Intracapsular femoral neck fractures in elderly patients

Minerva Ortopedica e Traumatologica

Volumn 60, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 541-554

  Streubel, P N ^a   Gardner, M J ^a   Ricci, W M ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arthroplasty; Femoral neck fractures; Fracture fixation; Hip; Internal; Replacement

Indexed keywords

EID: 77349116351     PISSN: 00264911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Cummings SR, Rubin SM, Black D. The future of hip fractures in the United States. Numbers, costs, and potential effects of postmenopausal estrogen. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990-252:163-6.
2. NOF. America's Bone Health: The State of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in Our Nation. Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation; 2002.
3. USCB. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics Vol. 2009: U.S. Census Bureau; 2000.
4. USCB. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics. Vol. 2009: U.S. Census Bureau; 2008.
5. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Wong JB, King A, Tosteson A. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22-3:465-75.
6. Akner G, Cederholm T. Treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic nonmalignant disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74-1:6-24.
7. Bergeron E, Lavoie A, Moore L, Bamvita JM, Ratte S, Gravel C et al. Is the delay to surgery for isolated hip fracture predictive of outcome in efficient systems? J Trauma 2006;60-4:753-7.
8. Bhattacharyya T, Iorio R, Healy WL. Rate of and risk factors for acute inpatient mortality after orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84-A-4:562-72.
9. Eneroth M, Olsson UB, Thorngren KG. Nutritional supplementation decreases hip fracture-related complications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;451:212-7.
10. Guo JJ, Yang H, Qian H, Huang L, Guo Z, Tang T. The effects of different nutritional measurements on delayed wound healing after hip fracture in the elderly. J Surg Res 2008. Oct 16. [Epub ahead of print].
11. Koval KJ, Maurer SG, Su ET, Aharonoff GB, Zuckerman JD. The effects of nutritional status on outcome after hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma 1999;13-3:164-9.
12. Roche JJ, Wenn RT, Sahota O, Moran CG. Effect of comorbidities and postoperative complications on mortality after hip fracture in elderly people: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ 2005;331:1374.
13. Asnis SE, Wanek-Sgaglione L. Intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. Results of cannulated screw fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76-12:1793-803.
14. Bhandari M, Tornetta P, 3rd, Hanson B, Swiontkowski MF. Optimal internal fixation for femoral neck fractures: multiple screws or sliding hip screws? J Orthop Trauma 2009;23-6:403-7.
15. Zlowodzki M, Brink O, Switzer J, Wingerter S, Woodall J, Jr., Petrisor BA et al. The effect of shortening and varus collapse of the femoral neck on function after fixation of intracapsular fracture of the hip: a multi-centre cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90-11:1487-94.
16. Strehl A, Ganz R. [Anterior femoroacetabular impingement after healed femoral neck fractures]. Unfallchirurg 2005;108-4:263-73.
17. Ooi LH, Wong TH, Toh CL, Wong HP. Hip fractures in nonagenarians - a study on operative and non-operative management. Injury 2005;36-1:142-7.
18. Sherk HH, Snape WJ, Loprete FL. Internal fixation versus nontreatment of hip fractures in senile patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979-141:196-8.
19. Cserhati P, Kazar G, Manninger J, Fekete K, Frenyo S. Non-operative or operative treatment for undisplaced femoral neck fractures: a comparative study of 122 non-operative and 125 operatively treated cases. Injury 1996;27-8:583-8.
20. Chen WC, Yu SW, Tseng IC, Su JY, Tu YK, Chen WJ. Treatment of undisplaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. J Trauma 2005;58-5:1035-9; discussion 9.
21. Karaeminogullari O, Demirors H, Atabek M, Tuncay C, Tandogan R, Ozalay M. Avascular necrosis and nonunion after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures: effect of fracture displacement and time to surgery. Adv Ther 2004;21-5:335-42.
22. Parker MJ, Pryor GA. Treatment of undisplaced subcapital fractures. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1992;37-4:263-4.
23. Shih CH, Wang KC. Femoral neck fractures. 121 cases treated by Knowles pinning. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991-271:195-200.
24. Svenningsen S, Benum P, Nesse O, Furset OI. Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. Compression screw compared with nail plate fixation. Acta Orthop Scand 1984;55-4:423-9.
25. Lykke N, Lerud PJ, Stromsoe K, Thorngren KG. Fixation of fractures of the femoral neck. A prospective, randomised trial of three Ullevaal hip screws versus two Hansson hook-pins. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85-3:426-30.
26. Phillips JE, Christie J. Undisplaced fracture of the neck of the femur: results of treatment of 100 patients treated by single Watson-Jones nail fixation. Injury 1988;19-2:93-6.
27. Jarolem KL, Koval KJ, Zuckerman JD, Aharonoff G. A comparison of modified Knowles pins and cannulated cancellous screws for the treatment of nondisplaced or impacted femoral neck fractures. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1993;53-3:11-4.
28. Yih-Shiunn L, Chien-Rae H, Wen-Yun L. Surgical treatment of undisplaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Int Orthop 2007;31-5:677-82.
29. Kuokkanen H, Korkala O, Antti-Poika I, Tolonen J, Lehtimaki MY, Silvennoinen T. Three cancellous bone screws versus a screw-angle plate in the treatment of Garden I and II fractures of the femoral neck. Acta Orthop Belg 1991;57-1:53-7.
30. Bjorgul K, Reikeras O. Low interobserver reliability of radiographic signs predicting healing disturbance in displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck. Acta Orthop Scand 2002;73-3:307-10.
31. Blundell CM, Parker MJ, Pryor GA, Hopkinson-Woolley J, Bhonsle SS. Assessment of the AO classification of intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998;80-4:679-83.
32. Caviglia HA, Osorio PQ, Comando D. Classification and diagnosis of intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002-399:17-27.
33. Maurer SG, Wright KE, Kummer FJ, Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ. Two or three screws for fixation of femoral neck fractures? Am J Orthop 2003;32-9:438-42.
34. Oakey JW, Stover MD, Summers HD, Sartori M, Havey RM, Patwardhan AG. Does screw configuration affect subtrochanteric fracture after femoral neck fixation? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;443:302-6.
35. Lindequist S, Wredmark T, Eriksson SA, Samnegard E. Screw positions in femoral neck fractures. Comparison of two different screw positions in cadavers. Acta Orthop Scand 1993;64-1:67-70.
36. Kauffman JI, Simon JA, Kummer FJ, Pearlman CJ, Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ. Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures with posterior comminution: a biomechanical study. J Orthop Trauma 1999;13-3:155-9.
37. Mallick A, Parker MJ. Basal fractures of the femoral neck: intra- or extra-capsular. Injury 2004;35-10:989-93.
38. Baitner AC, Maurer SG, Hickey DG, Jazrawi LM, Kummer FJ, Jamal J, Goldman S et al. Vertical shear fractures of the femoral neck. A biomechanical study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1999-367:300-5.
39. Liporace F, Gaines R, Collinge C, Haidukewych GJ. Results of internal fixation of Pauwels type-3 vertical femoral neck fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90-8:1654-9.
40. Blair B, Koval KJ, Kummer F, Zuckerman JD. Basicervical fractures of the proximal femur. A biomechanical study of 3 internal fixation techniques. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994-306:256-63.
41. Deneka DA, Simonian PT, Stankewich CJ, Eckert D, Chapman JR, Tencer AF. Biomechanical comparison of internal fixation techniques for the treatment of unstable basicervical femoral neck fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1997;11-5:337-43.
42. Ganesh K, Ricci WM. Stability of Intertrochanteric Femur Fracture Fixation: A Critical Analysis of Extramedullary versus Intramedullary Implants and the Effect of Lesser Trochanter Comminution. OTA Meeting Boston; 2006.
43. Rodriguez-Merchan 2002.
44. Stromqvist B, Nilsson LT, Thorngren KG. Femoral neck fracture fixation with hook-pins. 2-year results and learning curve in 626 prospective cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1992;63-3:282-7.
45. Hansen BA, Solgaard S. Impacted fractures of the femoral neck treated by early mobilization and weight-bearing. Acta Orthop Scand 1978;49-2:180-5.
46. Verheyen CC, Smulders TC, van Walsum AD. High secondary displacement rate in the conservative treatment of impacted femoral neck fractures in 105 patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2005;125-3:166-8.
47. Raaymakers EL. The non-operative treatment of impacted femoral neck fractures. Injury 2002;33(Suppl 3):C8-14.
48. Otremski I, Katz A, Dekel S, Salama R, Newman RJ. Natural history of impacted subcapital femoral fractures and its relevance to treatment options. Injury 1990;21-6:379-81.
49. Chiu FY, Lo WH, Yu CT, Chen TH, Chen CM, Huang CK. Percutaneous pinning in undisplaced subcapital femoral neck fractures. Injury 1996;27-1:53-5.
50. Parker MJ, Raghavan R, Gurusamy K. Incidence of fracture-healing complications after femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;458:175-9.
51. Stappaerts KH, Broos PL. Internal fixation of femoral neck fractures. A follow-up study of 118 cases. Acta Chir Belg 1987;87-4:247-51.
52. Howard CB, Mackie IG, Fairclough J, Austin TR. Forum. Femoral neck surgery using a local anaesthetic technique. Anaesthesia 1983;38-10:993-4.
53. Hui AC, Anderson GH, Choudhry R, Boyle J, Gregg PJ. Internal fixation or hemiarthroplasty for undisplaced fractures of the femoral neck in octogenarians. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994;76-6:891-4.
54. Blomfeldt R, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Soderqvist A, Tidermark J. Comparison of internal fixation with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures. Randomized, controlled trial performed at four years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87-8:1680-8.
55. Johansson T, Jacobsson SA, Ivarsson I, Knutsson A, Wahlstrom O. Internal fixation versus total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures: a prospective randomized study of 100 hips. Acta Orthop Scand 2000;71-6:597-602.
56. Keating JF, Grant A, Masson M, Scott NW, Forbes JF. Randomized comparison of reduction and fixation, bipolar hemiarthroplasty, and total hip arthroplasty. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures in healthy older patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88-2:249-60.
57. Parker MJ, Khan RJ, Crawford J, Pryor GA. Hemiarthroplasty versus internal fixation for displaced intracapsular hip fractures in the elderly. A randomised trial of 455 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84-8:1150-5.
58. Ravikumar KJ, Marsh G. Internal fixation versus hemiarthroplasty versus total hip arthroplasty for displaced subcapital fractures of femur - 13 year results of a prospective randomised study. Injury 2000;31-10:793-7.
59. Rogmark C, Carlsson A, Johnell O, Sernbo I. A prospective randomised trial of internal fixation versus arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the neck of the femur. Functional outcome for 450 patients at two years. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002;84-2:183-8.
60. Skinner P, Riley D, Ellery J, Beaumont A, Coumine R, Shafighian B. Displaced subcapital fractures of the femur: a prospective randomized comparison of internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty and total hip replacement. Injury 1989;20-5:291-3.
61. Tidermark J, Ponzer S, Svensson O, Soderqvist A, Tornkvist H. Internal fixation compared with total hip replacement for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly. A randomised, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85-3:380-8.
62. Johansson T, Bachrach-Lindstrom M, Aspenberg P, Jonsson D, Wahlstrom O. The total costs of a displaced femoral neck fracture: comparison of internal fixation and total hip replacement. A randomised study of 146 hips. Int Orthop 2006;30-1:1-6.
63. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Swiontkowski MF, Tornetta P, 3rd, Obremskey W, Koval KJ et al. Internal fixation compared with arthroplasty for displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85-A-9:1673-81.
64. Lu-Yao GL, Keller RB, Littenberg B, Wennberg JE. Outcomes after displaced fractures of the femoral neck. A meta-analysis of one hundred and six published reports. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76-1:15-25.
65. Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006-4:CD001708.
66. Rogmark C, Johnell O. Primary arthroplasty is better than internal fixation of displaced femoral neck fractures: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized studies with 2,289 patients. Acta Orthop 2006;77-3:359-67.
67. Healy WL, Iorio R. Total hip arthroplasty: optimal treatment for displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004-429:43-8.
68. Blomfeldt R, Tornkvist H, Ponzer S, Soderqvist A, Tidermark J. Displaced femoral neck fracture: comparison of primary total hip replacement with secondary replacement after failed internal fixation: a 2-year follow-up of 84 patients. Acta Orthop 2006;77-4:638-43.
69. Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P, 3rd, Swiontkowski MF, Berry DJ, Haidukewych G et al. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87-9:2122-30.
70. Iorio R, Schwartz B, Macaulay W, Teeney SM, Healy WL, York S. Surgical treatment of displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: a survey of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons. J Arthroplasty 2006;21-8:1124-33.
71. Gjertsen JE, Lie SA, Fevang JM, Havelin LI, Engesaeter LB, Vinje T et al. Total hip replacement after femoral neck fractures in elderly patients: results of 8,577 fractures reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. Acta Orthop 2007;78-4:491-7.
72. Klein GR, Parvizi J, Vegari DN, Rothman RH, Purtill JJ. Total hip arthroplasty for acute femoral neck fractures using a cementless tapered femoral stem. J Arthroplasty 2006-21-8:1134-40.
73. Lee BP, Berry DJ, Harmsen WS, Sim FH. Total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of an acute fracture of the femoral neck: long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80-1:70-5.
74. McKinley JC, Robinson CM. Treatment of displaced intracapsular hip fractures with total hip arthroplasty: comparison of primary arthroplasty with early salvage arthroplasty after failed internal fixation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002;84-A-11:2010-5.
75. Mishra V, Thomas G, Sibly TF. Results of displaced subcapital fractures treated by primary total hip replacement. Injury 2004;35-2:157-60.
76. Pai VS, Ardern D, Wilson N. Fractured neck of femur in the mobile independent elderly patient: should we treat with total hip replacement? J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2003;11-2:123-8.
77. Bush JB, Wilson MR. Dislocation after hip hemiarthroplasty: anterior versus posterior capsular approach. Orthopedics 2007;30-2:138-44.
78. Enocson A, Tidermark J, Tornkvist H, Lapidus LJ. Dislocation of hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fracture: better outcome after the anterolateral approach in a prospective cohort study on 739 consecutive hips. Acta Orthop 2008;79-2:211-7.
79. Baker RP, Squires B, Gargan MR, Bannister GC. Total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in mobile, independent patients with a displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck. A randomized, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006;88-12:2583-9.
80. Blomfeldt R, Tornkvist H, Eriksson K, Soderqvist A, Ponzer S, Tidermark J. A randomised controlled trial comparing bipolar hemiarthroplasty with total hip replacement for displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in elderly patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2007;89-2:160-5.
81. Broos PL. Prosthetic replacement in the management of unstable femoral neck fractures in the elderly. Analysis of the mechanical complications noted in 778 fractures. Acta Chir Belg 1999;99-4:190-4.
82. Sierra RJ, Schleck CD, Cabanela ME. Dislocation of bipolar hemiarthroplasty: rate, contributing factors, and outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;442:230-8.
83. Squires B, Bannister G. Displaced intracapsular neck of femur fractures in mobile independent patients: total hip replacement or hemiarthroplasty? Injury 1999;30-5:345-8.
84. Sierra RJ, Cabanela ME. Conversion of failed hip hemiarthroplasties after femoral neck fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002-399:129-39.
85. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008;133-6 Supp1:381S-453S.
86. Morrison RS, Magaziner J, McLaughlin MA, Orosz G, Silberzweig SB, Koval KJ et al. The impact of postoperative pain on outcomes following ip fracture. Pain 2003;103-3:303-11.
87. Pedersen SJ, Borgbjerg FM, Schousboe B, Pedersen BD, Jorgensen HL, Duus BR et al. A comprehensive hip fracture program reduces complication rates and mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56-10:1831-8.
88. Matot I, Oppenheim-Eden A, Ratrot R, Baranova J, Davidson E, Eylon S et al. Preoperative cardiac events in elderly patients with hip fracture randomized to epidural or conventional analgesia. Anesthesiology 2003;98-1:156-63.
89. Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, Horn SD, Menlove RL, Burke JP. The timing of prophylactic administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection. N Engl J Med 1992;326-5:281-6.
90. Morrison RS, Chassin MR, Siu AL. The medical consultant's role in caring for patients with hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998;128-12 Pt 1:1010-20.
91. Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, McKee A, Kehlet H, van Zundert A et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ 2000;321-7275:1493.
92. Radcliff TA, Henderson WG, Stoner TJ, Khuri SF, Dohm M, Hutt E. Patient risk factors, operative care, and outcomes among older community-dwelling male veterans with hip fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90-1:34-42.
93. McLaughlin MA, Orosz GM, Magaziner J, Hannan EL, McGinn T, Morrison RS et al. Preoperative status and risk of complications in patients with hip fracture. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21-3:219-25.
94. Grimes JP, Gregory PM, Noveck H, Butler MS, Carson JL. The effects of time-to-surgery on mortality and morbidity in patients following hip fracture. Am J Med 2002;112-9:702-9.
95. Al-Ani AN, Samuelsson B, Tidermark J, Norling A, Ekstrom W, Cederholm T et al. Early operation on patients with a hip fracture improved the ability to return to independent living. A prospective study of 850 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90-7:1436-42.
96. Verbeek DO, Ponsen KJ, Goslings JC, Heetveld MJ. Effect of surgical delay on outcome in hip fracture patients: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 192 patients. Int Orthop 2008;32-1:13-8.
97. Bottle A, Aylin P. Mortality associated with delay in operation after hip fracture: observational study. BMJ 2006;332-7547:947-51.
98. Orosz GM, Magaziner J, Hannan EL, Morrison RS, Koval K, Gilbert M et al. Association of timing of surgery for hip fracture and patient outcomes. JAMA 2004;291-14:1738-43.
99. Sircar P, Godkar D, Mahgerefteh S, Chambers K, Niranjan S, Cucco R. Morbidity and mortality among patients with hip fractures surgically repaired within and after 48 hours. Am J Ther 2007;14-6:508-13.
100. Dorotka R, Schoechtner H, Buchinger W. The influence of immediate surgical treatment of proximal femoral fractures on mortality and quality of life. Operation within six hours of the fracture versus later than six hours. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003;85-8:1107-13.
101. Ricci WM, Delia Rocca GJ, Combs C, Borrelli J. The medical and economic impact of preoperative cardiac testing in elderly patients with hip fractures. Injury 2007;38 Suppl 3:S49-52.
102. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery): developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2007;116-17:e418-99.
103. Boersma E, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Steyerberg EW, Thomson IR, Banga JD et al. Predictors of cardiac events after major vascular surgery: Role of clinical characteristics, dobutamine echocardiography, and beta-blocker therapy. JAMA 2001;285-14:1865-73.
104. Cluett J, Caplan J, Yu W. Preoperative cardiac evaluation of patients with acute hip fracture. Am J Orthop 2008;37-1:32-6.
105. Avenell A, Handoll HH. Nutritional supplementation for hip fracture aftercare in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006-4:CD001880.
106. Zullo A, Hassan C, Campo SM, Morini S. Bleeding peptic ulcer in the elderly: risk factors and prevention strategies. Drugs Aging 2007;24-10:815-28.
107. Fisher L, Fisher A, Pavli P, Davis M. Perioperative acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in older patients with hip fracture: incidence, risk factors and prevention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25-3:297-308.
108. Wells DL, Saltmarche A. Voiding dysfunction in geriatric patients with hip fracture: prevalence rate and tentative nursing interventions. Orthop Nurs 1986;5-6:25-8.
109. Wald H, Epstein A, Kramer A. Extended use of indwelling urinary catheters in postoperative hip fracture patients. Med Care 2005;43-10:1009-17.
110. Schumm K, Lam TB. Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalised adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008-2:CD004013.
111. Johansson I, Athlin E, Frykholm L, Bolinder H, Larsson G. Intermittent versus indwelling catheters for older patients with hip fractures. J Clin Nurs 2002;11-5:651-6.
112. Michelson JD, Lotke PA, Steinberg ME. Urinary-bladder management after total joint-replacement surgery. N Engl J Med 1988;319-6:321-6.
113. SkellyJM, Guyatt GH, Kalbfleisch R, Singer J, Winter L. Management of urinary retention after surgical repair of hip fracture. CMAJ 1992;146-7:1185-9.
114. Gruson KI, Aharonoff GB, Egol KA, Zuckerman JD, Koval KJ. The relationship between admission hemoglobin level and outcome after hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma 2002;16-1:39-44.
115. Halm EA, WangJJ, Boockvar K, Penrod J, Silberzweig SB, Magaziner J et al. The effect of perioperative anemia on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma 2004;18-6:369-74.
116. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kehlet H. Anaemia impedes functional mobility after hip fracture surgery. Age Ageing 2008;37-2:173-8.
117. Schmidt AH, Templeman DC, Kyle RF. Blood conservation in hip trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998-357:68-73.
118. Kennedy MT, Roche S, Fleming SM, Lenehan B, Curtin W. The association between aspirin and blood loss in hip fracture patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2006;72-1:29-33.
119. Manning BJ, O'Brien N, Aravindan S, Cahill RA, McGreal G, Redmond HP. The effect of aspirin on blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients with femoral neck fractures. Injury 2004;35-2:121-4.
120. Dillon MF, Collins D, Rice J, Murphy PG, Nicholson P, Mac Elwaine J. Preoperative characteristics identify patients with hip fractures at risk of transfusion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005;439:201-6.
121. Grover M, Edwards F, Hitchcock K, Stevens MM. Clinical inquiries. What steps can reduce morbidity and mortality caused by hip fractures? J Fam Pract 2007;56-11:944-6.
122. Bruce AJ, Ritchie CW, Blizard R, Lai R, Raven P. The incidence of delirium associated with orthopedic surgery: a meta-analytic review. Int Psychogeriatr 2007;19-2:197-214.
123. Bickel H, Gradinger R, Kochs E, Wagner K, Forstl H. [Incidence and risk factors of delirium after hip surgery). Psychiatr Prax 2004;31-7:360-5.
124. Galanakis P, Bickel H, Gradinger R, Von Gumppen-berg S, Forstl H. Acute confusional state in the elderly following hip surgery: incidence, risk factors and complications. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16-4:349-55.
125. Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Bucht G, Karlsson S, Gustafson Y. Dementia after delirium in patients with femoral neck fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51-7:1002-6.
126. Adunsky A, Levy R, Heim M, Mizrahi E, Arad M. The unfavorable nature of preoperative delirium in elderly hip fractured patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2003;36-1:67-74.
127. Morrison RS, Magaziner J, Gilbert M, Koval KJ, McLaughlin MA, Orosz G et al. Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003;58-1:76-81.
128. Edlund A, Lundstrom M, Brannstrom B, Bucht G, Gustafson Y. Delirium before and after operation for femoral neck fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49-10:1335-40.
129. Edelstein DM, Aharonoff GB, Karp A, Capla EL, ZuckermanJD, Koval KJ. Effect of postoperative delirium on outcome after hip fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004-422:195-200.
130. Freter SH, George J, Dunbar MJ, Morrison M, Macknight C, Rockwood K. Prediction of delirium in fractured neck of femur as part of routine preoperative nursing care. Age Ageing 2005;34-4:387-8.
131. Dasgupta M, Dumbrell AC. Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54-10:1578-89.
132. Zakriya KJ, Christmas C, Wenz JF, Sr., Franckowiak S, Anderson R, Sieber FE. Preoperative factors associated with postoperative change in confusion assessment method score in hip fracture patients. Anesth Analg 2002;94-6:1628-32, table of contents.
133. Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49-5:516-22.
134. Siddiqi N, Stockdale R, Britton AM, Holmes J. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007-2:CD005563.
135. Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JF, Bogaards MJ, Vreeswijk R, Egberts TC, Burger BJ et al. Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53-10:1658-66.
136. Colon-Emeric C, Kuchibhatla M, Pieper C, Hawkes W, Fredman L, Magaziner J et al. The contribution of hip fracture to risk of subsequent fractures: data from two longitudinal studies. Osteoporos Int 2003;14-11:879-83.
137. Jacobsen IB, Wiboe L, Mogensen CB. [Osteoporosis prevention in patients with low energy hip fractures hospitalized in the orthopedic department]. Ugeskr Laeger 2002;164-27:3541-4.
138. Gardner MJ, Brophy RH, Demetrakopoulos D, Koob J, Hong R, Rana A et al. Interventions to improve osteoporosis treatment following hip fracture. A prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87-1:3-7.
139. Miki RA, Oetgen ME, Kirk J, Insogna KL, Lindskog DM. Orthopaedic management improves the rate of early osteoporosis treatment after hip fracture. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90-11:2346-53.