*Antibiotic prophylaxis; Anti bacterial agents *therapeutic use ; Bacterial infections *drug therapy; mortality ; Gram negative bacterial infections drug therapy ; Gram positive bacterial infections drug therapy ; Humans; Neoplasms drug therapy ; Neutropenia chemically induced; *complications ; Quinolones therapeutic use ; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole combination therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFAMANDOLE; CEFAZOLIN; CEFONICID; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; SULTAMICILLIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; HERNIOPLASTY; HERNIORRHAPHY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PROSTHESIS MATERIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 77950139378     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004386.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (199)

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94. Starke 1982 {published data only} Starke ID, Donnely P, Catovsky D, Darrell J, Johnson SA, Goldman JM, et al.Co-trimoxazole alone for prevention of bacterial infection in patients with acute leukaemia. Lancet 1982;1(8262):5-6.
95. Talbot 1993 {published data only} Talbot GH, Cassileth GH, Paradiso L, Correa-Coronas R, Bond L. Oral enoxacin for infection prevention in adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The Enoxacin Prophylaxis Study Group. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1993;3:474-82.
96. Teinturier 1995 {published data only} Teinturier C, Hartmann O, Lemerle J, Benhamou E, Maraninchi D. Prevention of gram-positive infections in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation: a randomized controlled trial of vancomycin. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1995;12(1):73-7.
97. Thomas 2000 {published and unpublished data} Thomas X, Troncy J, Belhabri A, Thiebaut A, Bouheddou N, Michallet M, et al.Effectiveness of combined vancomycin and pefloxacine in gastrointestinal decontamination for preventing infections after chemotherapy-induced bone marrow aplasia. A randomized double-blind study. La Presse Medicale 2000;29(32): 1745-51.
98. Tjan Heijnen 2001 {published data only} Tjan Heijnen VCG, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A, Manegold Ch, Burghouts J, van Meerbeeck J, et al.Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(10):1359-68.
99. Tsutani 1992 {published data only} Tsutani H, Imamura S, Ueda T, Yoshida H, Iwasaki H, Fukushima T. Prophylactic use of ofloxacin in granulocytopenic patients with hematological malignancies during post-remission chemotherapy. Internal Medicine 1992;31:319-24.
100. van Eys 1987 {published and unpublished data} van Eys J, Berry DM, Crist W, Doering EJ, Fernbach DJ, Pullen J, et al.Effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on outcome of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Cancer 1987;1(59):19- 23.
101. Wade 1981a {published data only} Wade JC, Schimpff SC, Hargadon MT, Fortner CL, Wiernik PH. A comparison of trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole plus nystatin with gentamicin plus nystatin in the prevention of infections in acute leukemia. New England Journel of Medicine 1981;304(18): 1057-62.
102. Wade 1983 {published data only} Wade JC, de Jongh CA, Newman KA, Crowley J, Wiernik PH, Schimpff SC. Selective antimicrobial modulation as prophylaxis against infection during granulocytopenia: trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole vs. nalidixic acid. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1983;147:624-34.
103. Ward 1993 {published data only} Ward TT, Thomas RG, Fye CL, Arbeit R, Coltman CA Jr, Craig W, et al.Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in granulocytopenic patients with acute leukemia: evaluation of serum antibiotic levels in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1993;17:323-32.
104. Watson 1982 {published data only} Watson JG, Jameson B, Powles RL, McElwain TJ, Lawson DN, Judson I, et al.Co-trimoxazole versus non-absorbable antibiotics in acute leukaemia. Lancet 1982;1(8262):6-9.
105. Weiser 1981 {published data only} Weiser B, Lange M, Fialk MA, Singer C, Szatrowski TH, Armstrong D. Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during consolidation chemotherapy for acute leukemia: a controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1981;95:436-8.
106. Winston 1986 {published data only} Winston DJ, Ho WJ, Champlin RE, Karp J, Bartlett J, Finley RS, et al.Norfloxacin for prevention of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1987;82 (suppl 6B):40-6.
107. * Winston DJ, Ho WJ, Nakao SL, Gale RP, Champlin RE. Norfloxacin versus vancomycin/polymyxin for prevention of infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1986;80(5):884-90.
108. Winston 1990 {published data only} Winston DJ, Winston GH, Bruckner DA, Gale RP, Champlin RE. Ofloxacin versus vancomycin/polymyxin for prevention of infections in granulocytopenic patients. American Journal of Medicine 1990;88:36-42.
109. Yamada 1993 {published and unpublished data} Yamada T, Kazuo T, Nomura T. Prevention of bacterial and fungal infections in acute leukemia patients: a new potent combination of oral norfloxacin and amphotericin b. Internal Medicine 1993;32(9): 710-4.
110. Yates 1973 {published data only} Yates JW, Holland JF Yates JW, Holland JF. A controlled study of isolation and endogenous microbial suppression in acute myelocytic leukemia patients. Cancer 1973;32(6):1490-8.
111. Barriga 1997 {published data only} Barriga F, Varas M, Potin M, Sapunar F, Rojo H, Martinez A, et al.Efficacy of Vancomycin solution to prevent bacteremia associated with an indwelling central venous catheter in neutropenic and non-neutropenic cancer patients. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 1997; 28:196-200.
112. Bunn 2001 {published data only} Bunn, PA. Editorial comments on 'Reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study'. Annals of Oncology 2001;12(10):1339-40.
113. Capdevila 1997 {published data only} Capdevila J, Pahissa A. Infection prophylaxis in neutropenic patients [Profilaxis de las infecciones en los pacientes neutropenicos]. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologica Clininica 1997;15(10):544-51.
114. Corrado 1988 {published data only} Corrado ML, Struble WE, Hesney M. The tolerability profile of prophylactic norfloxacin in neutropenic patients. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 1988;24(suppl 1):29-33.
115. Cruciani 2000b {published data only} Cruciani M. Antibacterial prophylaxis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2000;16(2):123-5.
116. Davis 1998 {published data only} Davis C. The antiviral prophylaxis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 1998;20(3-4):437-53.
117. Del Favero 1989 {published data only} Del Favero A, Martino P, Bucaneve G, Micozzi A, D'Antonio D, Minetti B, et al.[Prophylaxis using quinolones in neutropenic patients. Preliminary results of a cooperative study by the Grupo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche maligne dell'adulto (GIMEMEA)]. Haematologica 1989;74:suppl 278-86.
118. Del Favero 1993 {published data only} Del Favero A, Menichetti F. The new fluorinated quinolones for antimicrobial prophylaxis in neutropenic cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer 1993;29A Suppl 1:S2-6.
119. Delarive 2000 {published data only} Delarive P, Baumgartner JD. Evaluation of antibiotic prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies [Evaluation de la prophylaxie antibiotique chez les patients neutropeniques avec hemopathie maligne]. Schweizerisce Medizinische Wochenschrift 2000;130(48):1837-44.
120. Donnelly 1997 {published data only} Donnelly JP. Is there a rationale for the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis in neutropenic patients?. Journal of Internal Medicine Suppl 1997;740:79-88.
121. Ekert 1980 {published data only} Ekert H, Jurk IK, Waters KD, Tiedemann K. Prophylactic cotrimoxazole and lactobacilli preparation in neutropenic patients. Medical & Pediatric Oncology 1980;8:47-51.
122. Engerval 1996a {published data only} Engervall P, Bjorkholm M. Infections in neutropenic patients II: Management. Medical Oncology 1996;13(1):63-9.
123. Engervall 1996b {published data only} Engervall P, Bjorkholm M. Ofloxacin versus co-trimoxazole in prevention of infections in children with neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy. (Short communication). Anti-infective Drugs and Chemotherapy 1996;14(2):105-7.
124. EORTC 1982 {published data only} EORTC - Gnotobiotic Project Group. A prospective cooperative study of antimicrobial decontamination in granulocytopenic patients. Comparison of two different methods. Infection 1982;10 (3):131-8.
125. Figueredo 1985 {published data only} Figueredo AT, Hryniuk WM, Strautmanis I, Frank G, Rendell S. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis during high-dose chemotherapy of small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1985;3:54-64.
126. Frampton 1996 {published data only} Franpton JE, Faulds D. Filgrastim. A reappraisal of pharmacoeconomic considerations in the prophylaxis and treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Pharmacoeconomics 1996;9(1):76-96.
127. Garcia 2000 {published data only} Garcia G. Immediate vs. delayed imipenem treatment in cancer patients with profound neutropenia induced by high-dose chemotherapy: Results of a randomized study. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia 2000;15(3):257-63.
128. Giamarellou 1995 {published data only} Giamarellou H. Current approach to the management of neutropenia. Journal of Intensive CareMedicine 1995;10(6):283-93.
129. Gilbert 1994 {published data only} Gilbert C, Meisenberg B, Vredenburgh J, Ross M, Hussein A, Perfect J, Peters WP. Sequential prophylactic oral and empiric oncedaily parenteral antibiotics for neutropenia and fever after highdose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1994;12(5):1005-11.
130. Guiot 1981 {published data only} Guiot HF, van der Meer JW, van Furth R. Selective antimicrobial modulation of human microbial flora: infection prevention in patients with decreased host defense mechanisms by selective elimination of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 1981;143(5):644-54.
131. Haahr 1997 {published data only} Haahr V, Peterslund NA, Moller JK. The influence of antimicrobial prophylaxis on the microbial and clinical findings in patients after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;29(6):623-6.
132. Henry 1984a {published data only} Henry SA. Symposium on infectious complications of neoplastic disease (Part II). Chemoprophylaxis of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients. [Review]. American Journal of Medicine 1984;76:645-51.
133. Horvathova 1998 {published data only} Horvathova Z, Spanik S, Sufliarsky J, Mardiak J, Pichna P, Pichnova E. Bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci occurs more frequently in neutropenic patients who received antimicrobial prophylaxis and is associated with higher mortality in comparison to methicillin-sensitive bacteriemia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 1998;10(1):55-8.
134. Imrie 1995 {published data only} Imrie KR, Prince HM, Couture F, Brandwein JM, Keating A. Effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on hematopoietic recovery following autologous bone marrow transplantation: ciprofloxacin versus cotrimoxazole. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1995;15:267-70.
135. Karp 1986 {published data only} Karp JE, Dick JD, Angelopulos C, Carache P, Green L, et al.Empiric use of vancomycin during prolonged treatment-induced granulocytopenia. The American Journal of Medicine 1986;81: 237-42.
136. Kerr 1999b {published data only} Kerr KG. The prophylaxis of bacterial infections in neutropenic patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1999;44(5): 587-91.
137. Klastersky 1996 {published data only} Klastersky J. Prevention of infection in neutropenic cancer patients. Current Opinion in Oncology 1996;8(4):270-8.
138. Krupova 1998 {published data only} Krupova Y, Novotny J, Sabo A, Mateicka F, Krcmry V Jr. Aetiology, cost of antimicrobial therapy and outcome in neutropenic patients who developed bacteraemia during antimicrobial prophylaxis: a case-control study. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 1998;10(4):313-6.
139. Ljungman 1997 {published data only} Ljungman P, Hagglund H, Bjorkstrand B, Lonnqvist B, Ringden O. Perioperative teicoplanin for prevention of gram-positive infections in neutropenic patients with indwelling central venous catheters: a randomized, controlled study. Supportive Care in Cancer 1997;5:485-8.
140. Lohner 1979 {published data only} Lohner D, Debusscher L, Prevost JM, Klastersky J. Comparative randomized study of protected environment plus oral antibiotics versus oral antibiotics alone in neutropenic patients. Cancer Treatment Reports 1979;63:363-8.
141. Maltezou 1999 {published data only} Maltezou HC, Kafetzis DA, Rolston KVI. Comparison of Vancomycin (VA) Alone or with Norfloxacin (NO) for Antibacterial Prophylaxis in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients. Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999 September; San Francisco. 1999:Abstract 734:599.
142. Maltezou 1999 (a) {published data only} Maltezou HC, Kafetzis DA, Rolston KVI. Bacterial Prophylaxis vs. Nonprophylaxis Policy in Patients (pts) with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants (HSCT). Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999 September; San Francisco. 1999:Abstract: 735:599.
143. Mantovani 1998 {published data only} Mantovani G, Ghiani M, Massidda S, Lai P, Mulas C, Massa E, et al.A clinical trial comparing the efficacy of a single b-lactam antibiotic (Metropenem) with a combination of Metropenem plus Teicoplanin plus Netilmicin in the prophylactic and symptomatic treatment of febrile severe neutropenia following chemotherapy for cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer 1998;6 Suppl:315.
144. Marchetti 2002 {published data only} Marchetti O, Calandra T, Marchetti O. Infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Lancet 2002;359(9308):723-5.
145. Martino 1998 {published data only} Martino R, Subira M, Altes A, Lopez R, Sureda A, Domingo Albos A. Effect of discontinuing prophylaxis with norfloxacin in patients with hematologic malignancies and severe neutropenia. A matched case-control study of the effect on infectious morbidity. Acta Haematologica 1998;99(4):206-11.
146. Maschmeyer 1990 {published data only} Maschmeyer G, Daenen S, de Pauw Be, de Vries Hospers HG, Dekker A W, Donnelly JP. Prevention of infection in acute leukemia. [Review]. Hamatologie und Bluttransfusion 1990;33: 525-30.
147. May 1994 {published data only} May T, Beuscart C, Reynes J, Marchou B, Leclercq P, Lebas FB. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus aerosolized pentamidine for primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: A prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 1994;7:457-62.
148. Menichetti 1989 {published data only} Menichetti F, Felicini R, Bucaneve G, Aversa F, Greco M, Pasqurella C, et al.Norfloxacin prophylaxis for neutropenic patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1989;4:489-92.
149. Minenko 2004 {published data only} Minenko SV, Dmitrieva NV, Sokolova EN, Zhukov NV, Ptushkin VV. Efficacy of moxifloxacin (Avelox) in prophylaxis of infection in patients with profound neutropenia. Antibiotiki-i-khimioterapiia 2004;49(3):26-31.
150. Patrick 1997 {published data only} Patrick CC. Use of fluoroquinolones as prophylactic agents in patients with neutropenia. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997; 16(1):135-9.
151. Persson 2000 {published data only} Persson L, Vikerfors T, Sjoberg L, Engervall P, Tidefelt U. Increased incidence of bacteraemia due to viridans streptococci in an unselected population of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2000;32(6):615-21.
152. Risi 1998 {published data only} Risi GF, Tomascak V. Prevention of infection in the immunocompromised host. American Journal of Infection Control 1998;26(6):594-606.
153. Schaison 1991 {published data only} Schaison GS, Decroly FC. Propylaxis, cost and effectiveness of therapy of infections caused by Gram-positive organisms in neutropenic children. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1991; 27:Suppl B:61-7.
154. Spanik 1998 {published data only} Spanik S, Sufliarsky J, Mardiak J, Sorkovska D, Trupl J, Kunova A. Predictors of mortality in bacteremic cancer patients: retrospective analysis of 64 deaths occurring among 262 bacteremic episodes. Supportive Care in Cancer 1998;6(3):291- 4.
155. Takemoto 1990 {published data only} Takemoto Y, Kanamaru A, Nagai K, Masaoka T, Kitani T, Horiuchi A. Randomized trial of combination antibiotic therapy in patients with hematological disorders. Japanese Journal of Antibiotics 1990; 43:63-9.
156. Tjan Heijnen 2002 {published data only} Tjan Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Ardizzoni A. Reply to the article "Editorial comments on 'reduction of chemotherapy-induced febrile leucopenia by prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and roxithromycin in small-cell lung cancer patients: an EORTC double-blind placebo-controlled phase III study"', by P. A. Bunn Jr (Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1339-1340). Annals of Oncology 2002;13(3):485-6.
157. Tunkel 2002 {published data only} Tunkel AR, Sepkowitz KA. Infections caused by viridans streptococci in patients with neutropenia. Clinical Infectious diseases 2002;34(11):1524-9.
158. Van De Leur 1995 {published data only} Van De Leur JJ, Vollaard EJ, Janssen AJ, Dofferhoff AS. Concentration of pefloxacin in feces during infection prophylaxis in neutropenic patients. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1995; 39:1182-84.
159. Viscoli 2001 {published data only} Viscoli C, Paesmans M, Sanz M, Castagnola E, Klastersky J, Martino P, International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group of the, European Organization for Research, and Treatment of Cancer. Association between antifungal prophylaxis and rate of documented bacteremia in febrile neutropenic cancer patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;32:1532-7.
160. Viscoli 1998 {published data only} Viscoli C, Castagnola E. Planned progressive antimicrobial therapy in neutropenic patients. British Journal of Haematology 1998;102 (4):879-88.
161. Viscoli 2002 {published data only} Viscoli C, Castagnola E. "Treatment of febrile neutropenia: what is new?". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2002;15(4):377-82.
162. Wade 1981 {published data only} Wade JC, Schimpff SC, Wiernik PH. Antibiotic combination-associated nephrotoxicity in granulocytopenic patients with cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine 1981;141: 1789-93.
163. Wilson 1982 {published data only} Wilson JM, Guiney DG. Failure of oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in acute leukemia: isolation of resistant plasmids from strains of Enterobacteriaceae causing bacteremia. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306(1):16-20.
164. Zinner 1999 {published data only} Zinner SH. Changing epidemiology of infections in patients with neutropenia and cancer: emphasis on gram-positive and resistant bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1999;29(3):490-4.
165. Bodey 1966 Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS, Friereich EJ. Quantitative relationships between circulating leukocytes and infection in patients with acute leukemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1966;64 (2):328-40.
166. Cherif 2004 Cherif H, Bjorkholm M, Engervall P, Johansson P, Ljungman P, Hast R, et al.A prospective, randomized study comparing cefepime and imipenem-cilastatin in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients treated for haematological malignancies. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004;36(8):593-600.
167. Cometta 1994 Cometta A, Calandra T, Bille J, Glauser MP. Escherichia coli resistant to fluoroquinolones in patients with cancer and neutropenia (letter). New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330: 1240-1.
168. Cruciani 1996 Cruciani M, Rampazzo R, Malena M, Lazzarini L, Todeschini G, Messori A, et al.Prophylaxis with fluoroquinolones for bacterial infections in neutropenic patients: a meta-analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996;23:795-805.
169. Cruciani 2000a Cruciani M. Antibacterial prophylaxis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2000;16(2):123-5.
170. Cruciani 2003 Cruciani M, Malena M, Bosco O, Nardi S, Serpelloni G, Mengoli C. Reappraisal with meta-analysis of the addition of gram-positive prophylaxis to fluoroquinolone in neutropenic patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(22):4127-37.
171. de Marie 1993 de Marie S, van den Broek PJ,Willimze R, van Furth R. Strategy for antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients on selective antimicrobial decontamination. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious diseases 1993;12:897-906.
172. De Pauw 1994 De Pauw BE, Deresinski SC, Feld R, Lane-Allman EF, Donnelly JP. Ceftazidime compared with piperacillin and tobramycin for the empiric treatment of fever in neutropenic patients with cancer. A multicenter randomized trial. The Intercontinental Antimicrobial Study Group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;120(10):834-844.
173. Donnelly 1992a Donnelly JP, Maschmeyer G, Daenen S. Selective oral antimicrobial prophylaxis for the prevention of infection in acute leukaemia-ciprofloxacin versus co-trimoxazole plus colistin. European Journal of Cancer 1992;28A:873-8.
174. Egger 2001 Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG. Systematic review in health care: meta-analysis in context. 2nd Edition. BMJ Publishing Group, 2001.
175. Engels 1998 Engels E, Lau J, Barza M. Efficacy of quinolone prophylaxis in neutropenic cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1998;16(3):1179-87.
176. EORTC 1990 EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group. Gram-positive bacteraemia in granulocytopenic cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer 1990;26(5):569-74.
177. Gentry 2002 Gentry C, Flournoy DJ, Reinert R. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative bacilli and antimicrobial use in intensive care unit patients for 5 years in a Veterans Affairs medical center. American Journal of Infection Control 2002;30(7):411-6.
178. Giamarellou 2000 Giamarellou H, Bassaris HP, Petrikkos G, Busch W, Voulgarelis M, Antoniadou A, et al.Monotherapy with intravenous followed by oral high-dose ciprofloxacin versus combination therapy with ceftazidime plus amikacin as initial empiric therapy for granulocytopenic patients with fever. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2000;44(12):3264-71.
179. Higgins 2005 Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [Updated May 2005]. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005.
180. Hughes 1977 Hughes WT, Kuhn S, Chaudhary S, Feldman S, Verzosa M, Aur RJ, et al.Successful chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. New England Journal of Medicine 1977;297:1419-26.
181. Hughes 1990 Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Feld R, Mandell GL, Meyers JD, et al.From the Infectious Diseases Society of America: guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1990; 161:381-96.
182. Hughes 2002 Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, Bow EJ, Brown AE, Calandray T, et al.Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002; 34(6):730-51.
183. Kern 1991a Kern Wv, Kurrle E. Ofloxacin versus trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for prevention of infection in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia. Infection 1991;19:73-80.
184. Kern 1994a Kern WV, Androf E, Oethinger M, Kern P, Hacker J, Marre R. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at a cancer center. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1994;38:681-7.
185. Kerr 1999a Kerr KG. The prophylaxis of bacterial infections in neutropenic patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1999;44(5): 587-91.
186. Leibovici 1992 Leibovici L, Wysenbeek AJ, Konisberger H, Samra Z, Pitlik SD, Drucker M. Patterns of multiple resistance to antibiotics in gram-negative bacteria demonstrated by factor-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1992;11(9):782-8.
187. Lucas 1996 Lucas KG, Brown AE, Armstrong D. The identification of febrile, neutropenic children with neoplastic disease at low risk for bacteremia and complications of sepsis. Cancer 1996;77(4):791-8.
188. Oppenheim 1989 Oppenheim BA, Hartley JW, Lee W, Burnie JP. Outbreak of coagulase negative staphylococci highly resistant to ciprofloxacin in a leukemia unit. BMJ 1989;299:294-7.
189. Patrick 1997a Patrick CC. Use of fluoroquinolones as prophylactic agents in patients with neutropenia. Pediatric Infectious Disease 1997;16: 135-9.
190. Roblot 2004 Roblot F, Imbert S, Godet C, Kauffmann C, Ragot S, LeMoal G, et al.Risk factors analysis for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients with haematological malignancies and pneumonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004;36:848-54.
191. Rolston 1992 Rolston KV, Berkey P, Bodey GP, Anaissie EJ, Khardori NM, Joshi JH, et al.A comparison of imipenem to ceftazidime with or without amikacin as empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Archives of Internal Medicine 1992;152:283-91.
192. Rotstein 1997 Rotstein C, Mandell LA, Goldberg N. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis for profoundly neutropenic cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Current Oncology 1997;4 suppl 2:2-7.
193. Schimpff 1986 Schimpff SC. Empiric Antibiotic therapy for granulocytopenic cancer patients. American Journal of Medicine 1986;80(suppl 5c): 13-20.
194. Schulz 1995 Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273: 408-12.
195. Verhoef 1993 Verhoef J. Prevention of infections in neutropenic patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1993;17 suppl 2:359-67.
196. Walsh 1994 Walsh T, Karp J, Hathorn JW, Pizzo PA. Prevention of bacterial infections in neutropenic patients. Bailliere's Clinical Infectious Diseases 1994;1:469-98.
197. Worth 2005 Worth LJ, Dooley MJ, Seymour JF, Mileshkin L, Slavin MA, Thursky KA. An analysis of the utilisation of chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with malignancy receiving corticosteroid therapy at a cancer hospital. British Journal of Cancer 2005;92:867-72.
198. Gafter-Gvili A Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Leibovici L. Meta-Analysis: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Reduces Mortality in Neutropenic Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;142(12 pt 1):979-95.
199. van de Wetering MD van de Wetering MD, van de Witte MA, Kremer LCM, Offringa M, Scholten RJPM, Caron HN. Efficacy of oral prophylactic antibiotics in neutropenic afebrile oncology patients: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. European Journal of Cancer 2005;41:1372-82.