Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars

African Studies Review

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 61-87

  Murphy, William P ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7744234818     PISSN: 00020206     EISSN: 15552462     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1514826     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Aboagye, Festus B. 1999. ECOMOG: Sub-Regional Experience in Conflict Resolution Management and Peace-Keeping in Liberia. Accra, Ghana: Sedco Publishing.
2. Abdullah, Ibrahim. 1998. “Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone.” Journal of Modern African Studies. 36: 203–35.
3. Abdullah, I., et al. 1997. “Lumpen Youth Culture and Political Violence: Sierra Leoneans Debate the RUF and the Civil War.” African Development. 22: 171–215.
4. Archibald, Steven, and Richards, Paul. 2003. “Converts to Human Rights? Popular Debate about War and Justice in Rural Central Sierra Leone.” Africa. 72: 339–67.
5. Bangura, Yusuf. 1997. “Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: A Critique of Paul Richard's Fighting for the Forest.” African Development. 22: 117–48.
6. Bledsoe, Caroline. 1990. “No Success with Struggle”: Social Mobility and Hardship for Sierra Leone Children. Man. 25: 70–88.
7. Bledsoe, Caroline. 1994. “‘Children Are like Young Bamboo Trees’: Potentiality and Reproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Kiessling, Kerstin L. and Landberg, Hans, eds., Population, Economic Development, and the Environment: The Making of Our Common Future, 105–38. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Bledsoe, Caroline, and Murphy, William P. 1980. “The Kpelle Negotiation of Marriage and Matrilateral Ties.” In The Versatility of Kinship: Essays Presented to Harry S. Basehart, edited by Beckerman, S. and Cordell, L. S. New York: Academic Press.
9. Brett, Rachel, and McCallin, Margaret. 1998. Children: The Invisible Soldiers. Vaxjo, Sweden: Radda Barnen.
10. Cain, Kenneth L. 1999. “The Rape of Dinah: Human Rights, Civil War in Liberia, and Evil Triumphant.” Human Rights Quarterly. 21: 265–307.
11. Cartwright, J. R. 1978. Political Leadership in Sierra Leone. London: Croom Helm.
12. Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia, Liberia. 1992. “The Liberia Civil War through the Eyes of Children.” Report published by the Education Secretariat, Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia, Liberia, in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
13. Clapham, Christopher. 1976. Liberian and Sierra Leone: An Essay in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Clapham, Christopher. 1998. “Introduction: Analyzing African Insurgencies.” In African Guerrillas, edited by Clapham, Christopher. Oxford: James Currey.
15. Cohn, llene, and Goodwin-Hill, Guy S. 1994. Child Soldiers: The Role of Children in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Clarendon.
16. Comaroff, John L. 1978. “Rules and Rulers: Political Processes in a Tswana Chiefdom.” Man (n.s.) 13: 1–20.
17. Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John L. 2000. “Reflexions sur la jeunesse, du passe a la postcolonie.” Politique Africaine. 80: 90–110.
18. Cruise O'Brien, Donald B. 1996. “A Lost Generation? Youth Identity and State Decay in West Africa.” In Postcolonial Identities in Africa, edited by Werbner, Richard and Ranger, Terence. London: Zed Books.
19. D'Azevedo, Warren L. 1962. “Common Principles of Variant Kinship Structures among the Gola of Western Liberia.” American Anthropologist. 64: 512–38.
20. Das, Veena. 1995. Critical Events: An Anthropological Perspective on Contemporary India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
21. Diouf, Mamadou. 1996. “Urban Politics and Political Senegalese Politics: Dakar 1988-1994.” Public Culture. 8: 225–19.
22. Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, Luis. 1981. “The Study of Patron–Client Relations and Recent Developments in Sociological Theory.” In Eisenstadt, S. N. and Lemarchand, Rene, eds., Political Clientalism, Patronage and Development, 271–95. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
23. El-Kenz, Ali. 1996. “Youth and Violence.” In Africa Now: People, Policy, and Institutions, edited by Ellis, Stephen. London: James Currey.
24. Ellis, Stephen. 1995. “Liberia 1989-1994: A Study of Ethnic and Spiritual Violence.” African Affairs. 94: 165–97.
25. Ellis, Stephen. 1998. “Liberia's Warlord Insurgency.” In African Guerrillas, edited by Clapham, Christopher, 155–71. Oxford: James Currey.
26. Ellis, Stephen. 1999. The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War. New York: New York University Press.
27. Ferme, Mariane. 2001. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. Furley, Oliver. 1995. “Child Soldiers in Africa.” In Conflict in Africa edited by Furley, Oliver. London: I. B. Tauris.
29. Goody, Jack. 1971. Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
30. Guyer, Jane. 1993. “Wealth in People and Self-Realization in Equatorial Africa.” Man. 28: 243–65.
31. Honwana, Alcinda. 1999. “Negotiating Post-War Identities: Child Soldiers in Mozambique and Angola.” Codesria Bulletin. 1 & 2: 4–13.
32. Huband, Mark. 1998. The Liberian Civil War. London: F. Cass.
33. Human Rights Watch. 1994. Easy Prey: Child Soldiers in Liberia. New York: Human Rights Watch.
34. Jenks, Chris. 1996. Childhood. London: Routledge.
35. Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. 2002. “On the Limits of Life Stages in Ethnography: Toward a Theory of Vital Conjunctures.” American Anthropologist. 104: 865–80.
36. Kaneh, Jimmy D. 1996. “What Does the 'Militariat' Do When It Rules? Military Regimes: The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia.” Review of African Political Economy. 69: 387–404.
37. Lan, David. 1985. Guns and Rain: Guerrillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe. London: James Currey.
38. Lande, Carl H. 1977. “Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientalism.” In Schmidt, Steffen W., et al, Friends, Followers, and Factions: A Reader in Political Clientelism, xiii–xxxvii. Berkeley: University of California Press.
39. Last, Murray. 2000. “Children and the Experience of Violence: Constrasting Cultures of Punishment in Northern Nigeria.” Africa. 70: 359–93.
40. Lemarchand, Rene. 1981 “Comparative Political Clientalism: Structure, Process, Optic.” In Political Clientalism, Patronage and Development, edited by Eisenstadt, S. N. and Lemarchand, Rene, 7–32. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
41. Liebenow, J. Gus. 1969. Liberia: The Evolution of Privilege. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
42. Liebenow, J. Gus. 1987. Liberia: The Quest for Democracy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
43. Little, Kenneth. 1965. “The Political Function of the Poro.” Part I. Africa. 35: 349–65.
44. Little, Kenneth. 1967. The Mende of Sierra Leone. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
45. Mair, Lucy. 1961 “Clientalism in East Africa.” Cahiers d'etudes africaines. 2: 315–25.
46. Mintz, Sidney W., and Wolf, Eric R. 1977. “An Analysis of Ritual Co-Parenthood (Compadrazgo).” In Friends, Followers, and Factions, edited by Schmidt, Steffen, et al, 1–15. Berkeley: University of California Press.
47. Moran, Mary H. 1995. “Warriors or Soldiers?: Masculinity and Ritual Transvestism in the Liberia Civil War.” In Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism, edited by Sutton, Constance R. Washington, D.C.: Association for Feminist Anthropology/American Anthropological Association.
48. Muana, Patrick K. 1997. “The Karamajoi Militia: Civil War, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency.” African Development. 22: 76–100.
49. Murphy, William P. 1980. “Secret Knowledge as Property and Power in Kpelle Society: Elders versus Youth.” Africa. 50: 193–207.
50. Murphy, William P., and Bledsoe, Caroline H. 1987. “Kinship and Territory in the History of a Kpelle Chiefdom (Liberia). In The African Frontier, edited by Kopytoff, Igor, 123–47. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
51. Nordstrom, Carolyn, and Martin, JoAnn, eds. 1992. “The Paths to Domination, Resistance, and Terror.” Berkeley: University of California Press.
52. Opala, Joseph. 1994. “‘Ecstatic Renovation!’ Street Art Celebrating Sierra Leone's 1992 Revolution.” African Affairs. 93: 195–218.
53. Peters, Krijn, and Richards, Paul. 1998. “‘Why We Fight’: Voices of Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone.” Africa. 68: 183–210.
54. Reno, William. 1995a. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. New York: Cambridge University Press.
55. Reno, William. 1995b. “Reinvention of an African Patrimonial State: Charles Taylor's Liberia.” Third World Quarterly. 16: 109–20.
56. Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
57. Reno, William. 2001. “War and the Failure of Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone.” In SIPPJ Yearbook 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Reynolds, Pamela. 1995. “‘Not Known because Not Looked for’: Ethnographers Listening to the Young in Southern Africa.” Ethnos. 60: 193–221.
59. Richards, Paul. 1986. Coping with Hunger: Hazard and Experiment in an African Rice-Farming System. London: Allen and Unwin.
60. Richards, Paul. 1994. “Videos and Violence on the Periphery: Rambo and War in the Forests of the Sierra Leone-Liberia Border.” IDS Bulletin. 25: 88–93.
61. Richards, Paul. 1995. “Rebellion in Liberia and Sierra Leone: A Crisis of Youth.” In Conflict in Africa, edited by Furley, Oliver. London: I. B. Tauris.
62. Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. London: James Currey.
63. Richards, Paul. 1999. “New Political Violence in Africa: Secular Sectarianism in Sierra Leone.” Geojournal. 47: 433–42.
64. Ross, Fiona. 2003. Bearing Witness: Women and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. London: Pluto Press.
65. Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review. 66: 91–113.
66. Shaw, Rosalind. 2002. Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
67. Smillie, Ian, Gberie, Lansana, and Hazleton, Ralph. 2000. The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds, and Human Security. Partnership Africa Canada (http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter).
68. Sutton, Constance R., ed. 1995. Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism. Washington, D.C.: Association for Feminist Anthropology/American Anthropological Association.
69. Utas, Mats. 2003. Sweet Battlefields: Youth and the Liberian Civil War. Uppsala University: Dissertations in Cultural Anthropology.
70. Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
71. Wilson, K. B. 1992. “Cults of Violence and Counter-Violence in Mozambique.” Journal of Southern African Studies. 18: 527–82.