메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 471-483

Similarities and Differences Between Working Memory and Long-Term Memory: Evidence From the Levels-of-Processing Span Task

Author keywords

levels of processing; long term memory; secondary memory; short term memory; working memory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; COLOR VISION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; HUMAN; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MEMORY; METHODOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; TIME;

EID: 77649219300     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018405     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (57)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 77956946453 scopus 로고
    • Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes
    • Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds), Academic Press, New York, NY
    • Atkinson R., and Shiffrin R. Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds). The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory 2 (1968), Academic Press, New York, NY 89-195
    • (1968) The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , vol.2 , pp. 89-195
    • Atkinson, R.1    Shiffrin, R.2
  • 2
    • 0013971274 scopus 로고
    • The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences
    • Baddeley A.D. The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (1966) 302-309
    • (1966) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 302-309
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 3
    • 0013970751 scopus 로고
    • Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic, and formal similarity
    • Baddeley A.D. Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic, and formal similarity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18 (1966) 362-365
    • (1966) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 362-365
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 4
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, New York, NY
    • Baddeley A.D. Working memory (1986), Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, New York, NY
    • (1986) Working memory
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 5
    • 0034333066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?
    • Baddeley A.D. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (2000) 417-423
    • (2000) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.4 , pp. 417-423
    • Baddeley, A.D.1
  • 8
    • 0342440199 scopus 로고
    • Effects of temporal and semantic encoding in immediate recall upon subsequent retrieval
    • Bartlett J.C., and Tulving E. Effects of temporal and semantic encoding in immediate recall upon subsequent retrieval. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 13 (1974) 297-309
    • (1974) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.13 , pp. 297-309
    • Bartlett, J.C.1    Tulving, E.2
  • 9
    • 0026474675 scopus 로고
    • The influence of retrieval on retention
    • Carrier M., and Pashler H. The influence of retrieval on retention. Memory & Cognition 20 (1992) 633-642
    • (1992) Memory & Cognition , vol.20 , pp. 633-642
    • Carrier, M.1    Pashler, H.2
  • 11
    • 0002839675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An embedded-processes model of working memory
    • Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY
    • Cowan N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (1999), Cambridge University Press, New York, NY 62-101
    • (1999) Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , pp. 62-101
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 15
    • 0036757251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of processing: Past, present... and future?
    • Craik F.I.M. Levels of processing: Past, present... and future?. Memory 10 (2002) 305-318
    • (2002) Memory , vol.10 , pp. 305-318
    • Craik, F.I.M.1
  • 22
    • 0033191404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach
    • Engle R., Tuholski S., Laughlin J., and Conway A. Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128 (1999) 309-331
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.128 , pp. 309-331
    • Engle, R.1    Tuholski, S.2    Laughlin, J.3    Conway, A.4
  • 25
    • 0000190425 scopus 로고
    • Storage mechanisms in recall
    • Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds), Academic Press, New York, NY
    • Glanzer M. Storage mechanisms in recall. In: Spence K.W., and Spence J.T. (Eds). The psychology of learning and motivation 5 (1972), Academic Press, New York, NY 129-193
    • (1972) The psychology of learning and motivation , vol.5 , pp. 129-193
    • Glanzer, M.1
  • 28
    • 0029869056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective interference with the maintenance of location information in working memory
    • Hale S., Myerson J., Rhee S.H., Weiss C.S., and Abrams R.A. Selective interference with the maintenance of location information in working memory. Neuropsychology 10 (1996) 228-240
    • (1996) Neuropsychology , vol.10 , pp. 228-240
    • Hale, S.1    Myerson, J.2    Rhee, S.H.3    Weiss, C.S.4    Abrams, R.A.5
  • 29
    • 0001187708 scopus 로고
    • The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic
    • Hitch G. The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic. Cognitive Psychology 10 (1978) 302-323
    • (1978) Cognitive Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 302-323
    • Hitch, G.1
  • 30
    • 0015866323 scopus 로고
    • Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks
    • Hyde T., and Jenkins J. Recall for words as a function of semantic, graphic, and syntactic orienting tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12 (1973) 471-480
    • (1973) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.12 , pp. 471-480
    • Hyde, T.1    Jenkins, J.2
  • 33
    • 0030267382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments
    • Just M., Carpenter P., and Keller T. The capacity theory of comprehension: New frontiers of evidence and arguments. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 773-780
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 773-780
    • Just, M.1    Carpenter, P.2    Keller, T.3
  • 34
    • 2542636564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning
    • Kane M., Hambrick D., Tuholski S., Wilhelm O., Payne T., and Engle R. The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 (2004) 189-217
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.133 , pp. 189-217
    • Kane, M.1    Hambrick, D.2    Tuholski, S.3    Wilhelm, O.4    Payne, T.5    Engle, R.6
  • 36
    • 39349106834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The critical importance of retrieval for learning
    • Karpicke J.D., and Roediger III H.L. The critical importance of retrieval for learning. Science 319 (2008, February 15) 966-968
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 966-968
    • Karpicke, J.D.1    Roediger III, H.L.2
  • 38
    • 58149207085 scopus 로고
    • Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?
    • Kyllonen P., and Christal R. Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?. Intelligence 14 (1990) 389-433
    • (1990) Intelligence , vol.14 , pp. 389-433
    • Kyllonen, P.1    Christal, R.2
  • 39
    • 0000704832 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive abilities as determinants of success in acquiring logic skill
    • Kyllonen P., and Stephens D. Cognitive abilities as determinants of success in acquiring logic skill. Learning and Individual Differences 2 (1990) 129-160
    • (1990) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.2 , pp. 129-160
    • Kyllonen, P.1    Stephens, D.2
  • 41
    • 0001009548 scopus 로고
    • Perfect recall and total forgetting: A problem for models of short-term memory
    • Madigan S., and McCabe L. Perfect recall and total forgetting: A problem for models of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10 (1971) 101-106
    • (1971) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.10 , pp. 101-106
    • Madigan, S.1    McCabe, L.2
  • 42
    • 84925888228 scopus 로고
    • Negative recency and levels of processing in free recall
    • Mazuryk G.F., and Lockhart R.S. Negative recency and levels of processing in free recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology 23 (1974) 114-123
    • (1974) Canadian Journal of Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 114-123
    • Mazuryk, G.F.1    Lockhart, R.S.2
  • 43
    • 38649106482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests
    • McCabe D.P. The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests. Journal of Memory and Language 58 (2008) 480-494
    • (2008) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.58 , pp. 480-494
    • McCabe, D.P.1
  • 45
    • 0001798156 scopus 로고
    • Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes
    • Whitty C.W.M., and Zangwill O.L. (Eds), Butterworth, London, England
    • Milner B. Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes. In: Whitty C.W.M., and Zangwill O.L. (Eds). Amnesia (1966), Butterworth, London, England 109-133
    • (1966) Amnesia , pp. 109-133
    • Milner, B.1
  • 46
    • 57349140779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's so special about working memory? An examination of the relationships among working memory, secondary memory, and fluid intelligence
    • Mogle J.A., Lovett B.J., Stawski R.S., and Sliwinski M.J. What's so special about working memory? An examination of the relationships among working memory, secondary memory, and fluid intelligence. Psychological Science 19 (2008) 1071-1077
    • (2008) Psychological Science , vol.19 , pp. 1071-1077
    • Mogle, J.A.1    Lovett, B.J.2    Stawski, R.S.3    Sliwinski, M.J.4
  • 48
    • 58149430734 scopus 로고
    • The serial position effect of free recall
    • Murdock B. The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology 64 (1962) 482-488
    • (1962) Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 482-488
    • Murdock, B.1
  • 49
    • 19044377467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term working memory: The Second Quebec Conference on Short-Term Working Memory [Special issue]
    • Neath I., Brown G.D.A., Poirier M., and Fortin C. Short-term working memory: The Second Quebec Conference on Short-Term Working Memory [Special issue]. Memory 13 3/4 (2005)
    • (2005) Memory , vol.13 , Issue.3-4
    • Neath, I.1    Brown, G.D.A.2    Poirier, M.3    Fortin, C.4
  • 53
    • 0036756735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing approaches to cognition: The impetus from the levels-of-processing framework
    • Roediger III H.L., Gallo D.A., and Geraci L. Processing approaches to cognition: The impetus from the levels-of-processing framework. Memory 10 5/6 (2002) 319-332
    • (2002) Memory , vol.10 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 319-332
    • Roediger III, H.L.1    Gallo, D.A.2    Geraci, L.3
  • 54
    • 33644745114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention
    • Roediger III H.L., and Karpicke J.D. Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 249-255
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 249-255
    • Roediger III, H.L.1    Karpicke, J.D.2
  • 57
    • 0014786584 scopus 로고
    • Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study
    • Shallice T., and Warrington E. Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 22 (1970) 261-273
    • (1970) Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 261-273
    • Shallice, T.1    Warrington, E.2
  • 58
    • 0012331321 scopus 로고
    • Encoding and retention of semantic and phonemic information in short-term memory
    • Shulman H.G. Encoding and retention of semantic and phonemic information in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9 (1970) 499-508
    • (1970) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.9 , pp. 499-508
    • Shulman, H.G.1
  • 59
    • 0006936738 scopus 로고
    • Similarity effects in short-term memory
    • Shulman H.G. Similarity effects in short-term memory. Psychological Bulletin 75 (1971) 399-415
    • (1971) Psychological Bulletin , vol.75 , pp. 399-415
    • Shulman, H.G.1
  • 62
    • 34147200962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Bristol norms for age of acquisition, imageability and familiarity
    • Stadthagen-Gonzalez H., and Davis C.J. The Bristol norms for age of acquisition, imageability and familiarity. Behavior Research Methods 38 (2006) 598-605
    • (2006) Behavior Research Methods , vol.38 , pp. 598-605
    • Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H.1    Davis, C.J.2
  • 63
    • 0001931564 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical issues in free recall
    • Dixon T.R., and Horton D.L. (Eds), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
    • Tulving E. Theoretical issues in free recall. In: Dixon T.R., and Horton D.L. (Eds). Verbal behavior and general behavior theory (1968), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 2-36
    • (1968) Verbal behavior and general behavior theory , pp. 2-36
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 64
    • 0002008820 scopus 로고
    • Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition
    • Brown J. (Ed), Wiley, Oxford, England
    • Tulving E. Ecphoric processes in recall and recognition. In: Brown J. (Ed). Recall and recognition (1976), Wiley, Oxford, England 37-73
    • (1976) Recall and recognition , pp. 37-73
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 66
    • 0001644568 scopus 로고
    • How many memory systems are there?
    • Tulving E. How many memory systems are there?. American Psychologist 4 (1983) 385-398
    • (1983) American Psychologist , vol.4 , pp. 385-398
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 67
    • 0013063993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concepts of memory
    • Tulving E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds), Oxford University Press, New York, NY
    • Tulving E. Concepts of memory. In: Tulving E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). The Oxford handbook of memory (2000), Oxford University Press, New York, NY 33-43
    • (2000) The Oxford handbook of memory , pp. 33-43
    • Tulving, E.1
  • 68
    • 68049118752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining variation in working memory capacity and retrieval in cued recall
    • Unsworth N. Examining variation in working memory capacity and retrieval in cued recall. Memory 17 (2009) 386-396
    • (2009) Memory , vol.17 , pp. 386-396
    • Unsworth, N.1
  • 69
    • 29444455685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple and complex memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects
    • Unsworth N., and Engle R.W. Simple and complex memory spans and their relation to fluid abilities: Evidence from list-length effects. Journal of Memory and Language 54 (2006) 68-80
    • (2006) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.54 , pp. 68-80
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 70
    • 33846313973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory
    • Unsworth N., and Engle R.W. The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. Psychological Review 114 (2007) 104-132
    • (2007) Psychological Review , vol.114 , pp. 104-132
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 71
    • 35648992459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities
    • Unsworth N., and Engle R.W. On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007) 1038-1066
    • (2007) Psychological Bulletin , vol.133 , pp. 1038-1066
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 72
    • 84868179963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington University, Retrieved from
    • Washington University. (2009). Speech & Hearing Lab Neighborhood Database. Retrieved from http://neighborhoodsearch.wustl.edu/neighborhood/Home.asp
    • (2009) Speech & Hearing Lab Neighborhood Database


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.