Laser-assisted cavity preparation and adhesion to erbium-lased tooth structure: Part 1. laser-assisted cavity preparation

Journal of Adhesive Dentistry

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 427-438

  De Moor, Roeland Jozef Gentil ^a   Delmé, Katleen Ilse Maria ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Cavity preparation; CO2; Cr:YSGG; Er; Er:YAG; Ho:YAG; Laser; Minimally invasive dentistry; Nd:YAG

Indexed keywords

ABLATION THERAPY; DENTAL SURGERY; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; LASER; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; REVIEW; SOLID STATE LASER;

ABLATION TECHNIQUES; DENTAL CAVITY PREPARATION; HUMANS; LASER THERAPY; LASERS, GAS; LASERS, SOLID-STATE;

EID: 77949910941     PISSN: 14615185     EISSN: 17579988     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3290/j.jad.a17528     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Adrian JC. Pulp effects of neodymium laser. A preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1977; 44: 301-305.
2. Aoki A, Ishikawa I, Yamada T, Otsuki M, Watanabe, Tagami J. Comparison between Er: YAG laser and conventional technique for root caries treatment in vitro. J Dent Res 1998; 77: 1404-1414.
3. Apel C, Birker L, Meister J, Weiss C, Gutknecht N. The caries-preventive potential of subablative Er: YAG and Er: YSGG laser radiation in an intraoral model: a pilot study. Photomed Laser Surg 2004; 22: 312-317.
4. Apel C, Franzen R, Meister J, Sarrafzadegan H, Thelen S, Gutknecht N. Influence of the pulse duration of an Er: YAG laser system on the ablation threshold of dental enamel. Lasers Med Sci 2002; 17: 253-257.
5. Apel C, Meister J, Götz H, Duschner H, Gutknecht N. Structural changes in human dental enamel after subablative erbium laser irradiation and its potential use for caries prevention. Caries Res 2005; 39: 65-70.
6. Apel C, Meister J, Iona RS, Franzen R, Hering P, Gutknecht N. The ablation threshold of Er: YAG and Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation in dental enamel. Lasers Med Sci 2002; 17: 246-252.
7. Apel C, Meister J, Schmitt N, Gräber HG, Gutknecht N. Calcium solubility of dental enamel following subablative Er: YAG and Er: YSGG laser irradiation in vitro. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 337-341.
8. Apel C, Schäfer C, Gutknecht N. Demineralization of Er: YAG and Er, Cr: YSGG laser-prepared enamel cavities in vitro. Caries Res 2003; 37: 34-37.
9. Aranha AC, Eduardo CP, Gutknecht N, Marques MM, Ramalho KM, Apel C. Analysis of the interfacial micromorphology of adhesive systems in cavities prepared with Er, Cr: YSGG, Er: YAG laser and bur. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70: 745-751.
10. Araujo RM, De Paula Eduardo C, Duarte SLL Jr, Araujo MAM, De Castro Monteiro Loffredo L. Microleakage and nanoleakage: influence of laser in cavity preparation and dentin pre-treatment. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001; 19: 325-332.
11. Arcoria CJ, Lippas MG, Vitasek BA. Enamel surface roughness analysis after laser ablation and acid-etching. J Oral Rehabil 1993; 20: 213-224.
12. Arcoria CJ, Steele RE, Wagner MJ, Judy MM, Matthews JL, Hults DF. Enamel surface roughness and dental pulp response to coaxial carbon dioxide neodymium: YAG laser irradiation. J Dent Res 1991; 19: 85-91.
13. Ariyaratnam MT, Wilson MA, Blinkhorn AS. An analysis of surface roughness, surface morphology and composite/dentin bond strength of human dentin following the application of the Nd: YAG laser. Dent Mater 1999; 5: 223-228.
14. Ariyaratnam MT, Wilson MA, Mackie IC, Blinkhorn AS. A comparison of surface roughness and composite/enamel bond strength of human enamel following the application of the Nd: YAG laser and etching with phosphoric acid. Dent Mat 1997; 13: 51-55.
15. Armengol V, Jean A, Marion D. Temperature rise during Er: YAG and Nd: YAG laser ablation of dentin. J Endod 2000; 26: 138-141.
16. Armengol V, Jean A, Rohanizadeh R, Hamel H. Scanning electron microscopic analysis of diseased and healthy dental hard tissues after Er: YAG laser irradiation: in vitro study. J Endod 1999; 25: 543-546.
17. Attrill DC, Davies RM, King TA. Thermal effects of the Er: YAG laser on a simulated dental pulp: a quantitative evaluation of the effects of water spray. J Dent 2004; 32: 35-40.
18. Bader C, Krejci I. Indications and limitations of Er: YAG laser applications in dentistry. Am J Dent; 19: 178-186.
19. Bahar A, Tagomori S. The effect of normal pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on pits and fissures in human teeth. Caries Res 1994; 28: 460-467.
20. Belikov AV, Erofeev AV, Shumilin VV, Tkachuk AM. Comparative study of the 3 micron laser action on different hard tissue samples using free running pulsed Er-doped YAG, YSGG, YAP and YLF lasers. SPIE 1993; 2080: 60-67.
21. Bevilacqua FM, Zezell DM, Magnani R, da Ana PA, de Paulo Eduardo C. Fluoride uptake and acid resistance of enamel irradiated with Er: YAG laser. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 23: 141-147.
22. Brooks SG, Ashley S, Fisher J, Davies GA, Griffiths J, Kester RC, Rees MR. Exogenous chromofores for the argon and Nd: YAG lasers: a potential application to laser tissue interactions. Laser Surg Med 1992; 12: 294-302.
23. Brucoli HCP, Arita ES, Eduardo CP. In vitro radiographic analysis of Nd: YAGlaser-irradiated dentin. Lasers Med Sci 2005; 20: 89-94.
24. Brune D. Interaction of pulsed carbon dioxide laser beams with teeth in vitro. J Dent Res 1980; 88: 301-305.
25. Burkes EJ, Hoke J, Gomes E, Wolbarsht M. Wet versus dry enamel ablation by Er: YAG laser. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67: 847-851.
26. Camerlingo C, Lepore M, Gaeta GM, Riccio R, Riccio C, De Rosa A, De Rosa M. Er: YAG laser treatments on dentine surface: micro-Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis. J Dent 2004; 32: 399-405.
27. Cavalcanti BN, Lage-Marques JL, Rode SM. Pulpal temperature increases with Er: YAG laser and high-speed handpieces. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 90: 447-451.
28. Ceballos L, Toledano M, Osario R, Garcia-Godoy F, Flaitz C, Hicks J. Er-YAG laser pre-treatment effect on in vitro secondary caries formation around composite restorations. Am J Dent 2001; 14: 46-49.
29. Ceballos L, Toledano M, Osorio R, Tay FR, Marshall GW. Bonding to Er: YAGlaser-treated dentin. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 119-122.
30. Ceranvin I. A comparison of the effects of Nd: YAG and HO: YAG laser irradiation on dentine and enamel. Aust Dent J 1995; 40: 79-84.
31. Chiang Y-C, Lee B-S, Wang Y-L, Cheng YA, Chen Y-L, Shiau J-S, Wang DM, Lin C-P. Microstructural changes of enamel, dentin-enamel junction, and dentin induced by irradiating outer enamel surfaces with CO2 laser. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 23: 41-48.
32. Chimello-Sousa DT, de Souza AE, Chinelatti MA, Pecora JD, Palma-Dibb RG, Corona SAM. Influence of Er: YAG laser irradiation distance on the bond strength of a restorative system to enamel. J Dent 2006; 34: 245-251.
33. Chuck RS, Oz MC, Delohery TM: Dye enhanced laser tissue welding. Laser Surg Med 1989; 9: 471-477.
34. Coluzzi DJ. Fundamentals of dental lasers: science and instruments. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 751-770.
35. Corona SA, Souza-Gabriel AE, Chinelatti MA, Pecora JD, Borsatto MC, Palma-Dibb RG. Effect of energy and pulse repetition rate of Er: YAG laser on dentin ablation ability and morphological analysis of the laser-irradiated substrate. Photomed Laser Surg 2007; 25: 26-33.
36. Cox CJ, Pearson GJ, Palmer G. Preliminary in vitro investigation of the effects of pulsed Nd: YAG laser radiation on enamel and dentine. Biomaterials 1994; 15: 45-51.
37. Cozean C, Arcoria CJ, Pelagalli J, Powell GL. Dentistry for the 21st century? Erbium: YAG laser for teeth. J Dent Res 1997; 128: 1080-1087.
38. Makropoulou MI, Papagiakoumou EI. Lasers and hard-tissue interactions. Proc SPIE 2004; 5449: 202.
39. de Magalhães MF, Matson E, de Rossi W, Alves JB. A morphological in vitro study of the effcets of the Nd: YAG laser on irradiated cervical dentin. Photomed Laser Surg 2004; 22: 527-532.
40. De Moor RJG, Delmé KIM. Erbium lasers and adhesion to tooth structure. J Oral Laser Appl 2006; 6: 7-21.
41. de Souza-Gabriel AE, Chinelatti MA, Borsatto MC, Pecora JD, Palma Dibb RG. Effect of Er: YAG laser irradiation distance on superficial dentin morphology. Am J Dent 2006; 19: 217-221.
42. Dederich D. Laser tissue interaction. Alpha Omegan 1991; 84: 33-36.
43. Dederich D. Laser tissue interaction. J Am Dent Assoc 1993; 124: 57-61.
44. Dostalova T, Jelinkova H, Kucerova H, Krejsa O, Hamal K, Kubelka J, Prochazkas S. Non contact Er: YAG laser ablation: clinical evaluation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1998; 16: 273-282.
45. Ericson D. The concept of minimally invasive dentistry. Dent Update 2007; 34: 9-10,12-14,17-18.
46. Eversole LR, Rizoiu IM. Preliminary investigations of the utility of an erbium, chromium: YSGG laser. J Calif Dent Assoc 1995; 23: 41-47.
47. Fan K, Bell P, Fried D. Rapid and conservative ablation and modification of enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone using a high repetition rate transverse excited atmospheric pressure CO2 laser operating at Λ= 9.3 micro. J Biomed Opt 2006; 11: 064008.
48. Featherstone JBD, Barrett-Vespone NA, Fried D, Kantorowitz Z, Seka W. CO2 laser inhibitior of artificial caries-like lesion progression in dental enamel. J Dent Res 1998; 77: 1397-1403.
49. Featherstone JDB, Fried D, McCormack SM, Seka W. Effect of pulse duration and repetition rate on CO2 laser inhibition of caries progression. In: Wigdor HA, Featherstone JDB, White JM, Neev J (eds.) Lasers in dentistry II. San Jose (CA): SPIE, 1996: 79-87.
50. Featherstone JDB, Nelson DGA. Laser effects on dental hard tissue. Advances in Dental Research 1987; 1: 21-26.
51. Freiberg RJ, Cozean C. Pulsed erbium laser ablation of hard dental tissue: the effects of atomized water spray versus water surface film. Lasers in dentistry VIII. Proc SPIE 2002; 4610: 74-84.
52. Freitas PM, Navarro RS, Barros JA, Eduardo CD. The use of Er: YAG laser for cavity preparation: a SEM evaluation. Microsc Res Tech 2007; 70: 803-808.
53. Frentzen M, Koort HJ, Kermani O, Dardenne MU. Preparation of hard tooth structure with Excimer lasers. In vitro study. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1989; 44: 431-435.
54. Frentzen M, Koort HJ. Laser in dentistry: new possibilities with advancing laser technology? Int Dent J 1990; 40: 323-332.
55. Fried D, Glena RE, Featherstone JDB, Seka W. Permanent and transient changes in the reflectance of CO2 laser-irradiated dental hard tissues at Λ = 9.3, 9.6, 10.3 and 10.6 µm and at fluencies of 1-20 J/cmÇ. Laser Surg Med 1997; 20: 22-31.
56. Fried D, Ragadio J, Akrivou M, Featherstone JD, Murray MW, Dickinson KM. Dental hard tissue modification and removal using sealed transverse excited atmospheric-pressure lasers operating at Λ= 9.6 and 10.6 µm. J Biomed Optics 2001; 6: 231-328.
57. Fried D, Zuerlein MJ, Le CQ, Featherstone JBD. Thermal and chemical modification of dentin by 9-11 µm CO2 laser pulses of 5-100-ms duration. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 31: 275-282.
58. Gerard DE, Fried D, Featherstone JD, Nancollas GH. Influence of laser irradiation on the constant composition kinetics of enamel dissolution. Caries Res 2005; 39: 387-92.
59. Gertich K, Krautschick G, Graehn G. Anwendung eines mini-TEA-CO2-Laser in der Zahnheilkunde. Dtsh Stomatol 1991; 41: 446-450.
60. Giachetti L, Scaminaci Russo D, Scarpelli F, Vitale M. SEM analysis of dentin treated with the Er: YAG laser: a pilot study of the consequences resulting from laser use on adhesion mechanisms. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2004; 22: 35-41.
61. Glockner K, Rumpler J, Ebeleseder K, Stadtler P. Intrapulpal temperature during preparation with the Er: YAG laser compared to the conventional bur: an in vitro study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1998; 16: 53-157.
62. Goldman L, Gray JA, Goldman J, Goldman B, Meyer R. Effects of laser impacts on teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1965; 70: 601-606.
63. Gonçalves M, Corona SA, Borsatto MC, Pecora JD, Dibb RG. Influence of pulse frequency of Er: YAG laser on the tensile bond strength of a composite to dentin. Am J Dent 2005; 18: 165-167.
64. Gonzalez M, Banderas JA, Rodriguez V, Castano VM. Particle-induced X-ray emission and scanning electron microscopic analyses of the effects of CO2 laser irradiation on dentinal structure. J Dent 1999; 27: 595-600.
65. Goodis HE, Fried D, Gansky S, Rechmann P, Featherstone JD. Pulpa safety of 9.6 µm TEA CO2 laser used for caries prevention. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 35: 104-110.
66. Goodis HE, White JM, Neev J. Thermal measurement of root surface temperatures during application of intracanal laser energy. Lasers in Orthopedic, Dental, and Veterinary Medicine II, Proc SPIE 1993; 1880: 226-230.
67. Gordon T. Single-surface cutting of normal tooth with ruby laser. J Am Dent Assoc 1967; 74: 398.
68. Gow AM, McDonald AV, Pearson GJ, Setchell DJ. An in vitro investigation of the temperature rises produced in dentine by Nd: YAG laser light with and without water cooling. Eur J Prosthodont Rest Dent 1999; 7: 71-77.
69. Hadley J, Young DA, Eversole LR, Gornbein JA. A laser-powered hydrokinetic system for caries removal and cavity preparation. J Am Dent Assoc 2000; 131: 777-785.
70. Harris DM, Pick RM. Laser physics. In: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM (eds) Lasers in dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence, 1995: 40.
71. Harris DM, White JM, Goodis H, Arcoria CJ, Simon J, Carpenter WM. Selective ablation of surface enamel caries with pulsed Nd: YAG dental laser. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 342-350.
72. He Z, Otsuki M, Sadr A, Tagami J. Acid resistance of dentin after erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser irradiation. Lasers Med Sci 2008; Mar 20 [Epub ahead of print].
73. Hennig T, Rechmann P, Pilgrim C, Schwartzmaier HJ, Kaufmann R. Caries selective ablation by pulsed lasers. Proc SPIE 1991; 1424: 99-105.
74. Hess JA. Subsurface morphologic changes of Nd: YAG laser-etched enamel. Laser Surg Med 1997; 21: 193-197.
75. Hibst R, Keller U, Steiner R. The effect of pulsed Er: YAG laser irradiation on dental hard tissues. Laser Med Surg 1988; 4: 163-165.
76. Hibst R, Keller U. Experimental studies of the application of the Er: YAG laser on dental hard substances: I. Measurement of the ablation rate. Lasers Surg Med 1989; 9: 338-344.
77. Hibst, R. Lasers for caries removal and cavity preparation: state of the art and future directions. J Oral Laser Appl 2002; 2: 203-212.
78. Hillenkamp F. Laser radiation tissue interaction. Health Phys 1989; 56: 613-616.
79. Hoke JA, Burkes EJ Jr, Gomes ED, Wolbarsht ML. Erbium: YAG (2.94 µm) laser effects on dental tissue. J Laser Appl 1990; 2: 61-65.
80. Hossain M, Nakamura y, Kimura Y, Yamada Y, Kawanaka T, Matsumoto K. Effect of pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on acid demineralization of enamel and dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001; 19: 105-108.
81. Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Matsumoto N, Matsumoto K. Effects of Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation on human enamel and dentin: ablation and morphological studies. 1999; 17: 155-159.
82. Hsu C-YS, Jordan TH, Dederich DN, Wefel JS. Effects of low-energy CO2 laser irradiation and organic matrix on inhibition of enamel demineralization. J Dent Res 2000; 79: 1725-1730.
83. Inoue S, Abe Y, Yoshida Y, De Munck J, Sano H, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B. Effect of conditioner on bond-strength of glass-ionomer adhesive to dentin/enamel with and without smear layer interposition. Oper Dent 2004; 29: 685-692.
84. Jayawardena JA, Kato J, Moriya K, Takagi Y. Pulpal response to exposure with Er: YAG laser. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 91: 222-229.
85. Jennett E, Monamedi M, Rastegar S. Dye-enhanced ablation of enamel by pulsed lasers. J Dent Res 1994; 73: 1841-1847.
86. Kantorowitz Z, Featherstone JDB, Fried D. Caries prevention by CO2 laser treatment: dependency on the number of pulses used. J Am Dent Assoc 1998; 129: 585-591.
87. Kataumi M, Nakajima M, Tamada T, Tagami J. Tensile bond strength and SEM evaluation of Er: YAG laser irradiated dentin using dentin adhesive. Dent Mater J 1998; 17: 125-138.
88. Keller U, Hibst R. Er: YAG laser effects on oral hard and soft tissues. In: Lasers in Dentistry. Miserendino LJ, Picks RM (eds.) Chicago, Quintessence, 1995; 161-172.
89. Keller U, Hibst R. Experimental studies of the application of the Er: YAG laser on dental hard substances-II. Light microscopic and SEM investigations. Lasers Surg Med 1989; 9: 345-351.
90. Keller U, Raab WH, Hibst R. Pulp reactions during erbium YAG laser irradiation of hard tooth structure. Dtsch Zahnartzl Z 1991; 46: 158-160.
91. Kim JH, Kwon OW, Kim HI, Kwon YH. Acid resistance of erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser-treated and phosphoric acid-etched enamels. Angle Orthod 2006; 76: 1052-1056.
92. Kim KS, Kim ME, Shin EJ. Irradiation time and ablation rate of enamel in contact and non-contact irradaiation with Er;YAG laser. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23: 216-218.
93. Kim ME, Jeoung DJ, Kim KS. Effects of water flow on dental hard tissue ablation using Er: YAG laser. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003; 21: 139-144.
94. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Arrastia-Jitosho AM, Liaw LH, Matsumoto K, Berns MW. Effects of nanosecond pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation on dentin resistance to artificial caries-like lesions. Lasers Surg Med 1997; 20: 15-21.
95. Kinney JH, Haupt DL, Balooch M, White JM, Bell WL, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW Jr. The threshold efffects of Nd and Ho: YAG laser-induced surface modification on demineralisation of dentin surfaces. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 1388-1395.
96. Klocke A, Mihailova B, Zhang S, Gasharova B, Stosch R, Güttler B, Kahl-Nieke B, Henriot P, Ritschel B, Bismayer U. CO2 laser-induced zonation in dental enamel: a Raman and IR microspectroscopic study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 81: 499-507.
97. Koniski N, Fried D, Featherstone JD, Staninec M. Inhibition of secondary caries by CO2 laser treatment. Am J Dent 1999; 12: 213-216.
98. Koort HJ, Frentzen M. Laser effects on dental hard tissues. In: Miserendino LJ, Pick RM (eds.) Lasers in dentistry. IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, 1995; 59.
99. Kreisler M, Al Haj H, Daublander M, Götz H, Duschner H, Willershausen B, D’Hoedt B. Effect of diode laser irradiation on root surfaces in vitro. J Clin Laser Surg 2002; 20: 63-69.
100. Lan WH, Lee BS, Liu HC, Lin CP. Morphologic study of Nd: YAG laser usage in treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. J Endod 2004; 30: 131-134.
101. Lee BS, Lin CP, Lin FH, Lan WH. Ultrastructural changes of human dentin after irradiation by Nd: YAG laser. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 246-252.
102. Lee BS, Liu CP, Hung YL, Lan WH. Structural changes of Er: YAG laser irradiated human dentin. Photomed Laser Surg 2004; 22: 330-334.
103. Li Z, Code JE, Van De Merwe WP. Er: YAG laser ablation of enamel and dentine of human teeth: determination of ablation rates at various fluences and pulse repetition rates. Lasers Surg Med 1992; 12: 625-630.
104. Liesenhoff T, Bende T, Lenz H, Seiler T. Removal of hard tooth substance with Excimer lasers. Dtsch Zahnärtzl Z 1989; 44: 426-430.
105. Liu JF, Liu Y, Stephen HCY. Optimal Er: YAG laser energy for preventing enamel demineralization. J Dent 2006; 34: 62-66.
106. Liu Y, Hsu CY. Laser-induced compositional changes on enamel: a FTRaman study. J Dent 2007; 35: 226-230.
107. Lizarelli RFZ, Bagnato VS. Class V micropreparation using picosecond Nd: YAG pulsed laser-micro-morphological and chemical evaluation. J Oral Laser Appl 2002; 2: 107-113.
108. Lizarelli RFZ, Bagnato VS. Dentistry application using picosecond Nd: YAG laser. Laser Phys 2003; 13: 1-5.
109. Lizarelli RFZ, Kurachi C, Misoguti L, Bagnato VS. A comparative study of nanosecond and picosecond laser ablation in enamel: morphological aspects. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000; 18: 151-157.
110. Lizarelli RFZ, Kurachi C, Misoguti L, Bagnato VS. Characterization of enamel and dentin response to Nd: YAG picosecond laser ablation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999; 17: 3: 127-131.
111. Lizarelli RFZ, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS. Ablation rate and micromorphological aspects with Nd: YAG picosecond pulsed laser on primary teeth. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 31: 177-185.
112. Lizarelli RFZ, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS. Temperature respons in the pulpal chamber of primary human teeth exposed to Nd: YAG laser using a picosecond pulsed regime. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24: 610-615.
113. Louw NP, Pameijer CH, Ackermann WD, Ertl T, Cappius HJ, Norval G. Pulp histology after Er: YAG laser cavity preparation in subhuman primates-a pilot study. SADJ 2002; 57: 313-317.
114. Maiman T. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. Nature 1960; 187: 493-494.
115. Maung NL, Wohland T, Hsu CY. Enamel diffusion modulated by Er: YAG laser (Part 1) FRAP. J Dent 2007; 35: 787-793.
116. Maung NL, Wohland T, Hsu CY. Enamel diffusion modulated by Er: YAG laser (Part 2) Organic Matrix. J Dent 2007; 35: 794-799.
117. Mc Donald A, Claffey N, Pearson G, Blau W, Setchell D. The effect of Nd: YAG pulse duration on dentine crater depth. J Dent 2001; 29: 43-53.
118. Mc Donald A, Claffey N, Pearson G, Blau W, Setchell D. The effect of Nd: YAG radiation at nanosecond pulse duration on dentine crater depth. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 51-58.
119. McKenzie A. Physics of thermal processes in laser-tissue interaction. Phys Med Biol 1990; 35: 1175-1209.
120. Mehl A, Kremers L, Salzmann K, Hickel R. 3D volume-ablation rate and thermal side effects with the Er: YAG and Nd: YAG laser. Dent Mater 1997; 13: 246-251.
121. Meister J, Franzen R, Forner K, Grebe H, Stanzel S, Lampert F, Apel C. Influence of the water content in dental enamel and dentin on ablation with erbium YAG and erbium YSGG lasers. J Biomed Opt 2006; 11: 034030-1-03040430-7.
122. Melcer J, Chaumette MT, Melcer F, Dejardin J, Hasson R, Merard R, Pinandeau Y, Weill R. Treatment of dental decay by CO2-laser beam; preliminary results. Lasers Surg Med 1984; 4: 311-321.
123. Melcer J. Latest treatment in dentistry by means of the CO2 laser beam. Lasers Surg Med 1986; 6: 396-398.
124. Melendez EJ, Arcoria CJ, Dewald JP, Wagner MJ. Effect of laser-etch on bond strength of glass ionomers. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67: 307-312.
125. Mine A, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Nakayama Y, Yatani H, Kuboki T. Spectroscopic characterization of enamel surfaces irradiated with Er: YAG laser. Dent Mater J 2006; 25: 214-218.
126. Mir M, Meister J, Franzen R, Sabounchi SS, Lampert F, Gutknecht N. Influence of water-layer thickness on Er: YAG laser ablation of enamel of bovine anterior teeth. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 23: 451-457.
127. Miserendino L, Abt E, Wigdor H, Miserandino CA. Evaluation of thermal cooling mechanisms for laser application to teeth. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13: 83-88.
128. Moritz A, Gutknecht DMD, Schoop U, Goharkay K, Wernisch J, Sperr W. Alternatives in enamel conditioning: a comparison of conventional and innovative methods. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996; 14: 133-136.
129. Moritz A, Schoop U, Goharkay K, Szakacs S, Sperr W, Schweidel E. Procedures for enamel and dentin conditioning: a comparison of conventional and innovative techniques. J Esthet Dent 1998; 10: 84-93.
130. Moritz A, Schoop U, Stra’l M, Wintner E. Cavity preparation. In: Moritz A (ed.) Oral Laser Applications. Berlin: Quintessence, 2006; 75-138.
131. Moshonov J, Stabholz A, Bar-Hilel R, Peretz B. Chemical analysis and surface morphology of enamel and dentin following 9.6 µm CO2 laser irradiation versus high speed drilling. J Dent 2005; 33: 427-432.
132. Müllejans R, Eyrich G, Raab WH, Frentzen M. Cavity preparation using a superpulsed 9.6 micrometer CO2 laser-a histological investigation. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 30: 331-336.
133. Murdoch-Kinch CA, McLean MA. Minimally invasive dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 2003; 134: 87-95.
134. Myers TD, Myers WD, Stone RM. First soft tissue study utilizing a pulsed Nd: YAG dental laser. Northwest Dent 1989; 68: 14-17.
135. Nair PN, Baltensperger M, Luder HU, Eyrich GK. Observations on pulpal response to carbon dioxide laser drilling of dentine in healthy human third molars. Lasers Med Sci 2005; 19: 240-247.
136. Nakamura Y, Hossain M, Yamada Y, Masuda YM, Jayawardena JA, Matsumoto K. Basic study of morphological changes and surface roughness of cavities prepared by TEA CO2 laser irradiation. Photomed Laser Surg 2006; 24: 503-507.
137. Navarro R, Esteves GV, Oliveira WT, Matos AB, Eduardo CP, Youssef MN, Matson E. Nd: YAG laser effects on the microleakage of composite resin restorations. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000; 18: 75-79.
138. Neev J, Pham K, Lee JP, White JM. Dentin ablation with three infrared lasers. Laser Surg Med 1996; 18: 121-128.
139. Nelson DG, Jongebloed WL, Featherstone JD. Laser irradiation of human enamel and dentine. NZ Dent J 1986; 82: 74-77.
140. Nelson DG, Wefel JS, Jongebloed WL, Featherstone JD. Morphology, histology and crystallography of human dental enamel treated with pulsed lowenergy infrared laser radiation. Caries Res 1987; 21: 411-426.
141. Niemz MH, Eisenmann L, Pioch T. Vergleich von drei Lasersystemen zur Abtragung von Zahnschmelz. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1993; 103: 1252.
142. Obeidi A Ghasemi A, Azima A, Ansari G. Effects of pulsed Nd: YAG laser on microleakage of composite restorations in Class V cavities. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23: 56-59.
143. Oelgiesser D, Blasbalg J, Ben-Amar A. Cavity preparation by Er: YAG laser on pulpal temperature rise. Am J Dent 2003; 16: 96-98.
144. Paghdiwala AF, Vaidyanathan TK, Paghdiwala MF. Evaluation of Er: YAG radiation of hard dental tissues: analysis of temperature changes, depth of cuts and structural effects. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7: 989-997.
145. Pashley DH. Smear layer: overview of structure and function. Proc Finn Dent Assoc 1992; 88: 215-224.
146. Pogrel MA, Muff DF, Marshall GW. Structural changes in dental enamel induced high energy continuous wave carbon dioxide laser. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13: 89-96.
147. Quintana E, Marquez F, Roca I, Torres V, Salgado J. Some morphologic changes induced by Nd: YAG laser on the noncoated enamel surface: a scanning electron microscopy study. Lasers Surg Med 1992; 12: 131-136.
148. Ramos RP, Chimelloe DT, Chinelatti MA, Nonaka T, Pecora JD, Palma Dibb RG. Effect of Er: YAG laser on bond strength to dentin of a self-etching primer and two single-bottle adhesive systems. Lasers Surg Med 2002; 31: 164-170.
149. Ribeiro CF, Anido AA, Rauscher FC, Yui KC, Gonçalves SE. Marginal leakage in class V cavities pretreated with different laser energy densities. Photomed Laser Surg 2005; 23: 313-316.
150. Rizoiu IM, DeShazer LG. New laser-matter interaction concept to enhance hard tissue cutting efficiency. Laser Tissue Interaction V 1994; 2134A: 309-317.
151. Rizoiu IM, Kimmel AI, Eversole LR. The effects of an Er, Cr: YSGG laser on canine oral tisssues. Laser applications in medicine and dentistry. Proc SPIE 1996; 2922: 74-83.
152. Rodrigues LK, Nobre dos Santos M, Pereira D, Assaf AV, Pardi V. Carbon dioxide laser in dental caries prevention. J Dent. 2004; 32: 531-540.
153. Roebuck EM, Saunders WP, Whitters CJ. Influence of Erbium/YAG laser energies on the microleakage of Class V resin-based composite restorations. Am J Dent 2000; 13: 280-284.
154. Rohanizadeh R, LeGeros RZ, Fan D, Jean A, Daculsi G. Ultrastructural properties of laser-irradiated and heat-treated dentin. J Dent Res 1999; 78: 1829-1835.
155. Sassi JF, Chimello DT, Borsatto MC, Corona SAM, Pecora JD, Palma-Dibb RG. Comparative study of the dentin/adhesive systems interface after treatment with Er: YAG laser and acid etching using scanning electron microscope. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 34: 385-390.
156. Schein MT, Bocangel JS, Nogueira GE, Schein PA. SEM evaluation of the interaction pattern between dentin and resin after cavity preparation using Er: YAG laser. J Dent 2003; 31: 127-135.
157. Schulte W, Klaus HD, Flach A, Geisbe H. Lasereffekte an Zahnhatsubstanzen-Mikrokopische Untersuchungen. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 1965; 20: 289-296.
158. Seka W, Fried D, Featherstone JD, Borzillary SF. Light deposition in dental hard tissue and simulated thermal response. J Dent Res 1995; 74: 1086-1092.
159. Serebo L, Segal T, Nordenberg D, Gorfil C, Bar-Lev M. Examination of tooth pulp following laser beam irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 1987; 7: 236-239.
160. Shariati S, Pogrel MA, Marshall GW, White JM. Structural changes in dentin induced by high energy, continuus wave carbon dioxide laser. Lasers Surg Med 1993; 13: 543-547.
161. Shigetani Y, Tate Y, Okamoto A, Iwaku M, Abu-Bakr N. A study of cavity preparation by Er: YAG laser-effects on the marginal leakage of composite resin restoration. Dent Mater J 2002; 21: 238-249.
162. Slutzky-Goldberg I, Nuni E, Nasralla W, Stabholtz A, Moshonov J. The effect of CO2 laser on the permeability of dentinal tubules: a preliminary in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg Med 2008; 26: 61-64.
163. Steiner-Oliveira C, Rodrigues LK, Soares LE, Martin AA, Zezell DM, Nobre-dos-Santos M. Chemical, morphological and thermal effects of 10.6 µm CO2 laser on the inhibition of enamel demineralization. Dent Mater J 2006; 25: 455-62.
164. Stern RH, Sognaes RF. Laser beam effect on dental hard tissues. J Dent Res 1964; 43: 873.
165. Stock K, Hibst R, Keller U. Comparison of Er: YAG and Er: YSGG laser ablation of dental hard tissues. SPIE 2000; 3192: 88-95.
166. Sunankawa M, Tokita Y, Suda H. Pulsed Nd: YAG laser irradiation of the tooth pulp in the cat. II Effect of scanning lasing. Lasers Surg Med 2000; 26: 477-484.
167. Takamori K, Furukazawa H, Morikawa Y. Basis study on vibrations during tooth preparations caused by high-speed drilling and Er: YAG laser irradiation. Lasers Surg Med 2003; 32: 25-31.
168. Takamori K. A histopathological and immunohistochemical study of dental pulp and nerve fibers in rats after the cavity preparation using Er: YAG laser. J Endod 2000; 26: 95-99.
169. Tanabe K, Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Iwaku M, Ozawa H. Immunohistochemical study on pulpal response in rat molars after cavity preparation by Er: YAG laser Eur J Oral Sci 2002; 110: 237-245.
170. Tokonabe H, Kouji R, Watanabe H. Morphological changes of human teeth with Er: YAG laser irradiation. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999; 17: 7-12.
171. Türkmen C, Günday M, Karaçorlu M, Basaran B. Effect of CO2, Nd: YAG, and ArF Excimer lasers on dentin morphology and pulp chamber temperature: an in vitro study. J Endod 2000; 26: 644-648.
172. Van As G. Erbium lasers in dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 2004; 48: 1017-1059.
173. Visuri SR, Gilbert JL, Wright DD, Wighdor HA, Walsh JT Jr. Shear strength of composite bonded to Er: YAG laser-prepared dentin. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 599-605.
174. Visuri SR, Walsh JT, Wigdor HA. Erbium laser ablation of dental hard tissue: Effect of water cooling. Lasers Surg Med 1996; 18: 294-300.
175. Vogel A, Venugopalan V. Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues. Chem Rev 2003; 103: 57-644.
176. von Frauenhofer JA, Allen DJ. Thermal effects associated with the Nd: YAG dental laser. Angle Orthodontist 1993; 63: 299-304.
177. Walsh JT, Flotte TJ, Anderson RR. Pulsed CO2 laser tissue ablation: effect of tissue type and pulse duration on thermal damage. Lasers Surg Med 1988; 8: 108-118.
178. Walsh LJ. The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Austr Dent J 2003; 48: 146-155.
179. Watari F. Compositional and morphological imaging of CO2 laser irradiated human teeth by low vacuum SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001; 12: 189-194.
180. White JM, Adams GL. Microhardness and scanning electron microscopy analysis of Nd: YAG laser and acid treatment effects in dentin. Scanning Microscopy 1996; 10: 329-337.
181. White JM, Goodis HE, Marshall GW, Marshall SJ. Identification of the physical modification threshold of dentin induced by neodymium and holmium YAG lasers using electron microscopy. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7: 239-246.
182. Witner E, Stra’l M. Basic information on lasers. In: Moritz A (ed.) Oral Laser Applications. Berlin: Quintessence, 2006; 1-55.
183. Yamada MK, Uo M, Ohkawa S, Akaska T, Watari F. Three-dimensional topographic scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopic analyses of the irradiation effect on teeth by Nd: YAG, Er: YAG, and CO2 lasers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2004; 71: 7-15.
184. Yamada Y, Hossain M, Joe T, Kawanaka T, Kinoshita J, Matsumoto K. Removal effects of the Nd: YAG and CarisolvTM on carious dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2000; 18: 241-245.
185. Yamada Y, Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Suzuki N, Matsumoto K. Comparison between the removal effect of mechanical, Nd: YAG, and Er: YAG laser systems in carious dentin. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2001; 19: 239-243.
186. Yamamoto H, Ooya K. Potential of yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in caries prevention. J Oral Pathol 1974; 3: 7-15.
187. Yamamoto H, Sato K. Prevention of dental caries by Nd: YAG laser irradiation. J Dent Res 1980; 59: 2171-2177.
188. Yamazaki K, Eguro T, Maeda T, Tanaka H. Output energy changes of quartz contact probe for Er: YAG laser with tooth ablation. Dent Mater J 2003; 22: 292-300.
189. Young DA, Fried D, Featherstone JDB. Ablation and caries inhibition of pits and fissures by IR laser irradiation. Lasers in Dentistry VI, Porc. SPIE 2000; 3910: 247-225.
190. Zhang C, Matsumoto K, Kimura Y, Harashima T, Takeda FH, Zhou H. Effects of CO2 laser in treatment of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. J Endod 1998; 24: 595-597.
191. Zuerlein MJ, Fried D, Featherstone JDB. Modeling the modification depth of carbon dioxide laser-treated dental enamel. Laser Surg Med 1999; 25: 335-347.