(ii) An update on fracture healing and non-union

Orthopaedics and Trauma

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 9-23

  Harwood, Paul J ^a,b   Newman, James B ^a,b   Michael, Anthony L R ^a,b  

^a LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^b James B Newman MB ChB FRCS ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

bone grafts; cytokines; delayed union; fracture healing; non union

Indexed keywords

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN;

ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLOOD EXAMINATION; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; BONE CONDUCTION; BONE GRAFT; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BONE REMODELING; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSULTATION; ENCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION; FRACTURE HEALING; FRACTURE NONUNION; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPEDICS; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77249123066     PISSN: 18771327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mporth.2009.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Ferguson C., Alpern E., Miclau T., and Helms J.A. Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation?. Mech Dev 87 (1999) 57-66
2. Ham A.W. A histological study of the early phases of bone repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 12 (1930) 827-844
3. McKibbin B. The biology of fracture healing in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Br 60-B (1979) 150-162
4. Mizuno K., Mineo K., Tachibana T., Sumi M., Matsubara T., and Hirohata K. The osteogenetic potential of fracture haematoma. Subperiosteal and intramuscular transplantation of the haematoma. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72 (1990) 822-829
5. Oe K., Miwa M., Sakai Y., Lee S.Y., Kuroda R., and Kurosaka M. An in vitro study demonstrating that haematomas found at the site of human fractures contain progenitor cells with multilineage capacity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 (2007) 133-138
6. Young R.W. Cell proliferation and specialization during endochondral osteogenesis in young rats. J Cell Biol 14 (1962) 357-370
7. Bielby R., Jones E., and McGonagle D. The role of mesenchymal stem cells in maintenance and repair of bone. Injury 38 (2007) S26-S32
8. Brighton C.T., and Hunt R.M. Early histological and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73 (1991) 832-847
9. Thompson Z., Miclau T., Hu D., and Helms J.A. A model for intramembranous ossification during fracture healing. J Orthop Res 20 (2002) 1091-1098
10. Ford J.L., Robinson D.E., and Scammell B.E. The fate of soft callus chondrocytes during long bone fracture repair. J Orthop Res 21 (2003) 54-61
11. Rubin J., Rubin C., and Jacobs C.R. Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone. Gene 367 (2006) 1-16
12. Ferguson C.M., Miclau T., Hu D., Alpern E., and Helms J.A. Common molecular pathways in skeletal morphogenesis and repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci 857 (1998) 33-42
13. Einhorn T.A. The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 355 (1998) S7-S21
14. Dimitriou R., Tsiridis E., and Giannoudis P.V. Current concepts of molecular aspects of bone healing. Injury 36 (2005) 1392-1404
15. Lieberman J.R., Daluiski A., and Einhorn T.A. The role of growth factors in the repair of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A (2002) 1032-1044
16. Spector J.A., Luchs J.S., Mehrara B.J., Greenwald J.A., Smith L.P., and Longaker M.T. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein during membranous bone healing. Plast Reconstr Surg 107 (2001) 124-134
17. Khouri R.K., Brown D.M., Koudsi B., et al. Repair of calvarial defects with flap tissue: role of bone morphogenetic proteins and competent responding tissues. Plast Reconstr Surg 98 (1996) 103-109
18. Dimitriou R., Tsiridis E., Carr I., Simpson H., and Giannoudis P.V. The role of inhibitory molecules in fracture healing. Injury 37 (2006) S20-S29
19. Perren SM, Claes L. Biology and biomechanics in fracture management. In: Rüedi T, Murphy W, eds. AO principles of fracture management, 2000: 7-31.
20. Jagodzinski M., and Krettek C. Effect of mechanical stability on fracture healing - an update. Injury 38 (2007) S3-S10
21. Augat P., Merk J., Wolf S., and Claes L. Mechanical stimulation by external application of cyclic tensile strains does not effectively enhance bone healing. J Orthop Trauma 15 (2001) 54-60
22. Hente R., Fuchtmeier B., Schlegel U., Ernstberger A., and Perren S.M. The influence of cyclic compression and distraction on the healing of experimental tibial fractures. J Orthop Res 22 (2004) 709-715
23. Park S.H., O'Connor K., McKellop H., and Sarmiento A. The influence of active shear or compressive motion on fracture-healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80 (1998) 868-878
24. Augat P., Burger J., Schorlemmer S., Henke T., Peraus M., and Claes L. Shear movement at the fracture site delays healing in a diaphyseal fracture model. J Orthop Res 21 (2003) 1011-1017
25. Claes L.E., Heigele C.A., Neidlinger-Wilke C., et al. Effects of mechanical factors on the fracture healing process. Clin Orthop Relat Res 355 (1998) S132-S147
26. Perren S.M. Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 138 (1979) 175-196
27. Prendergast P.J., Huiskes R., and Soballe K. ESB research award 1996. Biophysical stimuli on cells during tissue differentiation at implant interfaces. J Biomech 30 (1997) 539-548
28. Lacroix D., and Prendergast P.J. A mechano-regulation model for tissue differentiation during fracture healing: analysis of gap size and loading. J Biomech 35 (2002) 1163-1171
29. Lerner R.K., Esterhai Jr. J.L., Polomano R.C., Cheatle M.D., and Heppenstall R.B. Quality of life assessment of patients with posttraumatic fracture nonunion, chronic refractory osteomyelitis, and lower-extremity amputation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 295 (1993) 28-36
30. Einhorn T.A. Enhancement of fracture healing. Instr Course Lect 45 (1996) 401-416
31. Kanakaris N.K., and Giannoudis P.V. The health economics of the treatment of long-bone non-unions. Injury 38 (2007) S77-S84
32. Bhandari M., Guyatt G.H., Swiontkowski M.F., Tornetta III P., Sprague S., and Schemitsch E.H. A lack of consensus in the assessment of fracture healing among orthopaedic surgeons. J Orthop Trauma 16 (2002) 562-566
33. Haverstock B.D., and Mandracchia V.J. Cigarette smoking and bone healing: implications in foot and ankle surgery. J Foot Ankle Surg 37 (1998) 69-74 discussion 78
34. Giannoudis P.V., Einhorn T.A., and Marsh D. Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38 (2007) S3-S6
35. Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Levine AM, Trafton PG. Skeletal trauma-basic science, management and reconstruction, 3rd edn. Saunders, 2003.
36. Calori G.M., Phillips M., Jeetle S., Tagliabue L., and Giannoudis P.V. Classification of non-union: need for a new scoring system?. Injury 39 (2008) S59-S63
37. Court-Brown C.M., Keating J.F., Christie J., and McQueen M.M. Exchange intramedullary nailing. Its use in aseptic tibial nonunion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77 (1995) 407-411
38. Zimmermann G., Muller U., and Wentzensen A. The value of laboratory and imaging studies in the evaluation of long-bone non-unions. Injury 38 (2007) S33-S37
39. Komnenou A., Karayannopoulou M., Polizopoulou Z.S., Constantinidis T.C., and Dessiris A. Correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity with the healing process of long bone fractures in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 34 (2005) 35-38
40. Herrmann M., Klitscher D., Georg T., Frank J., Marzi I., and Herrmann W. Different kinetics of bone markers in normal and delayed fracture healing of long bones. Clin Chem 48 (2002) 2263-2266
41. Zimmermann G., Moghaddam A., Reumann M., et al. TGF-beta1 as a pathophysiological factor in fracture healing. Unfallchirurg 110 (2007) 130-136
42. Henle P., Zimmermann G., and Weiss S. Matrix metalloproteinases and failed fracture healing. Bone 37 (2005) 791-798
43. Murnaghan M., Li G., and Marsh D.R. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced fracture nonunion: an inhibition of angiogenesis?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 (2006) 140-147
44. Atkins R.M. Principles of management of septic non-union of fracture. Injury 38 (2007) S23-S32
45. Patzakis M.J., and Zalavras C.G. Chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis and infected nonunion of the tibia: current management concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 13 (2005) 417-427
46. Saridis A., Panagiotopoulos E., Tyllianakis M., Matzaroglou C., Vandoros N., and Lambiris E. The use of the Ilizarov method as a salvage procedure in infected nonunion of the distal femur with bone loss. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88 (2006) 232-237
47. Kanakaris N.K., Paliobeis C., Nlanidakis N., and Giannoudis P.V. Biological enhancement of tibial diaphyseal aseptic non-unions: the efficacy of autologous bone grafting, BMPs and reaming by-products. Injury 38 (2007) S65-S75
48. Schmidmaier G., Schwabe P., Strobel C., and Wildemann B. Carrier systems and application of growth factors in orthopaedics. Injury 39 (2008) S37-S43
49. Mahendra A., and Maclean A.D. Available biological treatments for complex non-unions. Injury 38 (2007) S7-S12
50. Sen M.K., and Miclau T. Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions?. Injury 38 (2007) S75-S80
51. Kobbe P., Tarkin I.S., and Pape H.C. Use of the 'reamer irrigator aspirator' system for non-infected tibial non-union after failed iliac crest grafting. Injury 39 (2008) 796-800
52. Giannoudis P.V., Tzioupis C., and Green J. Surgical techniques: how I do it? The Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator (RIA) system. Injury 40 (2009) 1231-1236
53. Tu Y.K., Chen A.C., Chou Y.C., Ueng S.W., Ma C.H., and Yen C.Y. Treatment for scaphoid fracture and nonunion - the application of 3.0 mm cannulated screws and pedicle vascularised bone grafts. Injury 39 (2008) 96-106
54. Hierholzer C., Sama D., Toro J.B., Peterson M., and Helfet D.L. Plate fixation of ununited humeral shaft fractures: effect of type of bone graft on healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 (2006) 1442-1447
55. Wheeler D.L., Jenis L.G., Kovach M.E., Marini J., and Turner A.S. Efficacy of silicated calcium phosphate graft in posterolateral lumbar fusion in sheep. Spine J 7 (2007) 308-317
56. Harwood P.J., and Giannoudis P.V. Application of bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic practice: their efficacy and side effects. Expert Opin Drug Saf 4 (2005) 75-89
57. Giannoudis P.V., and Tzioupis C. Clinical applications of BMP-7: the UK perspective. Injury 36 (2005) S47-S50
58. Dimitriou R., Dahabreh Z., Katsoulis E., Matthews S.J., Branfoot T., and Giannoudis P.V. Application of recombinant BMP-7 on persistent upper and lower limb non-unions. Injury 36 (2005) S51-S59
59. Axelrad T.W., Kakar S., and Einhorn T.A. New technologies for the enhancement of skeletal repair. Injury 38 (2007) S49-S62
60. Kawaguchi H., Nakamura K., Tabata Y., et al. Acceleration of fracture healing in nonhuman primates by fibroblast growth factor-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 875-880
61. Mollon B., da Silva V., Busse J.W., Einhorn T.A., and Bhandari M. Electrical stimulation for long-bone fracture-healing: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90 (2008) 2322-2330
62. Busse J.W., Kaur J., Mollon B., et al. Low intensity pulsed ultrasonography for fractures: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 338 (2009) b351