A mammalian fauna from the late oligocene of Northwestern Kenya

Palaeontographica, Abteilung A: Palaozoologie - Stratigraphie

Volumn 288, Issue 1-3, 2009, Pages 1-52

  Rasmussen, D Tab ^a   Gutierrez, Mercedes ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77749331119     PISSN: 03750442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1127/pala/288/2009/1     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Andrews, C.W. (1904): Further notes on the mammals of the Eocene of Egypt. - Geol. Mag. 5 (1): 109-115.
2. -,- (1906): A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. - Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London: 324 pp.
3. Andrews, P.J. (1978): A revision of the Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa. - Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Geol.) 30: 85-224.
4. Arambourg, C. (1933). Mammifères miocènes du Turkana (Afrique orientale). - Ann. Paléont. 22: 121-148.
5. -,- (1943): Contribution à l'étude géologique et paléontologique du bassin du Lac Rodolphe et de la Basse Vallée de l'Omo. Mission scientifique de l'Omo, 1932-1933. - Geol. Anthropol. 1: 1-74.
6. Arambourg, C. & Magnier, P. (1961): Gisements de verté brés dans le bassin tertaire de Syrte (Libie). - C. R. hebd. Séances l'Acad. Sci. 252: 1181-1183.
7. Baker, B.H., Mohr, P.A. & Williams, L.A.J (1972): Geology of the eastern rift systems of Africa. - Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., Spec. Pap. 136: 1-67.
8. Barry, J.C., Cote, S., MacLatchy, L., Lindsay, E.H., Kityo, R. & Rajpar, A.R. (2005): Oligocene and Early Miocene ruminants (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Pakistan and Uganda. - Palaeont. Electron. 8: 22-29.
9. Beadnell, H.J.C. (1902): A preliminary note on Arsinoitherium zittelli Beadnell, from the upper Eocene strata of Egypt. - Surv.Dept. Pubi. Works Minist., Cairo, Nat. Print. Dept.: 4 pp.
10. Bellieni, G., Justin Visentin, E., Piccirillo, E. M. & Zanettin, E. (1987): Volcanic cycles and magmatic evolution in northern Turkana (Kenya). - Tectonophysics 143: 161-168.
11. Biedermann, W.G.A. (1863): Petrefacten aus der Umgegend von Winterthur, Volume 2: Die Braunkohlen von Elgg. - Bleuler-Hausheer, Winterthur.
12. Bishop, W.W., Chapman, G.R., Miller, J.A. & Hill, A. (1971): Succession of Cenozoic vertebrate assemblages from the northern Kenya Rift Valley. - Nature 233: 389-394.
13. Bonaparte, C.L.J.L. (1845): Catalogo metodico dei mammiferi Europei. - Coitipi di L. di Giacomo Piróla, Milano.
14. Boschetto, H.B. (1988): Geology of the Losodok Range. - Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City.
15. Boschetto, H.B., Brown, F.H. & McDougall, I. (1992): Stratigraphy of the Losodok range, northern Kenya, and K/Ar ages of its Miocene primates. - J. Human E vol. 22: 47-51.
16. Bowdich, T.E. (1821): An analysis of the natural classifications of Mammalia for the use of students and travelers. - J. Smith, Paris: 115 pp.
17. Bown, T.M., Kraus, M.J., Wing, S.L., Fleagle, J.G., Tiffney, B.H., Simons, E.L. & Vondra, C.F. (1982): The Fayum primate forest revisited. - J. Human Evol. 11: 603-632.
18. Champion, A.M. (1937): The physiography of the region to the west and south-west of Lake Rudolf. - Geogr. J. 89: 97-118.
19. Churcher, C.S. (1978): Giraffidae. - In: Maglio, V.J. & Cooke, H.B.S. (Eds.): Evolution of African Mammals. - Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 509-535.
20. Colbert, E.H. (1933).: The skull of Dissopsalis camifex Pilgrim, a Miocene creodont from India. - Amer. Mus. Novit. 603: 1-8.
21. Cooke, H.B.S. & Wilkinson, A.F. (1978): Suidae and Tayassuidae. - In: Maglio, V.J. & Cooke, H.B.S. (Eds.): Evolution of African Mammals. - Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 435-482.
22. Cope, E.D. (1875): On the supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains. - Paleont. Bull. 20: 1-4.
23. Court, N. (1992a): The skull of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda) and the higher order interrelationships of ungulates. - Palaeovertebrata 22: 1-43.
24. -,- (1992b): A unique form of dental bilophodonty and a functional interpretation of peculiarities in the masticatory system of Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda). - Hist. Biol. 6: 91-111.
25. -,- (1993): Morphology and functional anatomy of the postcranial skeleton in Arsinoitherium (Mammalia, Embrithopoda). - Palaeontolographica A 226: 125-169.
26. Court, N. & Hartenberger, J.-L. (1992): A new species of the hyracoid mammal Titanohyrax from the Eocene of Tunisia. - Palaeontographica 35: 309-317. (Pubitemid 23389312)
27. Dashzeveg, D. (1996): Some carnivorous mammals from the Paleogene of the eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, and the application of Oligocene carnivores to stratigraphie correlation. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3179: 1-14.
28. Deperet, C. (1895): Uber die Fauna von miocanen Wirbeltheieren aus der ersten Mediterranstufe von Eggenburg. - Sitzungsber., Math.- Naturwiss- Kl., Österreich. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 104 (1): 395-416.
29. Dixey, F. (1948): The geology and morphology of northern Kenya. - Geol. Surv., Kenya, 15 (1): 1-33.
30. Dubrovo, I.A. (1978): New data on fossil Hyracoidea. - Paleontol. J. 12: 375-383.
31. Egi, N., Holroyd, P.A., Tsubamoto, T., Shigehara, N., Tarai, M., Aye KoAung, Aung Naing Soe & Soe Thura Tun (2004): A new genus and species of hyaenodontid creodont from the Pondaung Formation (Eocene, Myanmar). - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 24: 502-506. (Pubitemid 38908377)
32. Egi, N. Holroyd, P.A., Tsubamoto, T., Aung Naing Soe, Takai, M. 8c Ciochon, R.L. (2005): Proviverrine hyaenodontids (Creodonta: Mammalia) from the Eocene of Myanmar and a phylogenetic analysis of the proviverrines from the Para-Tethys area. - J. Syst. Palaeont. 3: 337-358.
33. Éhik, J. (1930): Prodeinotherium hungaricum n. g., n. sp. - Geol. Hung., Ser. Palaeontol. 6: 1-24.
34. Fejfar, O. (1987): Oligocene rodents from Zallah Oasis, Libya. - Münchner Geowiss., Abh. A, 10: 265-268.
35. Field, H. (1949): The University of California African Expedition: II, Sudan and Kenya. - Amer. Anthropol. 51: 72-84.
36. Fleagle, J. (1975): A small gibbon-like hominoid from the Miocene of Uganda. - Folia Primatol. 24: 1-15.
37. Fleagle, J. 8c Simons, E.L. (1978): Micropithecus clarki, a small ape from the Miocene of Uganda. - Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 49:427-440. (Pubitemid 9044629)
38. Fourtau, R. (1920): Contribution à l'étude des vertébrés miocènes de l'Égypte. - Gov. Press, Cairo: 122 pp.
39. Fuchs, V.E., Wakefield, R.C., Millard, J.F. 8c MacInnes, D.G. (1935): The Lake Rudolph Valley Expedition, 1934. - Geograph. J. 86: 114-137.
40. Fuchs, V.E. (1939): The geological history of the Lake Rudolf Basin, Kenya Colony. - Philosoph. Trans. Royal Soc. London, Series B, Biol. Sci. 229 (560): 219-274.
41. Gagnon, M. (1997): Ecological diversity and community ecology in the Fayum sequence (Egypt). - J. Human Evol. 32: 133-160.
42. Gaubert, P. 8c Veron, G. (2003): Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia. - Proc. Royal Soc. London, B, 270: 2523-2530. (Pubitemid 37500247)
43. Gebo, D. L., MacLatchy, L., Kityo, R., Deino, A., Kingston, J. 8c Pilbeam, D. (1997): A hominoid genus from the Early Miocene of Uganda. - Sci. 276 (5311): 401-404.
44. Gevin, P., Lavocat, R., Mongereau, N. 8c Sudre, J. (1975): Découverte de mammifères dans la moitié inférieure de l'Eocène continental du Nord-Ouest du Sahara. - C. R. l'Acad. Sci., Paris, 280: 967-968.
45. Gheerbrant, E. & Rage, J.-C. (2006): Paleobiogeography of Africa: how distinct from Gondwana and Laurasia? - Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 241: 224-246. (Pubitemid 44601934)
46. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Cappetta, H., Mourer-Chauviré, C., Bourdon, E., Iarochène, M., Amaghzaz, M. & Bouya, B. (2003).: Les localités à mammifères des carrières de Grand Daoui, basin des Ouled Abdoun, Maroc, Yprésian: premier état des lieux. - Bull. Soc. Géol. France 174: 279-293. (Pubitemid 36906170)
47. Gheerbrant, E., Sudre, J., Tassy, P., Amaghzaz, M., Bouya, B. & Iarochene, M. (2005): Nouvelles données sur Phosphatherium escuilliei (Mammalia, Proboscidea) de l'Éocène inférieur du Maroc, apports à la phylogénie des Proboscidea et des ongulés lophodontes. - Geodiversitas 27: 239-333. (Pubitemid 41001284)
48. Gill, T. (1872): Arrangement of the families of mammals with analytical tables. - Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 11 (1): i-vi, 1-98.
49. Gray, J.E. (1821): On the natural arrangement of vertebróse animals. - London Med. Repos. 15: 296-310.
50. Gunnell, G.F., Jacobs, B.F., Herendeen, P.S., Head, J.J., Kowalski, E., Msuya, C.P., Mizambwa, F.A., Harrison, T., Habersetzer, J. & Storch, G. (2003): Oldest placental mammal from sub-Saharan Africa: Eocene microbat from Tanzania evidence for early evolution of sophisticated echolocation. - Palaeont. Electron. 5: 1-10.
51. Hamilton, W. (1973): North African lower Miocene rhinoceroses. - Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 24: 351-395.
52. Harrison, T. (2002): Late Oligocene to middle Miocene catarrhines from Afro-Arabia. - In: Hartwig, W.C. (Ed.): The Primate Fossil Record. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: 311-388.
53. Hay, O.P. (1922): Further observations on some extinct elephants. - Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, 35: 97-102.
54. Holroyd, P.A. (1994): An examination of dispersal origins for Fayum Mammalia. - Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., Duke Univ., Durham, North Carolina, USA.
55. Hopwood, A.T. (1933): Miocene primates from Kenya. - J. Linnaean Soc. (Zool.), London, 38: 437-464.
56. Hooijer, D.A. (1971): A new rhinoceros from the Late Miocene of Loperot, Turkana District, Kenya. - Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 142-3: 339-392.
57. Hunt, R.M., Jr. (2001): Basicranial anatomy of the living linsangs Prionodon and Poiana (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae), with comments on the early evolution of aeluroid carnivorans. - Amer. Mus. Novit. 3330: 1-24.
58. Huxley, T.H. (1969): An Introduction to the Classification of Animals, Volume XIII. - John Churchill and Sons, London: 147 pp.
59. Illiger, C. (1811): Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione Germanica. - C. Salfield, Berlin: 302 pp.
60. Jacobs, B.F., Tabor, N., Feseha, M., Pan, A., Kappelman, J., Rasmussen, T., Sanders, W., Wiemann, M., Crabaugh, J. & Garcia Massini, J.L. (2006): Oligocene terrestrial strata of northwestern Ethiopia: a preliminary report on paleoenvironments and paleontology. - Palaeont. Electron. 8 (1): 19 pp.
61. Jaeger, J.J. (2003): Mammalian evolution - isolationist tendencies. - Nature 426: 509.
62. Joubert, P. (1966): Geology of the Loperot area. - Rep. Geol. Surv., Kenya. 74: 52 pp.
63. Kappelman, J., Simons, E.L. & Swisher, C.C. III. (1992): New age determinations for the Eocene-Oligocene boundary sediments in the Fayum Depression, northern Egypt. - J. Geol. 100: 647-667.
64. Kappelman, J., Rasmussen, D.T., Sanders, W., Feseha, M., Bown, T., Copeland, R, Crabaugh, J., Fleagle, J., Glantz, M., Gordon, A., Jacobs, B., Maga, M., Muldoon, K., Pan, A., Pyne, L., Richmond, B., Ryan, T., Seiffert, E., Sen, S., Todd, L., Wiemann, M.C. & Winkler, A. (2003): Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia. - Nature 426: 549-552. (Pubitemid 37526704)
65. Lavocat, R. (1973): Les rongeurs du Miocène d-Afrique Orientale. - Mem. et trav. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Inst. Montpellier, 1: 1-284.
66. Leakey, M.G., Leakey, R.E.F., Richtsmeier, J.T., Simons, E.L. & Walker, A.C. (1991): Similarities in Aegyptopithecus and Afropithecus facial morphology. - Folia Primatol. (Basel) 56: 65-85.
67. Leakey, M.G., Ungar, P.S. & Walker, A. (1995): A new genus of large primate from the Late Oligocene of Losodok, Turkana District, Kenya. - J. Human Evol. 28: 519-531.
68. Leakey, R.E.F. & Leakey; M.G. (1987): A new Miocene small-bodied ape from Kenya. - J. Human Evol. 16: 269-387.
69. Leakey, R.E.F., Leakey, M.G. & Walker, A.C. (1988a): Morphology of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis from Kenya. - Amer. J. Phys. Antropol. 76: 277-288.
70. -,- (1988b): Morphology of Afropithecus turkanensis from Kenya. - Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 76: 289-307.
71. Leidy, J. (1869): The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska. - J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 453 pp.
72. Le Gros Clark, WE. (1952): Report on fossil hominoid material collected by the British-Kenya Miocene expedition. - Proc. Zool. Soc. London 122: 273-264.
73. Le Gros Clark, WE. & Leakey, L.S.B. (1951): The Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa. Fossil Mammals of Africa I. - Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London: 1-117.
74. Linnaeus, C. (1758): Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. - Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii.
75. Luterbacher, H.P., Ali, J.R, Brinkhuis, H., Gradstein, F.M., Hooker, J.J., Monechi, S., Ogg, J.G., Powell, J., Röhl, U., Sanfilippo, A. & Schmitz, B. (2004): The Paleogene Period. - In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J. & Smith, A. (Eds.): A Geologic Time Scale. - Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: 384-408.
76. Maclnnes, D.G. (1943): Notes on the East African Miocene primates. - J. East African Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 141-181.
77. Madden, C.T. (1972): Miocene mammals, stratigraphy and environment of Moruorot Hill, Kenya. - Paleobios, Mus. Paleont., Berkeley 14: 1-12.
78. -,- (1980a): New Proconsul (Xenopithecus) from the Miocene of Kenya. - Primates 21: 241-252.
79. -,- (1980b): Zygolophodon from subsaharan Africa, with observations on the systematics of palaeomastodontid proboscideans. - J. Paleont. 54: 57-64.
80. Maglio, V.J. & Cooke, H.B.S. (1978): Evolution of African Mammals. - Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.: 641 pp.
81. Mahboubi, M., Ameur, R., Chrochet, J.Y. & Jaeger, J.J. (1986): El Kohol (Saharan Atlas, Algeria), a new Eocene mammal locality in northwestern Africa: stratigraphie, phylogenetic and paleobiogeographical data. - Palaeontographica A 192: 15-49.
82. Matthew, W.D. (1909): The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin middle Eocene. - Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4: 291-567.
83. Matsumoto, H. (1926): Contribution to the knowledge of the fossil Hyracoidea of the Fayum, Egypt, with description of several new species. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 56: 253-350.
84. Mead, J.G. (1975): A fossil beaked whale (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) from the Miocene of Kenya. - J. Paleont. 49: 745-751.
85. Meyer, G.E. (1973): A new Oligocene hyrax from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. - Postilla 163: 1-11.
86. -,- (1978): Hyracoidea. - In: Maglio, V.G. & Cook, H.B.S. (Eds.): Evolution of African Mammals. - Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 284-314.
87. Miller, E.R. (1999): Faunal correlation of Wadi Moghara, Egypt: implications for the age of Prohylobates tandyi.-J. Human Evol. 36: 519-533. (Pubitemid 29311243)
88. Morales, J., Pickford, M. & Soria, D. (1998): A new creodont Metapterodon stromeri nov. sp. (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Langental (Sperrgebiet, Namibia). - C. R. l'Acad. Sci. 327: 633-638. (Pubitemid 29160283)
89. Morley, C.K., Wescott, W.A., Stone, D.M., Harper, R.M., Wigger, S.T. & Karanja, F.M. (1992): Tectonic evolution of the northern Kenyan Rift. - J. Geol. Soc. 149: 333-348.
90. Murray-Hughes, R. (1933): Notes on the geological succession, tectonics, and economic geology of the western half of Kenya Colony. - Geol. Surv. Uganda 3: 1-8.
91. Osborn, H.F. (1899): On Pliohyrax kruppii Osborn, a fossil hyracoid from Samos, Lower Pliocene, in the Stuttgart collection. A new type and the first known Tertiary hyracoid. - Proc., 4th Int. Congr. Zool., Cambridge 1898: 172-173.
92. -,- (1908): New fossil mammals from the Fayum Oligocene, Egypt. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 265-272.
93. -,- (1921): The evolution, phylogeny and classification of the Proboscidea. - Amer. Mus. Novit. 1: 1-15.
94. Owen, R. (1848): Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the N.W. coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develop Cuvier's idea of the classification of pachyderms by the number of their toes. - Quart. J. Geol. Soc., London 4: 103-141.
95. Peigné, S. & de Bonis, L. (1999): The genus Stenoplesictis Filhol (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Oligocene deposits of the Phosphorites of Quercy, France. - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 19: 566-575. (Pubitemid 129323585)
96. Pickford, M. (1986): Première découverte d'une faune mammalienne terrestre paléogene d'Afrique sub-saharienne. - C. R. l'Acad. Sci., Paris, Série 2, 302: 1205-1210.
97. Pickford, M. (2004): Revision of the Early Miocene Hyracoidea (Mammalia) of East Africa. - C. R. Palevol., Paris, 3: 675-690. (Pubitemid 40014638)
98. Pickford, M. & Andrews, P. (1981): The Tinderet Miocene sequence in Kenya. - J. Human Evol. 10: 11-33. (Pubitemid 11158417)
99. Pickford, M., Thomas, H., Sen, S., Roger, J., Gheerbrant, E. & Al-Sulaimai, Z. (1994): Early Oligocene Hyracoidea (Mammalia) from Thaytiniti and Taqah, Dhofar Province, Sultanate of Oman. - C. R. l'Acad. Sci., Paris, 318 (II): 1395-1400. (Pubitemid 24427775)
100. Pickford, M., Moyà So là S. & Mein, P. (1997): A revised phylogeny of Hyracoidea (Mammalia) based on new specimens of Pliohyracidae from Africa and Europe. - N. Jahrb. Geol. und Paläont., Abh., 205: 265-288. (Pubitemid 127737455)
101. Pilgrim, G.E. (1910): Notices of new mammalian genera and species from the Tertiary of India. - Ree. Geol. Surv. India 40: 63-71.
102. Polly, P.D. (1996): The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia). - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 16: 303-319.
103. Rasmussen, D.T. (1989): The evolution of the Hyracoidea: a review of the fossil evidence. - In: Prothero, D.R. & Schoch, R.M. (Eds.): The Evolution of Perissodactyls. - Oxford Univ. Press, New York: 57-78.
104. -,- (2002): Early catarrhines of the African Eocene and Oligocene. - In: Hartwig, W.C. (Ed.): The Primate Fossil Ree., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK: 203-220.
105. Rasmussen, D.T. & Gutierrez, M. (in press): Hyracoidea. - In: Sanders, W.J. & Werdelin, L. (Eds.): Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. - Univ. California Press.
106. Rasmussen, D.T. & Simons, E.L. (1988): New Oligocene hyracoids from Egypt. - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 8: 67-83.
107. -,- (1991): The oldest Egyptian hyracoids (Mammalia: Pliohyracidae): new species of Saghatherium and Thyrohyrax from the Fayum. - N. Jahrb. Geol. und Paläont., Abh., 182: 187-209.
108. -,- (2000): Ecomorphological diversity among paleogene hyracoids (Mammalia): a new cursorial browser from the Fayum, Egypt. - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 20: 167-176.
109. Rasmussen, D.T., Tilden, C.D. & Simons, E.L. (1989): New specimens of the giant creodont Megistotherium Hyaenodontidae from Moghara, Egypt. - J. Mammal. 70: 442-447.
110. Rasmussen, D.T, Bown, T.M. & Simons, E.L. (1992): The Eocene-Oligocene transition in continental Africa. - In: Prothero, D.R. & Berggren, W.A. (Eds.): Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution. - Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey: 548-564.
111. Rasmussen, D.T., Tshakkeen, S.O., Abugares, M.M. & Smith, J.B. (2008): Return to Dor al-Talha: Paleontological reconnaisance of the Early Tertiary of Libya. - In: Fleagle, J.G. & Gilbert, C.C. (eds.): Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins. - Springer Press, New York: 181-196.
112. Sanders, W.J., Kappelman, J. & Rasmussen, D.T. (2004): New large-bodied mammals from the late Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia. - Acta Palaeont. Polonica 49: 365-392. (Pubitemid 39008175)
113. Savage, R.J.G. (1965): Fossil mammals of Africa: 19. The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa. - Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 1: 239-316.
114. Schaub, S. (1958): Simplicidentata. - In: Pivetau, J. (Ed.): Traite de Paleontologie, Paris, Masson et Cie., 6 (2): 659-818.
115. Schlosser, M. (1911): Beiträge zur Kenntnis der oligozänen Landsaugetiere aus dem Fayum, Ägypten. - Beitr. Palaeont. und Geol. Österreich, Ungarns und des Orients 24: 51-167.
116. Schmidt-Kittler, N. (1987): The Carnivora (Fissipedia) from the Lower Miocene of East Africa. - Palaeontographica A, Palaeozoologie- Stratigraphie 197 (1-3): 85-126.
117. Seiffert, E.R. (2006): Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman. - Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 103: 5000-5005.
118. Shoshani, J., Walter, R.C., Abraha, M., Berhe, S., Tassy, P., Sanders, W.J., Marchant, G.H., Libsekal, Y., Ghirmai, T. & Zinner, D. (2006): A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications. - Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 103: 17296-17301. (Pubitemid 44788963)
119. Simons, E.L. (1968): Early Cenozoic mammalian faunas, Fayum Province, Egypt, Part I, African Oligocene mammals: introduction, history of study, and faunal succession. - Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale Univ., Bull. 28: 1-21.
120. Simons, E.L. & Rasmussen, D.T. (1990): Vertebrate paleontology of Fayum: history of research, faunal review, and future prospects. - In: Said, R. (Ed.): The Geology of Egypt. - A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam: 627-638.
121. Simpson, G.G. (1945): The Principles of Classiification and a Classification of Mammals. - Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.l Hist. 85: 1-350.
122. Springer, M.S., Cleven, G., Madsen, O., de Jong, W.W., Waddell, V.G., Amrine, H.M. & Stanhope, M.J. (1997): Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. - Nature 388: 61-64. (Pubitemid 27283887)
123. Stevens, N.J., Gottfried, M.D., O'Connor, P.M., Roberts, E. & Ngasala, S. (2005): An anthropoid primate humerus from the Rukwa Rift Basin, Paleogene of Southwestern Tanzania. - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 25: 986-989. (Pubitemid 43204893)
124. Stevens, N.J., O'Connor, P.M., Gottfried, M.D., Roberts, E., Ngasala, S. & Dawson, M.R. (2006): Metaphiomys (Rodentia: Phiomyidae) from the Paleogene of Southwestern Tanzania. - J. Paleont. 80: 407-410.
125. Stevens, N.J., Gottfried, M.G., Roberts, E.M., Kapilima, S., Ngasala, S. & O'Conner, P.M. (2008): Paleontological exploration in Africa: A view from the Rukwa Rift Basin of Tanzania. - In: Fleagle, J.G. & Gildbert, C.C. (eds.): Elwyn Simons: a Search for Origins. - Springer Press, New York: 159-180.
126. Stromer, E. (1922): Erste mitteilung über tertiäre Wirbeltier-Reste aus Deutsch Südwestafrika. - Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 331-340.
127. Sudre, J. (1975): Nouveaux gisements a mammifères dans l'Eocène d'Afrique. - 3eme réun. annu. Sci. Terre, Montpellier: 355.
128. -,- (1979): Nouveaux mammifères dans l'Eocène du Sahara occidental. - Palaeovertebrata 9: 83-115.
129. Tabuce, R., Coiffait, B., Coiffait, P.E., Mahboubi, M. & Jaeger, J.J. (2000): A new species of Bunohyrax (Hyracoidea, Mammalia) from the Eocene of Bir El Ater (Algeria). - C. R. l'Acad. Sci., Paris, Sci. Terre et planètes 331: 61-66.
130. Tabuce, R., Mahboubi, M. & Sudre, J. (2001): Reassessment of the Algerian Eocene Hyracoid Microhyrax. Consequences on the early diversity and basal phylogeny of the Order Hyracoidea (Mammalia). - Eclogae geol. Helvetiae 94: 537-545. (Pubitemid 34161847)
131. Tassy, P. (1977): Découverte de Zygolophodon turicensis (Schinz) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) au Lieu-Dit Malattie a Simorre, Gers (Vindobonien Moyen), Implications paléoécologiques et biostratigraphiques. - Geobios 10: 655-659.
132. -,- (1988): The classification of Proboscidea: how many cladistic classifications? - Cladistics 4: 43-57.
133. Tassy, P. & Pickford, M. (1983): Un nouveau mastodonte zygolophodonte (Proboscidea, Mammalia) dans le Miocène inférieur d'Afrique orientale: systématique et paléoenvironnement. - Geobios 16: 53-77.
134. Tchernov, E., Ginsburg, L., Tassy, P. & Goldsmith, N.F. (1987): Miocene mammals of the Negev (Israel). - J. Vertebrate Paleont. 7:284-310.
135. Thomas, H., Gheerbrant, E. & Pacaud, J.M. (2004): Découverte de squelettes subcomplets de mammifères (Hyracoidea) dans le Paléogène d'Afrique (Libye). - C. R. l'Acad. Sci., Paris, Palevol. 3: 209-217. (Pubitemid 38681581)
136. Thomas, H., Roger, J., Sen, S. Bourdillon-de-Grissac, C. & Al-Sulaimani, Z. (1989): Découverte de vertébrés fossils dans l'Oligocène inférieur du Dhofar (Sultanat d'Oman. - Geobios 22: 101-120. (Pubitemid 19314474)
137. Thomas, H., Roger, R., Sen, S., Pickford, M., Gheerbrant, E., Al-Sulaimani, Z. & Al-Busaidi, S. (1999): Oligocene and Miocene terrestrial vertebrates in the southern Arabian Peninsula (Sultanate of Oman) and their geodynamic and palaeogeographic settings. - In: Whybrow, P.J. & Hill, A. (Eds.): Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia. - Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, Connecticut: 430-442.
138. Tobien, H. (1975): The structure of the mastodont molar (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Part 2: The zygodont and zygobunodont pattern. - Mainzer Geowiss. Mitt. 4: 195-233.
139. Walsh, J. & Dobson, R.G. (1969): Geology of northern Turkana. - Geol. Surv. Kenya 82.
140. Whitworth, T. (1954): The Miocene hyracoids of East Africa with some observations on the order Hyracoidea. - Fossil Mammals of Africa, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 7: 1-70.
141. Williamson, P.G. & Savage, R.J.G. (1986): Early rift sedimentation in the Turkana Basin, north Kenya. - In: Frostick, L.E., Renaut, R.W., Reid, I. & Tiercelin, J.J. (Eds.): Sedimentation in the African Rifts. - Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Pubi. 25: 267-284.
142. Winkler, A.J., MacLatchy, L. & Mafabi, M. (2005): Small rodents and a lagomorph from the Early Miocene Bukwa Locality, Eastern Uganda. - Palaeont. Electron. 8 (1): 12 pp.
143. Woods, C.A. (1976): What is a hystricomorph-hystricognath rodent? - Amer. Zool. 16: 268.
144. Yoder, A.D., Burns, M.M., Zehr, S., Delefosse, T., Veron, G., Goodman, S.M. & Flynn, J.J. (2003): Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor. - Nature 421: 734-737. (Pubitemid 36227622)
145. Zanettin, B., Justin "Visentin, E., Bellieni, G., Piccirillo, E.M. & Rita, F. (1983): The volcanics of North Turkana Basin (Kenya): Age, succession and structural evolution. - Elf-Aquitaine, Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor. Prod. 7: 249-255.