Identification of ancient gilding technology and Late Bronze Age metallurgy by EDXRF, Micro-EDXRF, SEM-EDS and metallographic techniques

Microchimica Acta

Volumn 168, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 283-291

  Figueiredo, Elin ^a,b,c   Silva, Rui J C ^b   Araújo, M Fátima ^a   Senna Martinez, João C ^d  

^a INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO E NUCLEAR   (Portugal)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIA DOS MATERIAIS   (Portugal)

^c UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA   (Portugal)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Archaeometry; Bronze; Copper; EDXRF; Gold; SEM EDS

Indexed keywords

EID: 77949657727     PISSN: 00263672     EISSN: 14365073     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0284-6     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Adams F, Adriaens A, Aerts A, De Raedt I, Janssens K, Schalm O (1997) Micro and surface analysis in art and archaeology. J Anal Atom Spectrom 12: 257-265.
2. Reiche I, Chalmin E (2008) Synchrotron radiation and cultural heritage: combined XANES/XRF study at Mn K-edge of blue, grey or black coloured palaeontological and archaeological bone material. J Anal Atom Spectrom 23: 799-806.
3. Artoli G (2007) Crystallographic texture analysis of archaeological metals: interpretation of manufacturing techniques. Appl Phys A 89: 899-908.
4. De Ryck I, Adriaens A, Pantos E, Adams F (2003) A comparision of microbeam techniques for the analysis of corroded ancient bronze objects. Analyst 128: 1104-1109.
5. Doménech-Carbó A, Doménech-Carbó MT, Martínez-Lázaro I (2008) Electrochemical identification of bronze corrosion products in archaeological artefacts. A case study. Microchim Acta 162: 351-359.
6. Grolimund D, Senn M, Trottmann M, Janousch M, Bonhoure I, Scheidegger AM, Marcus M (2004) Shedding new light on historical metal samples using micro-focused synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta B 59: 1627-1635.
7. Thornton C, Lamberg-Karlovsky CC, Liezers M, Young SMM (2002) On pins and needles: tracing the evolution of copper-base alloying at Tepe Yahya, Iran, via ICP-MS analysis of common-place items. J Archaeol Sci 29: 1451-1460.
8. Ferrer Eres MA, Valle-Algarra M, Gimeno Adelantado JV, Peris-Pricente J, Soriano Piñol MD, Mateo-Castro R (2008) Archaeometric study on polymetallic remains from the archeological dig in Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by scanning electron microscopy and metallographic techniques. Microchim Acta 162: 341-349.
9. Figueiredo E, Araújo MF, Silva R, Braz Fernandes FM, Senna-Martinez JC, Inês Vaz JL (2006) Metallographic studies of copper based scraps from the Late Bronze Age Santa Luzia archaeological site (Viseu, Portugal). In: Fort R, Alvarez de Buergo M, Gomez-Heras M, Vazquez-Calvo C (eds) Heritage, weathering and conservation, vol. I. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 143-149.
10. Gimeno Adelantado JV, Ferrer Eres MA, Valle Algarra FM, Peris Vicente J, Bosch Reig F (2003) Application of SEM/EDX and metallographic techniques to the diachronic study (6th-18th century) of metallurgical materials found in archaeological excavations on the island of Ibiza (Spain). Anal Bioanal Chem 375: 1161-1168.
11. Giumlia-Mair A (2005) On surface analysis and archaeometallurgy. Nucl Instrum Meth B 239: 35-43.
12. Ingo GM, De Caro T, Riccucci C (2006) Large scale investigation of chemical composition, structure and corrosion mechanism of bronze archaeological artefacts from Mediterranean basin. Appl Phys A 83: 513-520.
13. Kienlin TL, Bischoff E, Opielka H (2006) Copper and bronze during the eneolithic and early bronze age: a metallographic examination of axes from the northalpine region. Archaeometry 48: 453-468.
14. Silva RJC, Figueiredo E, Araújo MF, Pereira F, Braz Fernandes FM (2008) Microstructure interpretation of copper and bronze archaeological artefacts from Portugal. Mater Sci Forum 587-588: 365-369.
15. Janssens K, Vittiglio G, Deraedt I et al (2000) Use of microscopic XRF for non-destructive analyses in art and archaeometry. X-Ray Spectrom 29: 73-91.
16. Pinasco MR, Ienco MG, Piccardo P, Pellati G, Stagno E (2007) Metallographic approach to the investigation of metallic archaeological objects. Ann Chim-Rome 97: 553-574.
17. Senna-Martinez JC (2000) O "Grupo Baiões/Santa Luzia" no Quadro do Bronze Final de Centro de Portugal. In: Senna-Martinez JC, Pedro I (eds) Por Terras de Viriato. Governo Civil do Distrito de Viseu and Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, Viseu, pp 117-146.
18. Gil FB, Senna-Martinez JC, Guerra MF, Seruya AI, Fabião C (1989) Produções metalúrgicas do Bronze Final do Cabeço do Crasto de São Romão, Seia: uma primeira análise. In: Actas do I Colóquio Arqueológico de Viseu, Colecção Ser e Estar 2, pp 235-248.
19. Figueiredo E, Valério P, Araújo MF, Senna-Martinez JC (2007) Micro-EDXRF surface analyses of a bronze spear head: lead content in metal and corrosion layers. Nucl Instrum Meth B 580: 725-727.
20. Pare C (2000) Bronze and the Bronze Age. In: Pare CFE (ed) Metals make the World go Round. Oxbow, Oxford, pp 1-38.
21. Vilaça R (1997) Metalurgia do Bronze Final da Beira Interior: revisão dos dados à luz de novos resultados. Estudos Pré-Históricos V: 123-154.
22. Valério P, Araújo MF, Canha A (2007) EDXRF and micro-EDXRF studies of Late Bronze Age metallurgical productions from Canedotes (Portugal). Nucl Instrum Meth B 263: 477-482.
23. Rovira S, Gómez P (1998) The Ria de Huelva hoard and the Late Bronze Age metalwork: a statistical approach. In: Mordant C, Pernot M, Rychner V (eds) L'Atelier du Bronzier en Europe du XXe au VIIIe Siècle avant notre Ère. CTHS, Paris, pp 81-90.
24. Northover P, Anheuser K (2000) Gilding in Britain: Celtic, Roman and Saxon. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 109-121.
25. Rovira S (2002) Metallurgy and Society in Prehistoric Spain. In: Ottaway BS, Wagner EC (ed). Metals and Society, BAR IS1061, Oxford, pp 5-20.
26. Oddy A (2000) A History of Gilding with particular reference to statuary. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 1-19.
27. Oddy A (1981) Gilding through the Ages. Gold Bull 14: 75-79.
28. Gänsicke S, Newman R (2000) Gilded silver from Ancient Nubia. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 73-96.
29. Nicholson ED (1979) The ancient craft of gold beating. Gold Bull 12: 161-166.
30. Healy JF (1999) Pliny the Elder on science and technology. Oxford University Press, New York.
31. Araújo MF, Alves LC, Cabral JMP (1993) Comparison of EDXRF and PIXE in the analysis of ancient gold coins. Nucl Instrum Meth B 75: 450-453.
32. Selwyn L (2000) Corrosion chemistry of gilded silver and copper. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 21-47.
33. Strahan DK, Maines CA (2000) Lacquer as an adhesive for gilding on copper alloy sculpture in southeast Asia. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 185-201.
34. Guerra MF, Calligaro T (2003) Gold cultural heritage objects: a review of studies of provenance and manufacturing technologies. Meas Sci Technol 14: 1527-1537.
35. Griffin PS (2000) The selective use of gilding on Egyptian Polychromed Bronzes. In: Drayman-Weisser T (ed) Gilded Metal-History, Technology and Conservation. Archtype and The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, London, pp 49-72.
36. Pinnel MR (1979) Diffusion-related behaviour of gold in thin film systems. Gold Bull 12: 62-71.
37. Figueiredo E, Senna-Martinez JC, Silva RJC, Araújo MF (2009) Orientalizing Artifacts from Fraga dos Corvos Rock Shelter in North Portugal. Mater Manuf Process 24: 949-954.