Do tourists disperse weed seed? A global review of unintentional human-mediated terrestrial seed dispersal on clothing, vehicles and horses

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 239-256

  Pickering, Catherine ^a   Mount, Ann ^a  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Human mediated seed dispersal; Plant invasions; Protected areas; Quarantine risk; Vehicle

Indexed keywords

ECOTOURISM; PLANT; PROTECTED AREA; SEED DISPERSAL; TOURIST BEHAVIOR; TOURIST DESTINATION; WEED;

EQUIDAE; HOLCUS LANATUS; POA; POA PRATENSIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;

EID: 77949408076     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669580903406613     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Australian Alps Liaison Committee (AALC). (2009). Horse riding in the Australian Alps National Parks. Canberra, Australia: Australian Alps Liaison Committee.
2. Benvenuti, S. (2007). Weed seed movement and dispersal strategies in the agricultural environment. Weed Biology and Management, 7, 141-157.
3. Boon, P.I., Fluker, M., & Wilson, N. (2008). A ten-year study of the effectiveness of an educative programme in ensuring the ecological sustainability of recreational activities in the Brisbane Ranges National Park, south-eastern Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16, 681-697.
4. Buckley, R. (2003). Ecological indicators of tourism impacts in Parks. Journal of Tourism, 2, 54-66.
5. Buckley, R. (2005). Recreation ecology research effort: An international comparison. Tourism Recreation Research, 30, 99-101.
6. Buckley, R., King, N., & Zubrinick, T. (2004). The role of tourism in spreading dieback disease in Australian vegetation. In R. Buckley (Ed.), Environmental impacts of tourism (pp. 317-337). New York: CAB International.
7. Bullock, S.H., & Primack, R.B. (1977). Comparative experimental study of seed dispersal on animals. Ecology, 58, 681-686.
8. Campbell, J.E., & Gibson, D.J. (2001). The effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors. Plant Ecology, 157, 23-35.
9. Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T., & Williamson, H. (2008). GrassBase: The online world grass flora. Retrieved August 2008, from http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html.
10. Clifford, H.T. (1956). Seed dispersal on footwear. Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British Isles, 2, 129-131.
11. Clifford, H.T. (1959). Seed dispersal by motor vehicles. Journal of Ecology, 47, 311-315.
12. Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management (CRC Weeds). (2003). Weed management guide: Chilean Needle grass (Nassella neesiana). Canberra, Australia: Author.
13. Cosyns, E., & Hoffmann, M. (2005). Horse dung germinable seed content in relation to plant species abundance, diet composition and seed characteristics. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6, 11-24.
14. Couveur, M., Christiaen, B., Verheyen, K., & Hermy, M. (2004). Large herbivores as mobile links between isolated nature reserves through adhesive seed dispersal. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 229-236.
15. Couveur, M., Cosyns, E., Hermy, M., & Hoffmann, M. (2005). Complementarily of epi- and endozoochory of plant seeds by free ranging donkeys. Ecography, 28, 37-48.
16. Environment Protection Agency, Queensland Government (EPA). (2009). Code of conduct for recreational horse riding on multi-use trails in designated state forests, forest reserves and protected areas. Brisbane, Australia: Author.
17. Falinski, J.B. (1972). Anthropochory in xerothermic grasslands in the light of experimental data. ACTA Socitatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 41, 357-367.
18. Fenner, M., & Thompson, K. (2005). The ecology of seeds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Gleadow, R.M., & Ashton, D.H. (1981). Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the forests of Central Victoria. I. Invasion patterns and plant morphology. Australian Journal of Botany, 29, 705-720.
20. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). (2005). Nassella neesiana (grass). Retrieved May 2009, from http://www.issg.org/database.
21. Gower, S.T. (2008). Are horses responsible for introducing non-native plants along forest trails in the eastern United States? Forest Ecology and Management, 256, 997-1003.
22. Harden, G.J. (1993). Flora of New South Wales. Sydney, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
23. Healy, A.J. (1943). Seed dispersal by human activity. Nature, 151, 140.
24. Higashino, P.K., Guyer, W., & Stone, C.P. (1983). The Kilauea wilderness marathon and crater rim runs: Sole searching experiences. Hawaiian Botanical Society, 22, 25-28.
25. Hodkinson, D.J., & Thompson, K. (1997). Plant dispersal: The role of man. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1484-1496.
26. Landsberg, J., Logan, B., & Shorthouse, D. (2001). Horse riding in urban conservation areas: Reviewing scientific evidence to guide management. Ecological Management and Restoration, 2, 36-46.
27. Littlefair, C., & Buckley, R. (2008). Interpretation reduces ecological impacts of visitors to World Heritage Site. Ambio, 37, 338-341.
28. Lonsdale, W.M. (1999). Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasability. Ecology, 80, 1522-1536.
29. Lonsdale, W.M., & Lane, A.M. (1994). Tourist vehicles as vectors of weed seeds in Kakadu National Park, Northern Australia. Biological Conservation, 69, 277-283.
30. McKinney, M.L. (2002). Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USA. Diversity and Distribution, 8, 311-318.
31. Moerkerk, M. (2006). Risk of weed movement through vehicles, plants and equipment: Results from a Victorian study. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts & N.D. Crossman (Eds.) Fifteenth Australian Weeds Conference (pp. 458-461). Adelaide, Australia: Weed Management Society of SA.
32. Moerkerk, M. (2008). Unpublished data. Australian: Department of Primary Industries, Victorian Government.
33. Mouissie, A.M., Vos, P., Verhagen, H.M.C., & Bakker, J.P. (2005). Endozoochory by free-ranging, large herbivores: Ecological correlates and perspectives for restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology, 6, 547-558.
34. Mount, A. (2008). Humans as seed vectors: Quantifying seed collected on different items of clothing when walking in Kosciuszko National park, Australia (Honours Thesis). School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
35. Mount, A., & Pickering, C.M. (2009). Testing the capacity of clothing to act as vector for non-native seed in protected areas. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 168-179.
36. Nathan, R. (2008). Long-distance dispersal of plants. Science, 313, 786-788.
37. Newsome, D., Moore, S.A., & Dowling, R.K. (2002). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
38. Pauchard, A., & Alaback, P.B. (2004). Influence of elevation, land use and landscape context on patterns of alien plan invasions along roadsides in protected areas of south-central Chile. Conservation Biology, 18, 238-248.
39. Pickering, C.M. (2008). Literature review of horse riding impacts on protected areas and a guide to the development of an assessment and monitoring program. Brisbane, Australia: Environment Protection Agency.
40. Pickering, C.M., & Hill, W. (2007). Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 85, 791-800.
41. Pickering, C.M., Hill, W., & Bear, R. (2007). Indirect impacts of nature based tourism and recreation: Association between infrastructure and exotic plants in Kosciuszko National Park. Journal of Ecotourism, 6, 146-157.
42. Pimentel, D., McNair, S., Janecka, J., Whightman, J., Simmonds, C., O'Connoll, C., et al. (2001). Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 84, 1-20.
43. PlantNET. (2006). National Herbarium of New South Wales (1999-2005) New South Wales Flora Online. Sydney: National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved May 2009, from http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/.
44. Potito, A.P., & Beatty, S.W. (2005). Impacts of recreation trails on exotic and ruderal species distributions in grassland areas along Colorado Front Range. Environmental Management, 36, 230-236.
45. Quinn, L.D., Kolipinksi, M., Coelho, V.R., Davis, B., Vianney, J., Batjargal, O., et al. (2008). Germination of invasive plant seeds after digestion by horses in California. Natural Areas Journal, 28, 356-362.
46. Randall, R.P. (2007, 2009). A global compendium of weeds. Perth, Australia: Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Retrieved May 2009, from www.hear.org/gcw/.
47. Richardson, D.M., Pysek, P., Rejmanek, M., Barbour, M., Panetta, F.D., & West, C.J. (2001). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: Concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions, 6, 93-107.
48. Schmidt, W. (1989). Plant dispersal by motor cars. Vegetatio, 80, 147-152.
49. St John-Sweeting, R.S., & Morris, K.A. (1991). Seed transmission through the digestive tract of the horse. In S.E. Humphries (Ed.), Plant invasions: The incidence of environmental weeds in Australia (pp. 170-172). Canberra, Australia: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.
50. Torn, A. (2007). Sustainability of nature based tourism (PhD thesis). University of Oulu, Finland.
51. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2002). Plant fact sheet: Kentucky Bluegrass. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved May 2009, from http://plants.usda.gov.
52. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2008). The PLANTS database. Baton Rouge: National Plant Data Center. Retrieved August 2008, from http://plants.usda.gov.
53. Usher, M.B. (1988). Biological invasions of nature reserves: A search for generalizations. Biological Conservation, 44, 119-135.
54. Von der Lippe, M., & Kowarik, I. (2007). Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions. Conservation Biology, 21, 986-996.
55. Von der Lippe, M., & Kowarik, I. (2008). Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban-rural gradients. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 18-25.
56. Wace, N. (1977). Assessment of dispersal of plants species: The car-borne flora in Canberra. Proceedings Ecological Society of Australia, 10, 167-186.
57. Wace, N. (1985). Australia - the isolated continent. In A.J. Gibbs & H.R.C. Meischke (Eds.), Pests and parasites as migrants: An Australian perspective (pp. 3-22). Canberra, Australia: Australian Academy of Sciences.
58. Weaver, V., & Adams, R. (1996). Horses as vectors in the dispersal of weeds into native vegetation. In R.C.H. Shepherd (Ed.), Eleventh Australian weeds conference (pp. 383-387). Melbourne, Australia: Weed Science Society of Victoria.
59. Weber, E. (2003). Invasive plant species of the world. New York: CABI.
60. Wells, F.H., & Lauenroth, W.K. (2007). The potential for horses to disperse alien plants along recreational trails. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 60, 574-577.
61. Whinam, J., Cannell, E.J., Kirkpatrick, J.B., & Comfort, M. (1994). Studies on the potential impact of recreational horse riding on some alpine environments of the Central Plateau, Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management, 40, 103-117.
62. Whinam, J., Chilcott, N., & Bergstrom, D.M. (2005). Subantarctic hitchhikers: Expeditioners as vectors for the introduction of alien organisms. Biological Conservation, 121, 207-219.
63. Wichmann, M.C., Alexander, M.J., Soons, M.B., Galworth, S., Dunne, L., Gould, R., et al. (2009). Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 276, 523-531.
64. Williams, J.A., & West, C.J. (2000). Environmental weeds in Australia and New Zealand: Issues and approaches to management. Austral Ecology, 25, 425-444.
65. Worboys, G.L., Lockwood, M., & De Lacy, T. (2005). Protected area management: Principles and practice (2nd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
66. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). (2000). IUCN guidelines for the prevention of biodiversity loss caused by alien invasive species. Geneva: Species Survival Commission, Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN.
67. Zwaenepoel, A., Roovers, P., & Hermy, M. (2006). Motor vehicles as vectors of plant species from road verges in a suburban environment. Basic and Applied Ecology, 7, 83-93.