The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis

Textbook of Atopic Dermatitis

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 25-33

  Novak, Natalija ^a   Bieber, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77349110979     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Bos JD. The skin as an organ of immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107: 3-5.
2. Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK et al. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88: 569-73.
3. Taylor B, Wadsworth J, Wadsworth M, Peckham C. Changes in the reported prevalence of childhood eczema since the 1939-45 war. Lancet 1984; 2: 1255-7.
4. Leung DY, Bieber T. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 2003; 361: 151-60.
5. Kay AB. Allergy and allergic diseases. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 109-13.
6. Kay AB, Allergy and allergic diseases. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 30-7.
7. Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001; 56: 813-24.
8. Cooper KD, Atopic dermatitis: recent trends in pathogenesis and therapy. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102: 128-37.
9. Ishizaka K, Tomioka H, Ishizaka T, Mechanisms of passive sensitization. I. Presence of IgE and IgG molecules on human leukocytes. J Immunol 1970; 105: 1459-67.
10. Bukantz SC, Clemens von Pirquet and the concept of allergie. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 724-6.
11. Schafer T, Dockery D, Kramer U, Behrendt H et al. Experiences with the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis in a population of German pre-school children. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 558-62.
12. Novak N, Kruse S, Kraft S et al. Dichotomic nature of atopic dermatitis reflected by combined analysis of monocyte immunophenotyping and single nucleotide polymorphisms of the inter- leukin-4/interleukin-13 receptor gene: the dichotomy of extrinsic and intrinsic atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 870-5.
13. Van Bever HP, Early events in atopy. Eur J Pediatr 2002; 161: 542-6.
14. Prescott SL, Holt PG, Abnormalities in cord blood mononuclear cytokine production as a predictor of later atopic disease in childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1313-16.
15. Lau S, Illi S, Sommerfeld C, Niggemann B et al. Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: a cohort study, Multicentre Allergy Study Group. Lancet 2000; 356: 1392-7.
16. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H et al. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1076-9.
17. Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo- controlled trial: first results of ETAC, Early Treatment of the Atopic Child. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1998; 9: 116-24.
18. Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ, Atopic dermatitis: review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol 2002; 43: 247-54.
19. Forrest S, Dunn K, Elliott K, Fitzpatrick E et al. Identifying genes predisposing to atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 1066-70.
20. Deichmann KA, Heinzmann A, Forster J et al. Linkage and allelic association of atopy and markers flanking the IL4-receptor gene. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 151-5.
21. Hershey GK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA et al. The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1720-5.
22. Cookson W. The genetics of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 94: 643-4.
23. Cookson WO, Young RP, Sandford AJ et al. Maternal inheritance of atopic IgE responsiveness on chromosome 11q. Lancet 1992; 340: 381-4.
24. Arkwright PD, Chase JM, Babbage S et al. Atopic dermatitis is associated with a low-producer transforming growth factor beta(1) cytokine genotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 281-4.
25. Cox HE, Moffatt MF, Faux JA et al. Association of atopic dermatitis to the beta subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 182-7.
26. Cookson WO. Genetic aspects of atopic allergy. Allergy 1998; 53: 9-14.
27. Fartasch M. Epidermal barrier in disorders of the skin. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 38: 361-72.
28. Gfesser M, Abeck D, Rugemer J et al. The early phase of epidermal barrier regeneration is faster in patients with atopic eczema. Dermatology 1997; 195: 332-6.
29. Gfesser M, Rakoski J, Ring J, The disturbance of epidermal barrier function in atopy patch test reactions in atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135: 560-5.
30. van Reijsen FC, Felius A, Wauters EA et al. T-cell reactivity for a peanut-derived epitope in the skin of a young infant with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 207-9.
31. Tan BB, Weald D, Strickland I, Friedmann PS, Double-blind controlled trial of effect of housedust-mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1996; 347: 15-18.
32. Ring J, Darsow U, Behrendt H, Role of aeroallergens in atopic eczema: proof of concept with the atopy patch test. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: S49-52.
33. Darsow U, Vieluf D, Ring J. Evaluating the relevance of aeroallergen sensitization in atopic eczema with the atopy patch test: a randomized, double-blind multicenter study, Atopy Patch Test Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 187-93.
34. Devos SA, van der Valk PG. The relevance of skin prick tests for Pityrosporum ovale in patients with head and neck dermatitis. Allergy 2000; 55: 1056-8.
35. Leung DY, Atopic dermatitis and the immune system: the role of superantigens and bacteria. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45: S13-16.
36. Capoluongo E, Giglio AA, Lavieri MM et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in subjects with atopic dermatitis. Higher prevalence of exfoliative B toxin production in lesional strains and correlation between the markers of disease intensity and colonization density. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 26: 145-55.
37. Cho SH, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M et al. Fibronectin and fibrinogen contribute to the enhanced binding of Staphylococcus aureus to atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 269-74.
38. Strickland I, Hauk PJ, Trumble AE et al. Evidence for superantigen involvement in skin homing of T cells in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 249-53.
39. Hauk PJ, Hamid QA, Chrousos GP et al. Induction of corticosteroid insensitivity in human PBMCs by microbial superantigens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105: 782-7.
40. Valenta R, Natter S, Seiberler S et al. Autoallergy: a pathogenetic factor in atopic dermatitis? Curr Probl Dermatol 1999; 28: 45-50.
41. Seiberler S, Bugajska-Schretter A, Hufnagl P et al. Characterization of IgE-reactive autoantigens in atopic dermatitis. 1. Subcellular distribution and tissue-specific expression. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 120: 108-16.
42. Ochs RL, Muro Y, Si Y et al. Autoantibodies to DFS 70 kd/ transcription coactivator p75 in atopic dermatitis and other conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105: 1211-20.
43. Asahina A, Hosoi J, Murphy GF, Granstein RD. Calcitonin gene- related peptide modulates Langerhans cell antigen-presenting function. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1995; 107: 242-4.
44. Luger TA, Schauer E, Trautinger F et al. Production of immunosuppressing melanotropins by human keratinocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 680: 567-70.
45. Wollenberg A, Bieber T, Atopic dermatitis: from the genes to skin lesions. Allergy 2000; 55: 205-13.
46. Gantner F, Gotz C, Gekeler V et al. Phosphodiesterase profile of human B lymphocytes from normal and atopic donors and the effects of PDE inhibition on B cell proliferation. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 1031-8.
47. Hanifin JM, Chan SC. Monocyte phosphodiesterase abnormalities and dysregulation of lymphocyte function in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105: 84S-8S.
48. Novak N, Allam P, Geiger E et al. Characterization of monocyte subtypes in the allergic form of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Allergy 2002; 57: 931-5.
49. Heinisch IV, Bizer C, Volgger W et al. Functional CD137 receptors are expressed by eosinophils from patients with IgE-mediated allergic responses but not by eosinophils from patients with non-IgE-mediated eosinophilic disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 21-8.
50. Taha RA, Minshall EM, Leung DY et al. Evidence for increased expression of eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein-4 in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105: 1002-7.
51. Kay AB, Barata L, Meng Q et al. Eosinophils and eosinophil- associated cytokines in allergic inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 113: 196-9.
52. Pastore S, Mascia F, Giustizieri ML et al. Pathogenetic mechanisms of atopic dermatitis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2000; 48: 497-504.
53. Trautmann A, Akdis M, Brocker EB et al. New insights into the role of T cells in atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 530-2.
54. Hwang ST. Mechanisms of T-cell homing to skin. Adv Dermatol 2001; 17: 211-41.
55. Wistokat-Wulfing A, Schmidt P, Darsow U et al. Atopy patch test reactions are associated with T lymphocyte-mediated allergenspecific immune responses in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 513-21.
56. Grewe M, Gyufko K, Schopf E et al. Lesional expression of interferon-gamma in atopic eczema. Lancet 1994; 343: 25-6.
57. Yawalkar N, Uguccioni M, Scharer J et al. Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 43-8.
58. Bratton DL, Hamid Q, Boguniewicz M et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor contributes to enhanced monocyte survival in chronic atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 211-18.
59. Sallusto F, Cella M, Danieli C et al. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 389-400.
60. Novak N, Kraft S, Haberstok J et al. A reducing microenvironment leads to the generation of FcepsilonRIhigh inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDEC). J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 842-9.
61. Bieber T, Dannenberg B, Prinz JC et al. Occurrence of ige-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells in atopic eczema: a study of the time course of the lesions and with regard to the IgE serum level. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 215-19.
62. Wollenberg A, Kraft S, Hanau D et al. Immunomorphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell (IDEC) population in lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106: 446-53.
63. Wollenberg A, Bieber T. Two populations of cd1a+ epidermal dendritic cells expressing B7 molecules in human skin. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 358-9.
64. Taylor RS, Baadsgaard O, Hammerberg C et al. Hyperstimulatory CD1a+CD1b+CD36+ Langerhans cells are responsible for increased autologous T lymphocyte reactivity to lesional epidermal cells of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 1991; 147: 3794-802.
65. Birbeck MS, Breathnach AS, Everall JD. An electron microscope study of basal melanocytes and high-level clear cells (Langerhans cells) in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 1961; 37: 51-64.
66. Stahl PD, Ezekowitz RA. The mannose receptor is a pattern recognition receptor involved in host defense. Curr Opin Immunol 1998; 10: 50-5.
67. Wollenberg A, Wen S, Bieber T. Langerhans cell phenotyping: a new tool for differential diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases. Lancet 1995; 346: 1626-7.
68. Yin ET, Galanos C, Kinsky S et al. Picogram-sensitive assay for endotoxin: gelation of limulus polyphemus blood cell lysate induced by purified lipopolysaccharides and lipid a from gramnegative bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972; 261: 284-9.
69. Miller L, Blank U, Metzger H et al. Expression of high-affinity binding of human immunoglobulin E by transfected cells. Science 1989; 244: 334-7.
70. Letourneur O, Sechi S, Willette-Brown J et al. Glycosylation of human truncated Fc epsilon RI alpha chain is necessary for efficient folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 8249-56.
71. Turner H, Kinet JP, Signalling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI. Nature 1999; 402: B24-30.
72. Engering AJ, Cella M, Fluitsma D et al. The mannose receptor functions as a high capacity and broad specificity antigen receptor in human dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27: 2417-25.
73. Novak N, Kraft S, Bieber T. IgE receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13: 721-6.