Adnexal masses: US characterization and reporting

Radiology

Volumn 254, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 342-354

  Brown, Douglas L ^a   Dudiak, Kika M ^a   Laing, Faye C ^b  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADNEXA DISEASE; ADNEXAL MASS; ASCITES; CORPUS LUTEUM; CYSTADENOCARCINOMA; DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOMETRIUM TUMOR; FIBROMA; FOLLOW UP; HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS; HUMAN; HYDROSALPINX; OVARY ABSCESS; OVARY CYST; OVARY DISEASE; OVARY TUMOR; PELVIS; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TERATOMA; TRANSVAGINAL ECHOGRAPHY; UTERUS MYOMA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; METHODOLOGY; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ADNEXAL DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 77449133969     PISSN: 00338419     EISSN: 15271315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090552     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria 2008: clinically suspected adnexal mass. American College of Radiology Web site. Available at http://www.acr.org/SecondaryMainMenuCategories/quality-safety/app- criteria/pdf/ExpertPanelonWomensImaging/SuspectedAdnexalMasses-Doc11.aspx. Accessed November 9, 2009.
2. Liu J, Xu Y, Wang J. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2007;62:328-334.
3. Valentin L, Ameye L, Jurkovic D, et al. Which extrauterine pelvic masses are difficult to correctly classify as benign or malignant on the basis of ultrasound findings and is there a way of making a correct diagnosis? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;27:438-444.
4. Patel MD. Practical approach to the adnexal mass. Radiol Clin North Am 2006;44:879-899.
5. Geomini P, Kruitwagen R, Bremer GL, Cnossen J, Mol BW. The accuracy of risk scores in predicting ovarian malignancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:384-394.
6. Timmerman D, Schwarzler P, Collins WP, et al. Subjective assessment of adnexal masses with the use of ultrasonography: an analysis of interobserver variability and experience. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:11-16.
7. Van Calster B, Timmerman D, Bourne T, et al. Discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses by specialist ultrasound examination versus serum CA-125. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:1706-1714.
8. Valentin L. Use of morphology to characterize and manage common adnexal masses. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2004;18:71-89.
9. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:201-214.
10. Kinkel K, Lu Y, Mehdizade A, Pelte MF, Hricak H. Indeterminate ovarian mass at US: incremental value of second imaging test for characterization-meta- analysis and Bayesian analysis. Radiology 2005;236:85-94.
11. Koonings PP, Campbell K, Mishell DR, Grimes DA. Relative frequency of primary ovarian neoplasms: a 10-year review. Obstet Gynecol 1989;74:921-926.
12. Moszynski R, Szpurek D, Smolen A, Sajdak S. Comparison of diagnostic usefulness of predictive models in preliminary differentiation of adnexal masses. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:45-51.
13. Van Holsbeke C, Yazbek J, Holland TK, et al. Real-time ultrasound vs evaluation of static images in the preoperative assessment of adnexal masses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:828-831.
14. Alcazar JL. New ultrasound-based technologies for predicting ovarian cancer in adnexal masses. Curr Womens Health Rev 2007;3:89-94.
15. Benacerraf BR, Benson CB, Abuhamad AZ, et al. Three- and 4-dimensional ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology: proceedings of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Consensus Conference. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:1587-1597.
16. Scully RE. Classification of human ovarian tumors. Environ Health Perspect 1987;73:15-24.
17. Brown DL, Doubilet PM, Miller FH, et al. Benign and malignant ovarian masses: selection of the most discriminating gray-scale and Doppler sonographic features. Radiology 1998;208:103-110.
18. Granberg S, Wikland M, Jansson I. Macroscopic characterization of ovarian tumors and the relation to the histological diagnosis: criteria to be used for ultrasound evaluation. Gynecol Oncol 1989;35:139-144.
19. Timmerman D, Valentin L, Bourne TH, Collins WP, Verrelst H, Vergote I. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic features of adnexal tumors: a consensus opinion from the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) Group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;16:500-505.
20. Ekerhovd E, Wienerroith H, Staudach A, Granberg S. Preoperative assessment of unilocular adnexal cysts by transvaginal ultrasonography: a comparison between ultrasonographic morphologic imaging and histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:48-54.
21. Patel MD, Feldstein VA, Filly RA. The likelihood ratio of sonographic findings for the diagnosis of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:607-614, quiz 615.
22. Patel MD, Feldstein VA, Chen DC, Lipson SD, Filly RA. Endometriomas: diagnostic performance of ultrasound. Radiology 1999;210:739-745.
23. Alcazar JL, Laparte C, Jurado M, Lopez-Garcia G. The role of transvaginal ultrasonography combined with color velocity imaging and pulsed Doppler in the diagnosis of endometrioma. Fertil Steril 1997;67:487-491.
24. Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Mais V, Risalvato A, Lai MP, Melis GB. The diagnosis of endometriomas using colour Doppler energy imaging. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1691-1695.
25. Asch E, Levine D. Variations in appearance of endometriomas. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:993-1002.
26. Oh SN, Rha SE, Byun JY, et al. MRI features of ovarian fibromas: emphasis on their relationship to the ovary. Clin Radiol 2008;63:529-535.
27. Granberg S, Norstrom A, Wikland M. Tumors in the lower pelvis as imaged by vaginal sonography. Gynecol Oncol 1990;37:224-229.
28. Timmerman D, Testa AC, Bourne T, et al. Simple ultrasound-based rules for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;31:681-690.
29. Barney SP, Muller CY, Bradshaw KD. Pelvic masses. Med Clin North Am 2008;92:1143-1161, xi.
30. Valentin L, Ameye L, Testa A, et al. Ultrasound characteristics of different types of adnexal malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2006;102:41-48.
31. Brown DL. A practical approach to the ultrasound characterization of adnexal masses. Ultrasound Q 2007;23:87-105. 32. Chechia A, Attia L, Temime RB, Makhlouf T, Koubaa A. Incidence, clinical analysis, and management of ovarian fibromas and fibrothecomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:473. e1-473.e4.
32. Vijayaraghavan GR, Levine D. Case 109: Meigs syndrome. Radiology 2007;242:940-944.
33. Stein SM, Laifer-Narin S, Johnson MB, et al. Differentiation of benign and malignant adnexal masses: relative value of gray-scale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:381-386.
34. Buy JN, Ghossain MA, Hugol D, et al. Characterization of adnexal masses: combination of color Doppler and conventional sonography compared with spectral Doppler analysis alone and conventional sonography alone. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;166:385-393.
35. Valentin L. Prospective cross-validation of Doppler ultrasound examination and gray-scale ultrasound imaging for discrimination of benign and malignant pelvic masses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:273-283.
36. Kurtz AB, Tsimikas JV, Tempany CMC, et al. Diagnosis and staging of ovarian cancer: comparative values of Doppler and conventional US, CT, and MR imaging correlated with surgery and histopathologic analysis-report of the radiology diagnostic oncology group. Radiology 1999;212:19-27.
37. Kinkel K, Hricak H, Lu Y, Tsuda K, Filly R. US charaterization of ovarian masses: a meta-analysis. Radiology 2000;217:803-811.
38. Modesitt SC, Pavlik EJ, Ueland FR, DePriest PD, Kryscio RJ, van Nagell JR. Risk of malignancy in unilocular ovarian cystic tumors less than 10 centimeters in diameter. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:594-599.
39. Cass I, Karlan BY. Ovarian and tubal cancers. In: Gibbs RS, Karlan BY, Haney AF, Nygaard IE, eds. Danforth's obstetrics and gynecology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008; 1022-1060.
40. Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA. Form and function of the corpus luteum during the human menstrual cycle. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005;25:498-507.
41. Bourne TH, Hagstrom H, Hahlin M, et al. Ultrasound studies of vascular and morphological changes in the human corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 1996;65:753-758.
42. Durfee SM, Frates MC. Sonographic spectrum of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy: gray-scale, color, and pulsed Doppler appearance. J Clin Ultrasound 1999;27:55-59.
43. Jain KA. Sonographic spectrum of hemorrhagic ovarian cysts. J Ultrasound Med 2002;21:879-886.
44. Van Holsbeke C, Meuleman C, Timmerman D. Acoustic streaming in two endometriomas: the exception to the rule? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;27:89-90.
45. Bhatt S, Kocakoc E, Dogra VS. Endometriosis: sonographic spectrum. Ultrasound Q 2006;22:273-280.
46. Dogan MM, Ugur M, Soysal SK, Soysal ME, Ekici E, Gokmen O. Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of ovarian endometrioma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1996;52:145-149.
47. Pascual MA, Tresserra F, Lopez-Martin L, Ubeda A, Grases PJ, Dexeus S. Role of color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of endometriotic cyst. J Ultrasound Med 2000;19:695-699.
48. Guerriero S, Mais V, Ajossa S, et al. The role of endovaginal ultrasound in differentiating endometriomas from other ovarian cysts. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1995;22:20-22.
49. Valentin L. Pattern recognition of pelvic masses by gray-scale ultrasound imaging: the contribution of Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;14:338-347.
50. Kobayashi H, Sumimoto K, Kitanaka T, et al. Ovarian endometrioma: risks factors of ovarian cancer development. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;138:187-193.
51. Caspi B, Appelman Z, Rabinerson D, Elchalal U, Zalel Y, Katz Z. Pathognomonic echo patterns of benign cystic teratomas of the ovary: classification, incidence and accuracy rate of sonographic diagnosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7:275-279.
52. Patel MD, Feldstein VA, Lipson SD, Chen DC, Filly RA. Cystic teratomas of the ovary: diagnostic value of sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:1061-1065.
53. Kim HC, Kim SH, Lee HJ, Shin SJ, Hwang SI, Choi YH. Fluid-fluid levels in ovarian teratomas. Abdom Imaging 2002;27:100-105.
54. Saba L, Guerriero S, Sulcis R, Virgilio B, Melis G, Mallarini G. Mature and immature ovarian teratomas: CT, US and MR imaging characteristics. Eur J Radiol 2008 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print]
55. Young RH, Scully RE. Sex cord-stromal, steroid cell, and other ovarian tumors with endocrine, paraendocrine, and paraneoplastic manifestations. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2002; 905-966.
56. Conte M, Guariglia L, Panici PB, et al. Ovarian fibrothecoma: sonographic and histologic findings. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;32:51-54.
57. Bazot M, Ghossain MA, Buy JN, et al. Fibrothecomas of the ovary: CT and US findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1993;17:754-759.
58. Kim JS, Woo SK, Suh SJ, Morettin LB. Sonographic diagnosis of paraovarian cysts: value of detecting a separate ipsilateral ovary. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:1441-1444.
59. Korbin CD, Brown DL, Welch WR. Paraovarian cystadenomas and cystadenofibromas: sonographic characteristics in 14 cases. Radiology 1998;208:459-462.
60. Patel MD, Acord DL, Young SW. Likelihood ratio of sonographic findings in discriminating hydrosalpinx from other adnexal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;186:1033-1038.
61. Timor-Tritsch IE, Lerner JP, Monteagudo A, Murphy KE, Heller DS. Transvaginal sonographic markers of tubal inflammatory disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1998;12:56-66.
62. Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Mais V, Angiolucci M, Paoletti AM, Melis GB. Role of transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of peritoneal inclusion cysts. J Ultrasound Med 2004;23:1193-1200.
63. Jain KA. Imaging of peritoneal inclusion cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1559-1563.
64. Kim SH, Sim JS, Seong CK. Interface vessels on color/power Doppler US and MRI: a clue to differentiate subserosal uterine myomas from extrauterine tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2001;25:36-42.
65. Madan R. The bridging vascular sign. Radiology 2006;238:371-372.
66. Horrow MM. Ultrasound of pelvic inflammatory disease. Ultrasound Q 2004;20:171-179.
67. Varras M, Polyzos D, Perouli E, Noti P, Pantazis I, Akrivis C. Tubo-ovarian abscesses: spectrum of sonographic findings with surgical and pathological correlations. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2003;30:117-121.
68. Van Holsbeke C, Domali E, Holland TK, et al. Imaging of gynecological disease (3): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;31:450-456.
69. Demidov VN, Lipatenkova J, Vikhareva O, Van Holsbeke C, Timmerman D, Valentin L. Imaging of gynecological disease (2): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of Sertoli cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors and Leydig cell tumors. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;31:85-91.
70. Savelli L, Testa AC, Timmerman D, Paladini D, Ljungberg O, Valentin L. Imaging of gynecological disease (4): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of struma ovarii. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:210-219.
71. Caspi B, Appelman Z, Rabinerson D, Zalel Y, Tulandi T, Shoham Z. The growth pattern of ovarian dermoid cysts: a prospective study in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1997;68:501-505.
72. Mlikotic A, McPhaul L, Hansen GC, Sinow RM. Significance of the solid component in predicting malignancy in ovarian cystic teratomas. J Ultrasound Med 2001;20:859-866.
73. Talerman A. Germ cell tumors of the ovary. In: Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein's pathology of the female genital tract. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2002; 967-1033.
74. McClure MJ, Atri M, Haider MA, Murphy J. Perineural cysts presenting as complex cystic adnexal masses on transvaginal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:1313-1318.
75. Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Economopoulos T. Fallopian tube carcinoma: a review. Oncologist 2006;11:902-912.
76. Kurjak A, Kupesic S, Jacobs I. Preoperative diagnosis of the primary fallopian tube carcinoma by three-dimensional static and power Doppler sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15:246-251.
77. Patlas M, Rosen B, Chapman W, Wilson SR. Sonographic diagnosis of primary malignant tumors of the fallopian tube. Ultrasound Q 2004;20:59-65.
78. Glanc P, Salem S, Farine D. Adnexal masses in the pregnant patient: a diagnostic and management challenge. Ultrasound Q 2008;24:225-240.
79. Poder L, Coakley FV, Rabban JT, Goldstein RB, Aziz S, Chen LM. Decidualized endometrioma during pregnancy: recognizing an imaging mimic of ovarian malignancy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:555-558.
80. Miller JC, Horowitz NS, Thrall JH, Lee SI. Evaluating adnexal lesions: which need follow-up? J Am Coll Radiol 2007;4:725-729.
81. Levine D, Gosink BB, Wolf SI, Feldesman MR, Pretorius DH. Simple adnexal cysts: the natural history in postmenopausal women. Radiology 1992;184:653-659.
82. Conway C, Zalud I, Dilena M, et al. Simple cyst in the postmenopausal patient: detection and management. J Ultrasound Med 1998;17:369-372.
83. Bailey CL, Ueland FR, Land GL, et al. The malignant potential of small cystic ovarian tumors in women over 50 years of age. Gynecol Oncol 1998;69:3-7.
84. Alcazar JL, Castillo G, Jurado M, Garcia GL. Is expectant management of sonographically benign adnexal cysts an option in selected asymptomatic premenopausal women? Hum Reprod 2005;20:3231-3234.
85. Guerra A, Cunha TM, Felix A. Magnetic resonance evaluation of adnexal masses. Acta Radiol 2008;49:700-709.
86. Sohaib SA, Sahdev A, Van Trappen P, Jacobs IJ, Reznek RH. Characterization of adnexal mass lesions on MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:1297-1304.
87. Adusumilli S, Hussain HK, Caoili EM, et al. MRI of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:732-740.
88. Chang SD, Cooperberg PL, Wong AD, Llewellyn PA, Bilbey JH. Limited-sequence magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the ultrasonographically indeterminate pelvic mass. Can Assoc Radiol J 2004;55:87-95.
89. Levine D. Solving the problem pelvic ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Q 2006;22:159-168.
90. Zhang J, Mironov S, Hricak H, et al. Characterization of adnexal masses using feature analysis at contrast-enhanced helical computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:533-540.
91. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008;102:124-127.
92. Castellucci P, Perrone AM, Picchio M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in characterizing ovarian lesions and staging ovarian cancer: correlation with transvaginal ultrasonography, computed tomography, and histology. Nucl Med Commun 2007;28:589-595.
93. Timor-Tritsch IE, Goldstein SR. The complexity of a "complex mass" and the simplicity of a "simple cyst". J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:255-258.
94. Amor F, Vaccaro H, Alcazar JL, Leon M, Craig JM, Martinez J. Gynecologic imaging reporting and data system: a new proposal for classifying adnexal masses on the basis of sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:285-291.