Developmental states in East Asia: A comparison of the Japanese and Chinese experiences

Asian Perspective

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 5-39

  Beeson, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

China; East asian politics; Economic development in asia; Japan

Indexed keywords

EID: 77749330822     PISSN: 02589184     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/apr.2009.0016     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Alice H. Amsden, The Rise of "The Rest": Challenges to the West from Late-Industrializing Economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
2. It should be noted that there is also an extensive literature that considers the developmental experiences of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and even Southeast Asia, but this lies beyond the scope of this article. For an overview, see Mark Beeson, Regionalism, Globalization and East Asia: Politics, Security and Economic Development (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007).
3. Charles Kenny and David Williams, "What Do We Know About Economic Growth? Or, Why Don't We Know Very Much?" World Development, vol. 29, No. 1 (2001), pp. 1-22.
4. Richard Katz, Japan: The System That Soured (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998)
5. Edward J. Lincoln, Arthritic Japan: The Slow Pace of Economic Reform in Japan (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 2001).
6. T. J. Pempel, Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999).
7. Andrew MacIntyre and Barry Naughton, "The Decline of a Japan-Led Model of East Asian Economy," in T. J. Pempel, ed., Remapping East Asia: The Construction of a Region (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005).
8. Mark Beeson, "Japan's Reluctant Reformers and the Legacy of the Developmental State," in Anthony Cheung and Ian Scott, eds., Governance and Public Sector Reform in Post-Crisis Asia: Paradigm Shift or Business as Usual? (London: Curzon Press, 2003)
9. Steven K. Vogel, Japan Remodeled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese Capitalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006).
10. Edith Terry, How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China, and the Asian Miracle (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).
11. Seung-Wook Baek, "Does China Follow 'the East Asian Development Model'?" Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 35, No. 4 (2005), pp. 485-98
12. David Kerr, "Has China Abandoned Self-Reliance?" Review of International Political Economy, vol. 14, No. 1 (2007), pp. 77-104.
13. Elliott Larry, "Asian Model Should Have More Fans," The Guardian (London), September 8, 2008
14. For a rare exception, see Saadia M. Pekkanen and Kellee S. Tsai, eds., Japan and China in the World Political Economy (London: Routledge, 2005).
15. Mark Beeson, "The More Things Change...? Path Dependency and Convergence in East Asia," in Beeson, ed., Reconfiguring East Asia: Regional Institutions and Organisations After the Crisis (London: RoutledgeCurzon Press, 2002), pp. 246-56
16. Edward T. Gomez, Political Business in East Asia (London: Routledge, 2002)
17. Joe Studwell, Asian Godfathers: Money and Power in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2007)
18. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industry Policy 1925-1975 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982).
19. William K. Tabb, The Postwar Japanese System: Cultural Economy and Economic Transformation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
20. Charles Polidano, "Measuring Public Sector Capacity," World Development, vol. 28, No. 5 (May, 2000), pp. 805-22.
21. Joel S. Migdal, Strong States and Weak Societies: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988).
22. Linda Weiss and John M. Hobson, States and Economic Development: A Comparative Historical Analysis (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
23. For a more detailed discussion of the evolution of state "infrastructural power," or the ability to reach down into society and extract resources and implement policy, see Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power: The Rise of Classes and Nation States, 1760-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
24. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995).
25. The literature on the East Asian crisis and the possible role of crony capitalism is vast. Useful discussions include Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: Norton, 2002)
26. Richard Robison, Mark Beeson, Kanishka Jayasuriya, and Hyuk-Rae Kim, eds., Politics and Markets in the Wake of the Asian Crisis (London: Routledge, 2000).
27. Mark Beeson and Iyanatul Islam, "Neoliberalism and East Asia: Resisting the Washington Consensus," Journal of Development Studies, vol. 41, No. 2 (February, 2005), pp. 197-219.
28. Stephan Haggard, "Institutions and Growth in East Asia," Studies in Comparative International Development, vol. 38, No. 4 (December, 2004), p. 74.
29. Adrian Leftwich, "Politics in Command: Development Studies and the Rediscovery of Social Science," New Political Economy, vol. 10, No. 4 (December, 2005), p. 575.
30. Richard F. Doner, Bryan K. Ritchie, and Dan Slater, "Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective," International Organization, vol. 59, No. 2 (Spring, 2005), pp. 327-61.
31. Frances V. Moulder, Japan, China and the Modern World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
32. Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
33. W. G. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic, and Social Change Since 1950 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1990).
34. I am indebted to Adrian Leftwich for this important point
35. Michael Schaller, "Securing the Great Crescent: Occupied Japan and the Origins of Containment in Southeast Asia," Journal of American History, vol. 69, No. 2 (September, 1982), pp. 392-414.
36. Richard Stubbs, Rethinking Asia's Economic Miracle (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005)
37. Beeson, Regionalism, Globalization and East Asia
38. Gordon White, "Developmental States and Socialist Industrialisation in the Third World," Journal of Development Studies, vol. 21, No. 1 (October, 1984), pp. 97-120.
39. Alvin Y. So, "Guest Editor's Introduction," Chinese Economy, vol. 35, No. 3 (May-June, 2002), p. 6.
40. For a general discussion of the comparative significance of post-communist transition, see Andrew G. Walder, "The Decline of Communist Power-Elements of a Theory of Institutional Change," Theory and Society, vol. 23, No. 2 (April, 1994), pp. 297-323.
41. Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of Postwar International Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997)
42. Kent E. Calder, Strategic Capitalism: Private Business and Public Purpose in Japanese Industrial Finance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
43. Beeson, Regionalism, Globalization and East Asia
44. Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation (London: Papermac, 1989)
45. Evans, Embedded Autonomy
46. Ulricke Schaede, "The 'Old Boy' Network and Government-Business Relationships in Japan," Journal of Japanese Studies, vol. 21, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), pp. 293-317.
47. What Michael Gerlach calls Japan's alliance capital benefited from stable patterns of cross-shareholding and preferential trading relations with other keiretsu members and access to "patient" capital for their "main banks." There is, of course, currently a debate over whether such relationships are either any longer beneficial or sustainable in the face of greater competition and external pressure, but they undoubtedly underpinned the expansion of Japanese capital domestically and overseas. See Michael L. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992).
48. In reality, lifetime employment only ever applied to about one third of the workforce, and much of the labor force enjoyed much less security and was often fairly ruthlessly squeezed by big business
49. Masahiko Aoki, Information, Incentives, and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
50. Ronald Dore, Flexible Rigidities: Industrial Policy and Structural Adjustment in the Japanese Economy 1970-80 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1986).
51. Katz, Japan; Brian Reading, Japan: The Coming Collapse (London: Orion, 1992)
52. Christopher W. Hughes and Akiko Fukushima, "U.S.-Japan Security Relations: Toward Bilateralism Plus?" in E. S. Krauss and T. J. Pempel, eds., Beyond Bilateralism: U.S.-Japan Relations in the New Asia-Pacific (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 55-86.
53. Jagdish Bhagwati and Hugh T. Patrick, eds., Aggressive Unilateralism: America's Trade Policy and the World Trading System (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990).
54. For many observers in the United States, American hegemony was seen as benign, necessary, and central to the provision of collective public goods, without which an "open" international order could not function. For an overview of competing perspectives, see Mark Beeson, "American Ascendancy: Conceptualising Contemporary Hegemony," in Mark Beeson, ed., Bush and Asia: America's Evolving Relations with East Asia (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 3-23.
55. R. Taggart Murphy, The Weight of the Yen (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).
56. Katz, Japan
57. Pempel, Regime Shift
58. Leonard J. Schoppa, Bargaining with Japan: What American Pressure Can and Cannot Do (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
59. Kent E. Calder, "Assault on the Bankers' Kingdom: Politics, Markets, and the Liberalization of Japanese Industrial Finance," in Michael Loriaux, Meredith Wu-Cummings, Kent E. Calder, Sylvia Maxfield, and Sofia A. Pérez, Capital Ungoverned: Liberalizing Finance in Interventionist States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), pp. 17-56.
60. Aurelia George Mulgan, Japan's Interventionist State: The Role of the MAFF (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005)
61. Elizabeth Norville, "The 'Illiberal' Roots of Japanese Financial Regulatory Reform," in Lonny E. Carlile and Mark C. Tilton, eds., Is Japan Really Changing its Ways? Regulatory Reform and the Japanese Economy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1998), pp. 111-41.
62. Jennifer A. Amyx, Japan's Financial Crisis: Institutional Rigidity and Reluctant Change (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 29.
63. Lincoln, Arthritic Japan
64. Gavan McCormack, The Emptiness of Japanese Affluence (St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1996).
65. Gerald L. Curtis, The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
66. Vogel, Japan Remodelled, p. 34.
67. Also see Bai Gao, Japan's Economic Dilemma: The Institutional Origins of Prosperity and Stagnation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
68. John K. Fairbank, The United States and China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983).
69. Gordon White, Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993).
70. Even under Maoist central planning, China's growth was much higher than that of India's, the only country with which it could really be compared in terms of demography and developmental challenges. See Mark Selden, The Political Economy of Chinese Development (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
71. Tony Saich, Governance and Politics of China, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004).
72. Shaun Breslin, "China: Developmental State or Dysfunctional Development?" Third World Quarterly, vol. 17, No. 4 (December, 1996), p. 689.
73. Kellee S. Tsai and Sarah Cook, "Developmental Dilemmas in China: Socialist Transition and Late Liberalization," in Saadia M. Pekkanen and Kellee S. Tsai, eds., Japan and China in the World Political Economy (London: Routledge, 2005), p 61.
74. Thomas G. Moore, China in the World Market: Chinese Industry and International Sources of Reform in the Post-Mao Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 279.
75. Kenneth G. Lieberthal, "Introduction: The 'Fragmented Authoritarianism' Model and its Limitations," in Lieberthal and David M. Lampton, eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992), pp. 1-30.
76. Although the People's Liberation Army (PLA) is less domestically influential than it once was, even now the PLA is part of what Susan Shirk describes as a "control cartel" of party leaders and security agencies that exercises a constraining influence over China's political elite. See Susan L. Shirk, China: Fragile Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 42.
77. Hongbin Cai and Daniel Treisman, "Did Government Decentralization Cause China's Economic Miracle?" World Politics, vol. 58, No. 4 (July, 2006), pp. 505-35.
78. Gabriella Montinola, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast, "Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China," World Politics, vol. 48, No. 1 (October, 1995), p. 50.
79. Kellee S. Tsai, "Adaptive Informal Institutions and Endogenous Institutional Change in China," World Politics, vol. 59, No. 1 (October 2006), p. 129.
80. Jude Howell, "Reflections on the Chinese State," Development and Change, vol. 37, No. 2 (2006), pp. 273-97
81. Andrew C. Mertha, "China's 'Soft' Centralization: Shifting Tiao/Kuai Authority Relations," China Quarterly, vol. 184 (2005), pp. 791-810.
82. Curtis, The Logic of Japanese Politics
83. Indeed, the relationship between growth and corruption is not clear, but it is possible that corrupt relationships and rent-seeking activity may actually be positively correlated with economic development in some circumstances. See Paul D. Hutchcroft, "The Politics of Privilege: Assessing the Impact of Rents, Corruption, and Clientelism on Third World Development," Political Studies, vol. 45, No. 3 (1997), pp. 639-58.
84. It should be noted, however, that as in Japan during its high growth period, the state in China continues to enjoy high levels of legitimacy and approval, its authoritarian government notwithstanding. See Bruce Gilley, "Legitimacy and Institutional Change: The Case of China," Comparative Political Studies, vol. 41, No. 3 (2008), pp. 259-84.
85. Yan Sun, "Reform, State, and Corruption: Is Corruption Less Destructive in China than in Russia?" Comparative Politics, vol. 32, No. 1 (October, 1999), pp. 1-20.
86. X. L. Ding, "Informal Privatization Through Internationalization: The Rise of Nomenklatura Capitalism in China's Offshore Businesses," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30 (2000), pp. 121-46.
87. Howell, "Reflections on the Chinese State," p. 288.
88. Xiaobo Lu, "Booty Socialism, Bureau-Preneurs, and the State in Transition: Organizational Corruption in China," Comparative Politics, vol. 32, No. 3 (April, 2000), pp. 273-43.
89. The key manifestation of the new order was the admission of capitalists into the CCP and the declining role of ideology. See Richard McGregor, "Power not Socialism is Today's Chinese Ideology," Financial Times (London), July 25, 2006, online at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2a7539a-1c02-11db-a555-0000779e2340.html?nclick_check=1.
90. Bruce J. Dickson, "Integrating Wealth and Power in China: The Communist Party's Embrace of the Private Sector," China Quarterly, vol. 192 (2007), pp. 827-54
91. Kellee S. Tsai, Capitalism Without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2007).
92. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyn H. Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
93. T. J. Pempel and Keiichi Tsunekawa, "Corporatism Without Labour? The Japanese Anomaly," in Philippe C. Schmitter and Gerhard Lembruch, eds., Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979), pp. 231-70.
94. Mary E. Gallagher, "'Reform and Openness': Why China's Economic Reforms Have Delayed Democracy," World Politics, vol. 54, No. 3 (April, 2002), p. 368.
95. Shahid Yusuf, Kaoru Nabeshima, and Dwight H. Perkins, Under New Ownership: Privatizing China's State-Owned Enterprises (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2006).
96. Neil C. Hughes, "A Trade War With China?" Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, No. 4 (July-August, 2005), p. 94.
97. Shaun Breslin, "Power and Production: Rethinking China's Global Economic Role," Review of International Studies, vol. 31, No. 4 (2005), p. 743 (figure updated by Breslin).
98. Shaun Breslin, China and the Global Economy (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007)
99. Jenn-hwan Wang, "China's Dualist Model on Technological Catching Up: A Comparative Perspective," Pacific Review, vol. 19, No. 3 (September, 2006), pp. 385-403.
100. Naughton, The Chinese Economy
101. Cited in Sameena Ahmad, "Behind the Mask: A Survey of Business in China," The Economist, March 20, 2004, p. 3.
102. Nicholas R. Lardy, Integrating China into the Global Economy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 2002), p. 104.
103. David Kerr, "Has China Abandoned Self-Reliance?" Review of International Political Economy, vol. 14, No. 1 (February, 2007), p. 79.
104. Timothy J. Sturgeon, "Modular Production Networks: A New American Model of Industrial Organization," Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 11, No. 3 (June, 2002), pp. 451-96.
105. Jeffrey Henderson, Peter Dicken, Martin Hess, Neil Coe, and Henry Wai-Chung Yeung, "Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development," Review of International Political Economy, vol. 9, No. 3 (August, 2002), pp. 436-64.
106. Edward S. Steinfeld, "China's Shallow Integration: Networked Production and the New Challenges for Late Industrialization," World Development, vol. 32, No. 11 (November, 2004), p. 1974.
107. Francoise Lemoine and Deniz Unal-Kesenci, "Assembly Trade and Technology Transfer: The Case of China," World Development, vol. 32, No. 5 (May, 2004), p. 831.
108. Tsai and Cook, "Developmental Dilemmas in China."
109. Wang, "China's Dualist Model," p. 387.
110. Eric Heginbotham and Richard J. Samuels, "Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy," International Security, vol. 22, No. 4 (Spring, 1998), pp. 171-203.
111. Adam Segal, "Chinese Technonationalism: Autonomy and Security in the World Economy," in Saadia M. Pekkanen and Kellee S. Tsai, eds., Japan and China in the World Political Economy (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 205-22.
112. Definitions of security are famously more "comprehensive" than they are elsewhere, something which explains the frequent desire to link conventional strategic goals with a wider array of economic policies and political goals. See Muthiah Alagappa, "Asian Practice of Security: Key Features and Explanations," in Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 611-76.
113. Edward S. Steinfeld, "Market Visions: The Interplay of Ideas and Institutions in Chinese Financial Restructuring," Political Studies, vol. 52, No. 4 (December, 2004), p. 646.
114. Victor Shih, "Reform Equilibrium, Chinese Style: Political Incentives and Reform Stagnation in Chinese Financial Policies," Comparative Political Studies, vol. 40, No. 10 (2007), p. 1257.
115. Beth A. Simmons and Zachary Elkins, "The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy," American Political Science Review, vol. 98, No. 1 (2004), pp. 171-89.
116. Mark Evans and Jonathan Davies, "Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective," Public Administration, vol. 77, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 361-85
117. David P. Dolowitz and David Marsh, "Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making," Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, vol. 13, No. 1 (January, 2000), pp. 5-24.
118. Paul Cammack, "The Governance of Global Capitalism: A New Materialist Perspective," Historical Materialism, vol. 11, No. 2 (2003), pp. 37-59
119. David Harvey, "Neoliberalism as Creative Destruction," ANNALS pp. 22-44
120. William I. Robinson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class, and State in a Transnational World (Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press, 2004).
121. Beeson and Islam, "Neo-Liberalism and East Asia."
122. See Mark Beeson, "Hegemonic Transition in East Asia? The Dynamics of Chinese and American Power," Review of International Studies, vol. 35, No. 1 (2009), pp. 95-112.
123. John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001)
124. Steve Chan, China, the U.S., and the Power-Transition Theory (London: Routledge, 2008).
125. Alastair I. Johnston, "Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security, vol. 27, No. 4 (Spring, 2003), pp. 5-56
126. David C. Kang, China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
127. For a more detailed discussion of this period and of the different historical roles played by Japan and China in East Asia, see Mark Beeson, "Geopolitics and the Making of Regions: The Fall and Rise of East Asia," Political Studies (forthcoming)
128. Richard J. Samuels, Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2007).
129. Avery Goldstein, Rising to the Challenge: China's Grand Strategy and International Security (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2005), p. 211.
130. Joshua C. Ramo, The Beijing Consensus (London: The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004)
131. Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power Is Transforming the World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007).
132. William Pesek, "U.S. Financial Clout Loses Sway," International Herald Tribune, April 4, 2007, online at www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/04/business/Sxpesek.php
133. Julian Borger, "Sun Sets on U.S. Power: Report Predicts End of Dominance," The Guardian, November 20, 2008.
134. Thorold Barker, "On Wall Street: Sovereign Wealth Funds to Drive Hard Bargain," Financial Times, November 16, 2007, online at www.ft. com/cms/s/0/2535fffe-947a-11dc-9aaf-0000779fd2ac.html
135. Larry Summers, "Sovereign Funds Shake the Logic of Capitalism," Financial Times, July 30, 2007, online at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8c9dea94-3e30-11dc-8f6a-0000779fd2ac.html.
136. Jeffrey Garten, "The Unsettling Zeitgeist of State Capitalism," Financial Times, January 14, 2008, online at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f0f2a32ec2d6-11dc-b617-0000779fd2ac.html.
137. Will Hutton, "This Reckless Greed of the Few Harms the Future of the Many," The Observer, January 27, 2008, p. 35.
138. Martin Wolf, "Why the Credit Squeeze is a Turning Point for the World," Financial Times, December 11, 2007, online at www.ft.com/cms/s/0/90126fca-a810-11dc-9485-0000779fd2ac.html.
139. Bob Jessop, The Future of the Capitalist State (Cambridge: Polity, 2003)
140. Dani Rodrik, "What's So Special About China's Exports?" China & World Economy, vol. 14, No. 5 (September-October, 2006), p. 17.
141. Dali L. Yang, "Economic Transformation and Its Political Discontents in China: Authoritarianism, Unequal Growth, and the Dilemmas of Political Development," Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 9 (June, 2006), pp. 143-64.
142. Minxin Pei, China's Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006).
143. Beeson, Mark. Regionalism, Globalization and East Asia: Politics, Security and Economic Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007.
144. Doner, Richard F., Bryan K. Ritchie, and Dan Slater. "Systemic Vulnerability and the Origins of Developmental States: Northeast and Southeast Asia in Comparative Perspective," International Organization, vol. 59, No. 2 (Spring, 2005), pp. 327-61.
145. Evans, Peter. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
146. Heginbotham, Eric and Richard J. Samuels. "Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy," International Security, vol. 22, No. 4 (Spring, 1998), pp. 171-203.
147. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industry Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982.
148. Migdal, Joel S. Strong States and Weak Societies: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.
149. Pekkanen, Saadia M. and Kellee S. Tsai, eds. Japan and China in the World Political Economy. London: Routledge, 2005.
150. Pempel, T. J. Regime Shift: Comparative Dynamics of the Japanese Political Economy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999.
151. Shirk, Susan L. China: Fragile Superpower. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
152. Steinfeld, Edward S. "China's Shallow Integration: Networked Production and the New Challenges for Late Industrialization," World Development, vol. 32, No. 11 (November, 2004), pp. 1971-87.
153. Stubbs, Richard. Rethinking Asia's Economic Miracle. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005.
154. Tsai, Kellee S. Capitalism Without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2007.
155. Vogel, Steven K. Japan Remodeled: How Government and Industry Are Reforming Japanese Capitalism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006.
156. Yusuf, Shahid, Kaoru Nabeshima, and Dwight H. Perkins. Under New Ownership: Privatizing China's State-Owned Enterprises. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2006.