Urban youth and Senegalese politics: Dakar 1988-1994

Public Culture

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 225-249

  Diouf, Mamadou ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0038975587     PISSN: 08992363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/08992363-8-2-225     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. On the nationalist coalitions, see P. Anyang'Nyong'o, ed., Thirty Years of Independence in Africa: The Lost Decades? (Nairobi: Academy of Science Publishers, 1992).
2. Deriving from cadre or frame, encadrement combines implications of state control and subjugation with those of spatial circumscription. The term encadrement will be used as it does not have an adequate English translation. (Translator's note.)
3. For the francophone situations, see the studies and accounts of the Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noir en France (FEANF): C. Diane, La FEANF et les Grandes Heures du Mouvement Syndical Etudiant Noire (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1990); A. A. Dieng, "Histoire des Organisations d'Etudiants Africains en France (1900-1955)," 2 vol. (Dakar: mimeograph, 1986); S. Traoré, La Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire (FEANF) (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1984). On Senegalese students, see A. Bathily, Mai 68 à Dakar ou la Révolte Universitaire et la Démocratie (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1992).
4. For the francophone situations, see the studies and accounts of the Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noir en France (FEANF): C. Diane, La FEANF et les Grandes Heures du Mouvement Syndical Etudiant Noire (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1990); A. A. Dieng, "Histoire des Organisations d'Etudiants Africains en France (1900-1955)," 2 vol. (Dakar: mimeograph, 1986); S. Traoré, La Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire (FEANF) (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1984). On Senegalese students, see A. Bathily, Mai 68 à Dakar ou la Révolte Universitaire et la Démocratie (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1992).
5. For the francophone situations, see the studies and accounts of the Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noir en France (FEANF): C. Diane, La FEANF et les Grandes Heures du Mouvement Syndical Etudiant Noire (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1990); A. A. Dieng, "Histoire des Organisations d'Etudiants Africains en France (1900-1955)," 2 vol. (Dakar: mimeograph, 1986); S. Traoré, La Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire (FEANF) (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1984). On Senegalese students, see A. Bathily, Mai 68 à Dakar ou la Révolte Universitaire et la Démocratie (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1992).
6. For the francophone situations, see the studies and accounts of the Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noir en France (FEANF): C. Diane, La FEANF et les Grandes Heures du Mouvement Syndical Etudiant Noire (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1990); A. A. Dieng, "Histoire des Organisations d'Etudiants Africains en France (1900-1955)," 2 vol. (Dakar: mimeograph, 1986); S. Traoré, La Fédération des Etudiants d'Afrique Noire (FEANF) (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1984). On Senegalese students, see A. Bathily, Mai 68 à Dakar ou la Révolte Universitaire et la Démocratie (Paris: Editions Chaka, 1992).
7. On the notions of public and private space in totalitarian systems, see Claude Lefort, L'Invention Democratique. Les Limites de la Domination Totalitaire (Paris: Livre de Poche, Biblio Essais, 1983), 53-60. In "Identité et Métissage Politiques," Compte-Rendu de la Séance du 20 février 1991 (Feuille d'Information No. 16 of Groupe de Travail Cartes d'Identité), J.-L. Amselle confirms that a group cannot exist socially unless it is able to achieve accreditation, emerging on the public scene through the recourse to spokespeople or proxies, thus creating its own public space.
8. C. Habib and C. Mouchard, eds. La Démocratie à l'Oeuvre. Autour de Claude Lefort (Paris: Edition Esprit, 1993).
9. On this subject, see M. Diouf, "Représentations Historiques et Légitimités Politiques au Sénégal 1960-1987," Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 34 (Winter 1989): 14-24.
10. An année blanche is an academic year that has not been officially completed because of the inability to organize year-end examinations and competitions, due to strikes and the resulting insufficiency of completed class hours. The consequence is a universal repetition of the school year.
11. For the Malian situation, refer to C. O. Diarrah, "Les Ambiguités et les Difficultés de la Concrétisation Opérationelle du Projet Démocratique du Mali," report presented at the Atelier sur les Villes Ouest-Africaines, Dakar, 15-17 November 1993.
12. On the "area boys," Abubakar Momoh writes, "the area boys as a social category become preponderant, popularized and organised from about 1986 when the Structural Adjustment Programme took its full course. Hence today, any form of crime or criminal activity in the entire South-Western Nigeria is identifiable or traceable to the area boys. The area boys are the equivalent of 'Yanbaba' in Hausaland, they are also called allaayes, Omo oni ile (sons of the soil or landlords), 'street urchins,' 'government pickin,' 'untouchables,' or 'alright sir.'" See Abukar Momoh, "The South-Western Nigeria Case Study," paper presented at the West African Long-Term Perspective Study, ADB-CINERGIE Conference, Lagos, 11-13 October 1993, 28.
13. P. Richards, "Liberia and Sierra Leone," in O. W. Furley, ed., Conflict in Africa (forthcoming).
14. Ibid., 2.
15. Colonial novels and the urban sociology of the first two decades of independence are the best illustrations of this point of view. See Camara Laye, L'Enfant Noir (Paris: Plon, 1953), and C. H. Kane, L'Aventure Ambigue (Paris: Julliard 1961).
16. Colonial novels and the urban sociology of the first two decades of independence are the best illustrations of this point of view. See Camara Laye, L'Enfant Noir (Paris: Plon, 1953), and C. H. Kane, L'Aventure Ambigue (Paris: Julliard 1961).
17. OECD/ADB, "L'émergence de la compétition. Transformations et déséquilibres dans les sociétés ouest-africaines," unpublished manuscript, 1994, 6. In terms of the analysis of demographic issues, I benefited from being involved with the CINERGIE/CLUB SAHEL team which conducted the WALTPS surveys.
18. See O. Kane, "Les Mouvements Religieux et le champ politique au Nigéria Septentrional: le cas du réformisme musulman à Kano," Islam Sociétés au Sud Sahara 4 (Nov. 1990): 7-23. R. Marshall, "Power in the Name of Jesus: Social Transformations and Pentecostalism in Western Nigeria," in T. O. Ranger and O. Vaugh, eds., Legitimacy and the State in Contemporary Africa (Oxford: McMillan, 1993), 213-246; R. Otayek, "Une relecture islamique du projet révolutionnaire de Thomas Sankara" in J.-F. Bayart, ed., Religion et Modernité Politique en Afrique noire. Dieu pour tous et chacun pour soi (Paris: Karthala, 1993), 101-160; and L. Brenner, Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
19. See O. Kane, "Les Mouvements Religieux et le champ politique au Nigéria Septentrional: le cas du réformisme musulman à Kano," Islam Sociétés au Sud Sahara 4 (Nov. 1990): 7-23. R. Marshall, "Power in the Name of Jesus: Social Transformations and Pentecostalism in Western Nigeria," in T. O. Ranger and O. Vaugh, eds., Legitimacy and the State in Contemporary Africa (Oxford: McMillan, 1993), 213-246; R. Otayek, "Une relecture islamique du projet révolutionnaire de Thomas Sankara" in J.-F. Bayart, ed., Religion et Modernité Politique en Afrique noire. Dieu pour tous et chacun pour soi (Paris: Karthala, 1993), 101-160; and L. Brenner, Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
20. See O. Kane, "Les Mouvements Religieux et le champ politique au Nigéria Septentrional: le cas du réformisme musulman à Kano," Islam Sociétés au Sud Sahara 4 (Nov. 1990): 7-23. R. Marshall, "Power in the Name of Jesus: Social Transformations and Pentecostalism in Western Nigeria," in T. O. Ranger and O. Vaugh, eds., Legitimacy and the State in Contemporary Africa (Oxford: McMillan, 1993), 213-246; R. Otayek, "Une relecture islamique du projet révolutionnaire de Thomas Sankara" in J.-F. Bayart, ed., Religion et Modernité Politique en Afrique noire. Dieu pour tous et chacun pour soi (Paris: Karthala, 1993), 101-160; and L. Brenner, Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
21. See O. Kane, "Les Mouvements Religieux et le champ politique au Nigéria Septentrional: le cas du réformisme musulman à Kano," Islam Sociétés au Sud Sahara 4 (Nov. 1990): 7-23. R. Marshall, "Power in the Name of Jesus: Social Transformations and Pentecostalism in Western Nigeria," in T. O. Ranger and O. Vaugh, eds., Legitimacy and the State in Contemporary Africa (Oxford: McMillan, 1993), 213-246; R. Otayek, "Une relecture islamique du projet révolutionnaire de Thomas Sankara" in J.-F. Bayart, ed., Religion et Modernité Politique en Afrique noire. Dieu pour tous et chacun pour soi (Paris: Karthala, 1993), 101-160; and L. Brenner, Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
22. The data used in this chapter are drawn from: the IFAN/ORSTROM team, P. Antoine et al., "L'Insertion Urbaine: Le cas de Dakar," Unpublished report, Dakar, March 1992; P. Bocquier, "L'Insertion et la Mobilité Professionelles à Dakar," Ph.D. diss., Demography, Université de Paris V, 1991; and Sènègal Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Direction de la Statistique, "Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat, Résultats Préliminaires," September 1988.
23. The data used in this chapter are drawn from: the IFAN/ORSTROM team, P. Antoine et al., "L'Insertion Urbaine: Le cas de Dakar," Unpublished report, Dakar, March 1992; P. Bocquier, "L'Insertion et la Mobilité Professionelles à Dakar," Ph.D. diss., Demography, Université de Paris V, 1991; and Sènègal Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Direction de la Statistique, "Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat, Résultats Préliminaires," September 1988.
24. The data used in this chapter are drawn from: the IFAN/ORSTROM team, P. Antoine et al., "L'Insertion Urbaine: Le cas de Dakar," Unpublished report, Dakar, March 1992; P. Bocquier, "L'Insertion et la Mobilité Professionelles à Dakar," Ph.D. diss., Demography, Université de Paris V, 1991; and Sènègal Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances, Direction de la Statistique, "Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat, Résultats Préliminaires," September 1988.
25. P. Antonie, "L'Insertion urbaine," 118.
26. Ibid., 75.
27. Le Témoin 134 (23 February 1993), 3.
28. P. Bocquier, "L'Insertion et la Mobilité Professionelles à Dakar," 55.
29. Encombrements humains, literally "social obstructions or clutter," see R. Collignon, "La Lutte des Pouvoirs Publics contre les Encombrements Humains à Dakar," Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 18, 3 (1984): 573-82.
30. Le Soleil, Senegalese national daily newspaper, special edition, La Jeunesse au Coeur (free supplement), May 1990, 18.
31. See A. Bathily, M. Diouf, and M. Mbodj, "The Senegalese Student Movement from its Inception to 1989," in M. Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Perspectives in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA, 1995), 368-407; and M. C. Diop, ed., Senégal: Trajectories d'un Etat (Dakar: CODESRIA, 1992), 431-77.
32. See A. Bathily, M. Diouf, and M. Mbodj, "The Senegalese Student Movement from its Inception to 1989," in M. Mamdani and E. Wamba-dia-Wamba, eds., African Perspectives in Social Movements and Democracy (Dakar: CODESRIA, 1995), 368-407; and M. C. Diop, ed., Senégal: Trajectories d'un Etat (Dakar: CODESRIA, 1992), 431-77.
33. P. Antoine et al., "L'Insertion Urbaine," 122.
34. A. Sylla, "L'Ecole, Quelle Réforme?" in M. C. Diop, ed., Sénégal, 379.
35. Counseil Economique et Social du Sénégal, "Essai sur la Situation Actuelle de la Jeunesse" (Dakar, 1996).
36. On the question of the political manipulation of student movements, refer to the interesting analyses of A. Bathily, Mai. 68 à Dakar, and to M. C. Diop, "Le Syndicalisme Etudiant, Pluralisme et Revendication," in M. C. Diop, ed., Sénégal.
37. On the question of the political manipulation of student movements, refer to the interesting analyses of A. Bathily, Mai. 68 à Dakar, and to M. C. Diop, "Le Syndicalisme Etudiant, Pluralisme et Revendication," in M. C. Diop, ed., Sénégal.
38. On the questions of the political and union recompositions of the movement of university and high school students, see M. C. Diop, ibid.
39. On the geography of the bars and the violent relations in these troubled areas, see the excellent analysis and eye-witness account of J. F. Werner, Marges, Sexe et Drogue à Dakar (Paris: Karthala, 1994).
40. For the mural paintings and their geography, see Enda-Tiers Monde, Set, Des Murs Qui Parlent . . . Nouvelles Cultures Urbaines à Dakar (Dakar: Enda, 1991);
41. and, for an initial analysis, see J. C. Niane, Vieux Savané, and B. Boris Diop, Set/Setal. La Seconde Génération des Barricades (Dakar: Sud Editions, 1991).
42. Set weec and Augias were voluntarist clean-up operations, e.g., cleaning streets and planting trees, organized by the Office of the Mayor and the youth branch of the ruling PS party. As such, they were official events and partisan expressions and were markedly unsuccessful in comparison to the community organized and controlled Set/Setal operations. Set weec is a generic Wolof term expressing the centrality of investments of human energy as opposed to the capital and technological investments which only developed countries can afford. Augias derives from the Augean stables of Herculean legend and, thus, French high culture.
43. The daily reading of Le Soleil provides a striking example.
44. Corniche is the designation for the area of the cliffs which run along the sea shore on the western side of the Dakar peninsula and contain numerous caves.
45. A. Bathily, Mai 68 à Dakar, 51.
46. M. C. Diop and M. Diouf, Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf (Paris: Karthala, 1990).
47. Sopi means change in Wolof, the dominant language in Senegal. It is the slogan of the Parti Démocratique Sénégalais (PDS), the principal opposition party whose leader, Abdoulaye Wade, is the principal rival of President Abdou Diouf. This slogan symbolizes the fight against the regime of the party in power, the Parti Socialiste (PS).
48. The Plateau is the affluent downtown Dakar area where European residences were formerly located.
49. For more details, refer to M. C. Diop and M. Diouf, Le Senegal sous Abdou Diouf, chapter 12: "Les Emeutes de Février-Mars 1988," 335-54.
50. I. C. Niane, V. Savané, and B. B. Diop, Set/Setal, Foreword.
51. Le Soleil, Special Edition Urnes [election] 88, March 1988, 11-13.
52. Le Soleil, 2 March 1988.
53. M. C. Diop and M. Diouf, Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf, 337.
54. Ibid., 337.
55. Tropic FM, "Elections au Sénégal," radio broadcast on 28 February 1988.
56. La Table Ronde was the Senegalese formula for managing political differences following the electoral riots, which brought together leaders from all the political parties.
57. See, on this subject M. Diouf, "Fresques Murales et Ecriture de l'Histoire. Le Set/Setal à Dakar," Politique Africaine 46 (June 1992): 41-54.
58. A. Diallo, "L'Experience de Set/Setal à Dakar," in Jeunes, Villes, Emploi. Quel Avenir pour la Jeunesse Africaine? E. Le Bris and F. Chaveau, eds., Colloquium papers (Paris: Ministère de la Coopération et du Développement, 1993), 211.
59. 4Fn ail these questions, refer to M. C. Diop and M. Diouf, Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf.
60. Enda-Tiers Monde, Set, Des Murs Qui Parlent, 7-8.
61. Interview in A. Diallo, "L'Experience de Set/Setal à Dakar," 213.
62. Ibid., 211.
63. La Jeunesse pour l'Alternance means Youth for Alternation (rotation of political leadership). Laye" is the diminutive for Abdoulaye, referring to Abdoulaye Wade, and espoir is hope (salvation).
64. Refer to the works of Donol Cruise O'Brien: The Murides of Senegal (Oxford: Oxford Unrversity Press, 1971); Saints and Politicians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and "Senegal" in J. Dunn, ed., West African States: Promise and Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173-188. See also J. Copans, Les Marabouts de l'Arachide (Paris, le Sycamore, 1980); and C. Coulon, Le Marabout et le Prince (Paris: Pedone, 1981).
65. Refer to the works of Donol Cruise O'Brien: The Murides of Senegal (Oxford: Oxford Unrversity Press, 1971); Saints and Politicians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and "Senegal" in J. Dunn, ed., West African States: Promise and Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173-188. See also J. Copans, Les Marabouts de l'Arachide (Paris, le Sycamore, 1980); and C. Coulon, Le Marabout et le Prince (Paris: Pedone, 1981).
66. Refer to the works of Donol Cruise O'Brien: The Murides of Senegal (Oxford: Oxford Unrversity Press, 1971); Saints and Politicians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and "Senegal" in J. Dunn, ed., West African States: Promise and Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173-188. See also J. Copans, Les Marabouts de l'Arachide (Paris, le Sycamore, 1980); and C. Coulon, Le Marabout et le Prince (Paris: Pedone, 1981).
67. Refer to the works of Donol Cruise O'Brien: The Murides of Senegal (Oxford: Oxford Unrversity Press, 1971); Saints and Politicians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and "Senegal" in J. Dunn, ed., West African States: Promise and Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173-188. See also J. Copans, Les Marabouts de l'Arachide (Paris, le Sycamore, 1980); and C. Coulon, Le Marabout et le Prince (Paris: Pedone, 1981).
68. Refer to the works of Donol Cruise O'Brien: The Murides of Senegal (Oxford: Oxford Unrversity Press, 1971); Saints and Politicians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and "Senegal" in J. Dunn, ed., West African States: Promise and Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 173-188. See also J. Copans, Les Marabouts de l'Arachide (Paris, le Sycamore, 1980); and C. Coulon, Le Marabout et le Prince (Paris: Pedone, 1981).
69. In the period from to 1993, PDS leaders were members of the government. After the 3 elections the PDS rejoined the opposition in an alliance with several parties uncompromisingly opposed to the PS (MSU, AJ, etc.), provoked in part by the arrest and detainment of Abdoulaye Wade, and joined in convening a national conference on the model of the democratic conferences ing held in a number of West African states. Despite the recent radicalism of its stance, the PDS ejoined the government of President Abdou Diouf in March 1995, deserting its previous allies and Provoking a crisis within the Senegalese opposition.
70. See A. L. Coulibaly, "Evénements du 16 Févier au Tribunal," Sud Quotidien, 19 November
71. Mbalax is a Senegalese contribution to World Music, diffused worldwide by Youssou NDour, Ismail Lo, and other musicians.
72. See Achille Mbembe and Janet Roitman, "The Figure of the Subject in Times of Crisis," Public Culture 7, 2 (Winter 1995): 323-352; and René Devisch, "Frenzy, Violence and Ethical Renewal in Kinshasa," Public Culture 7, 3 (Spring 1995):593-629.
73. See Achille Mbembe and Janet Roitman, "The Figure of the Subject in Times of Crisis," Public Culture 7, 2 (Winter 1995): 323-352; and René Devisch, "Frenzy, Violence and Ethical Renewal in Kinshasa," Public Culture 7, 3 (Spring 1995):593-629.
74. Lauren Berlant, "The Theory of Infantile Citizenship," Public Culture 5, 3 (Spring 1993): 395-410.